|
|
|
| Advances of measurement and calculation model of slag viscosity |
| BAI Chen-guang1,2, YAN Zhi-ming1,3, PANG Zheng-de1,2, JIANG Yu-yang1,2, LING Jia-wei1,2, LÜ Xue-wei1,2 |
1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
2. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vanadium-Titanium Metallurgy and Advanced Materials, Chongqing 400044, China;
3. College of Manufacturing Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, The United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
Abstract As a physical property concerned by metallurgical workers, it is very important for controlling the metallurgical processes that how to obtain the viscosity of different slag systems. The relationship between slag viscosity and chemical composition, structure and temperature were expounded in present work from the points of view of viscosity effect factors. The commonly used test methods and their developments were summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of them were discussed. Considering that viscosity measurement is a very time-consuming work, the development of viscosity models is of great significance to improve the efficiency of metallurgical processes. The classical viscosity models were classified based on their modeling principles, the applicability and limitations of each model and the future trends in modeling and calculation methods were discussed.
|
|
Received: 08 April 2020
|
|
|
|
[1] Sohn I, Min D J. A review of the relationship between viscosity and the structure of calcium-silicate-based slags in ironmaking[J]. Steel Research International, 2012, 83(7):611.
[2] Mills K C. The estimation of slag properties[EB/OL]. Southern African Pyrometallurgy 2011 International Conference, 2011. http://.pyrometallurgy.co.za/KenMills/KenMills.pdf.
[3] Mills Kenneth C. The influence of structure on the physico-chemical properties of slags[J]. ISIJ International, 1993, 33(1):148.
[4] Kozakevitch P.Viscosity of lime-aluminasilica melts between 1 600 ℃ and 2 100 ℃[J]. Proceedings Metallurgical Society Conferences, 1961(7): 97.
[5] Urbain G, Bottinga Y, Richet P. Viscosity of liquid silica, silicates, and alumino-silicates[J]. Geochimica at Cosmochimica Acta, 1982, 46(6):1061.
[6] 徐永通,丁毅,蔡漳平,等. 高炉熔渣干式显热回收技术研究进展[J]. 中国冶金,2007,17(9):1.(XU Yong-tong, DING Yi, CAI Zhang-ping, et al. Development of heat recovery from blast furnace slag using dry granulation methods[J]. China Metallurgy, 2007, 17(9):1.)
[7] 白晨光. 含钛高炉渣的若干物理化学问题研究[D]. 重庆:重庆大学,2003. (BAI Chen-guang. Study on Some Physical Chemistry Problems of Blast Furnace Slag-bearing Titania[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2003.)
[8] Mason W, Baker W, McSkimin H, et al. Measurement of shear elasticity and viscosity of liquids at ultrasonic frequencies[J]. Physical Review,1949,75(6), 936.
[9] Balasubramaniam K, Shah V V, Costley R D, et al. High temperature ultrasonic sensor for the simultaneous measurement of viscosity and temperature of melts[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 1999, 70(12):4618.
[10] Won-Kyu Rhim, Kenichi Ohsaka. Thermophysical properties measurement of molten silicon by high-temperature electrostatic levitator: Density, volume expansion, specific heat capacity, emissivity, surface tension and viscosity[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2000, 208(1):313.
[11] Haumesser P H, Bancillon J, Daniel M, et al. High-temperature contactless viscosity measurements by the gas-film levitation technique: Application to oxide and metallic glasses[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2002, 73(9):3275.
[12] Arrhenius S.Über die innere Reibung verdünnter wässeriger Lösungen[J]. Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie, 1887, 1(1):285.
[13] Fulcher G S. Analysis of rechent measurements of the viscosity of glasses[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1925,8(6): 339.
[14] Tammann G, Hesse W. Die abhängigkeit der viscosität von der temperatur bie unterkühlten Flüssigkeiten[J]. Zeitschrift Für Anorganische Chemie, 1926,156(1): 245.
[15] Vogel H. Das temperatur abhängigkeitsgesetz der viskosität von flüssigkeiten[J]. Physik Z, 1921, 22: 645.
[16] Richet P, Robie R A, Hemingway B S. Low-temperature heat capacity of diopside glass (CaMgSi2O6): A calorimetric test of the configurational-entropy theory applied to the viscosity of liquid silicates[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1986,50(7):1521.
[17] Richet P. Viscosity and configurational entropy of silicate melts[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1983,48(3):471.
[18] Eyring H, Urry D W. The theory of absolute reaction rates[J]. Ransactions of the Faraday Society, 1938, 34(1):41.
[19] Weymann H D. On the hole theory of viscosity, compressibility, and expansivity of liquids[J]. Colloid and Polymer Science, 1962, 181(2):131.
[20] Avramov I, Rüssel C, Keding R. Effect of chemical composition on viscosity of oxide glasses[J]. Journal of Non Crystalline Solids, 2003, 324(1):29.
