冶金凝固过程试验研究方法及应用

doi:10.13228/j.boyuan.issn0449-749x.20220161

Abstract
Figure/Table
References
Related Citation (15)

Download: PDF (2964 KB) HTML (1 KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract The metal solidification in metallurgical production is extremely complex. Besides the non-equilibrium self-organization phenomenon of the solidification process of multi-component alloys,it is also influenced by various factors,such as geometry,heterogeneous substrates,physical fields and so on,making it very difficult to study. Since solidification process has a significant impact on the quality of the final product,it is of great value to study it under production conditions,to investigate the evolution of structures and defects,and then to optimize the process parameters. While,experimental studies are the basis and key to investigate the phenomena,to find the laws,and to verify the numerical models. We review the common experimental research methods of metal solidification process under production conditions,focusing on physical simulation,thermal simulation and industrial experiment. The physical simulation,including transparent substance simulation,water simulation and low melting point metal simulation,has advantages in observing solidification phenomena and revealing mechanisms,but cannot directly reflect the phenomena and principles of actual metals in metallurgical solidification process. The thermal simulation method directly adopts the target metal as the experimental material and conducts experimental simulation research based on the similarity of the temperature field,which can directly reflect the metallurgical solidification process. It is a method with low cost and closer to the actual situation. Industrial experiments are an indispensable research tool to validate models and new technologies,but they are also characterized by high costs,difficulties in implementation,and long lead times. In general,several experimental research methods have their own characteristics and fields of application. Combining and developing different experimental methods is the future trend of metallurgical solidification process research.

Key words： metal solidification experimental method thermal simulation physical simulation industrial experiment

Received: 09 March 2022

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	ZHONG Hong-gang
	WANG Ren-jie
	ZHAI Qi-jie

Cite this article:

ZHONG Hong-gang,