[21] Milchev A, Avramov I. On the influence of amorphization on atomic diffusion in condensed systems[J]. Physica Status Solidi, 1983, 120(1):123.
[22] Porter D A, Easterling K E, Sherif M. Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys(Revised Reprint) [M]. FL USA: CRC Press, 2009.
[23] Urbain G. Viscosity of silicate melts: Measure and estimation[J]. Transactions and Journal of the British Ceramic Society, 1985,80(9):139.
[24] Mauro J C, YueY, Ellison A J, et al. Viscosity of glass-forming liquids[J]. PNAS, 2009,106(47):19780.
[25] Lakatos T, Johansson L G, Simmingskold B. Viscosity temperature relations in the glass system SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO in the composition range of technical glasses[J]. Glass Technology, 1972, 13(3):88.
[26] Kim J W, Choi J, Kwon O D, et al.Viscous characteristics of synthetic mold powder for high speed continuous casting[J]. Forth International Conference on Molten Slags and Fluxes. Sendai: ISIJ, 1992:468.
[27] Urbain G, Cambier F, Deletter M, et al.Viscosity of silicate melts[J]. Transactions and Journal of the British Ceramic Society, 1981,80(9): 139.
[28] Riboud P, Roux Y, Lucas L, et al.Improvement of continuous casting powders[J].Fachberichte Huttenpraxis Metallweiterverarbei, 1981,19(8):859.
[29] Kondratiev A, Jak E. Review of experimental data and modeling of the viscosities of fully liquid slags in the Al2O3-CaO-′FeO′-SiO2system[J]. Metallurgical and Materials TransactionsB, 2001, 32(6):1015.
[30] Gan L, Lai C. A general viscosity model for molten blast furnace slag[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2014, 45(3):875.
[31] Lewis G N. Acids and bases[J]. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1938,226(3):293.
[32] Iida T, Sakai H, Kita Y, et al. Equation for estimating viscosities of industrial mold fluxes[J]. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 2000, 19(3/4):153.
[33] Duffy J, Ingram M. Optical basicity—V a correlation between the lewis (optical) basicity of oxyanions and the strengths of brønsted acids in aqueous solution[J]. Inorg Nucl Chem,1976, 38(10):1831.
[34] Duffy J, Ingram M. Optical basicity—IV: Influence of electronegativity on the lewis basicity and solvent properties of molten oxyanion salts and glasses[J]. Inorg Nucl Chem, 1975, 37(5):1203.
[35] Mills K, Sridhar S. Viscosities of ironmaking and steelmaking slags[J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 1999,26(4):262.
[36] Reddy R G. Prediction of viscosities of binary silicate melts[J].EPD Congress, 1991, 91: 523.
[37] Hu H, Reddy R G. Modeling of viscosities of binary alkaline earth metal oxide and silicate melts[J]. High Temperature Science,1988, 28: 195.
[38] Yan Z, Reddy R G, LÜ X, et al. Viscosity of iron oxide aluminosilicate melts[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B,2019, 50(1):251.
[39] Yan Z, Reddy R G, Lü X. Structure based viscosity model for aluminosilicate slag[J].ISIJ International, 2019,59(6):1018.
[40] Zhang L, Jahanshahi S. Review and modeling of viscosity of silicate melts: Part I. Viscosity of binary and ternary silicates containing CaO, MgO, and MnO[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 1998 29(1):177.
[41] Zhang L,Jahanshahi S. Review and modeling of viscosity of silicate melts: Part II. Viscosity of melts containing iron oxide in the CaO-MgO-MnO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 system[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 1998,29(1): 187.
[42] Nakamoto M, Lee J, Tanaka T. A model for estimation of viscosity of molten silicateslag[J]. ISIJ International, 2005,45(5):651.
[43] Suzuki M, Jak E. Quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slag in the Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2system—Part I: Revision of the model[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 2013, 44(6):1435.
[44] Suzuki M, Jak E. Quasi-chemical viscosity model for fully liquid slag in the Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2system. Part II: Evaluation of slag viscosities[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 2013, 44(6):1451.
[45] Zhang G H, Chou K C, Mills K. A structurally based viscosity model for oxide melts[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 2014,45(2): 698.
[46] Senior C, Srinivasachar S. Viscosity of ash particles in combustion systems for prediction of particle sticking[J]. Energ Fuel, 1995,9(2): 277.
[47] Pelton A D,Chartrand P. The modified quasi-chemical model: Part II. Multicomponent solutions[J]. Metalurgical and Materials Transaction A, 2001, 32(6):1355.
[48] Pelton A D, Degterov S, Eriksson G, et al. The modified quasichemical model I—Binary solutions[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 2000, 31(4):651.
[49] Pelton A D, Blander M. Thermodynamic analysis of ordered liquid solutions by a modified quasichemical approach-application to silicate slags[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 1986,17(4):805.
[50] Grundy A N, Liu H, Jung I H, et al. A model to calculate the viscosity of silicate melts Part I: Viscosity of binary SiO2-MeOx systems (Me = Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al)[J].Int J Mate Res, 2008,99(11):1185.
[51] Grundy A N, Jung I H, Pelton A D, et al.A model to calculate the viscosity of silicate melts Part II: The NaO0.5-MgO-CaO-AlO1.5-SiO2 system[J].Int J Mater Res, 2008,99(11):1195.
[52] Sichen D, Bygd'en J, Seetharaman S. A Model for estimation of viscosities of complex metallic and ionic melts[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 1994, 25(4): 519.
[53] Einstein A. A new determination of molecular dimensions[J]. Annals of Physics, 1906,19:289.
[54] Roscoe R.The viscosity of suspensions of rigid spheres[J]. British Journal of Applied Physics,1952, 3(8):267.
[55] Vand V. Viscosity of solutions and suspensions. I. Theory[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1948,52(2):277.
[56] Ward S, Whitmore R. Studies of the viscosity and sedimentation of suspensions Part 1.-The viscosity of suspension of spherical particles[J].British Journal of Applied Physics, 1950, 1(11):286.
[57] Kondratiev A, Jak E. Modeling of viscosities of the partly crystallized slags in the Al2O3 -CaO-"FeO"-SiO2 system[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2001,32(6):1027.
[58] Wright S, Zhang L, Sun S, et al.Viscosities of calcium ferrite slags and calcium alumino-silicate slags containing spinel particles[J]. Journal of Non-crystalline Solids, 2001, 282(1):15.
[59] Wright S, Zhang L, Sun S, et al.Viscosity of a CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 melt containing spinel particles at 1 646 K[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transaction B, 2000,31(1):97.
[60] Chong J, Christiansen E, Baer A. Rheology of concentrated suspensions[J].Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1971, 15(8):2007.
[61] Hirai M, Takebayashi K, Yoshikawa Y, et al. Apparent viscosity of semi-solid metals[J].Tetsu-to-Hagane,1992, 78(6):902.
[62] Mendoza C I,Santamaria-Holek I. The rheology of hard sphere suspensions at arbitrary volume fractions: An improved differential viscosity model[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2009, 130(4):044904.
[63] Kondratiev A,Jak E. Review of experimental data and modeling of the viscosities of fully liquid slags in the Al2O3 -CaO-′FeO′-SiO2 system[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2001, 32(6):1015.
[64] Zhang Z, Reddy R G.Structure model and properties of alkali borate melts[J].Miner Process Extr Metall Rev, 2005,114(3):192.
[65] Schlick T. Molecular modeling and simulation: An interdisciplinary guide[J].Springer Science and Business Media,2010,10(2):41.
[66] Kubo R. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem[J]. Reports on Progress in Physics, 1966, 29(1):255.
[67] Shimizu N, Kushiro I. Diffusivity of oxygen in jadeite and diopside melts at high pressures[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1984, 48(6):1295.
[68] Tinker D, Lesher C E, Baxter G M, et al. High-pressure viscometry of polymerized silicate melts and limitations of the Eyring equation[J]. American Mineralogist, 2004,89(11/12):1701.
[69] WU T, HE S, LIANG Y, et al. Molecular dynamics simulation of the structure and properties for the CaO-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3 systems[J].Journal of Non-crystalline Solids,2015,411: 145. |
| [1] |
YI Zheng-ming, QIN Jia-zhuo, JIANG Zhi-wei, QIN Qing-wei, SHAO Hui-jun, DU Dong. Influence of MgO on high basicity high alumina sinter[J]. Iron and Steel, 2021, 56(2): 50-56. |
| [2] |
H. Wang, D.F. Zhu, Y. Wu, X.J. Liu, S.H. Jiang, T.G. Nieh, Z.P. Lu. New insight into fabrication of shaped Mg–X alloy foams with cellular structure via a gas release reaction powder metallurgy route[J]. JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH,INTERNATIONAL, 2021, 28(2): 125-132. |
| [3] |
YI Yuanrong1,2,3，MA Zhongle1，DU Yuncong1，BAI Shuqi1. Microstructure changes of refining slag under carbonization at different reaction temperatures[J]. JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH , 2021, 33(2): 127-135. |
| [4] |
LI Chen-guang, BAO Han-sheng, LI Li, BAI Yin, ZHANG Wei, ZHAO Ji-qing. Steam oxidation behavior of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel for nuclear power[J]. Iron and Steel, 2021, 56(1): 91-96. |
| [5] |
XING Lei1,2,DU Peipei3,LONG Yue1,2. Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 on microstructure and thermal stability of inorganic fiber[J]. JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH , 2021, 33(1): 9-14. |
| [6] |
CHEN Xingrun,PAN Jixiang,JI Xianbin,QIAN Zhangxin,WU Xiaoqiang. Analysis of oxide scales microstructure of hot-rolled plate in S32101 duplex stainless steel[J]. JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH , 2021, 33(1): 84-90. |
|
|
|
|
2020, Vol. 55 
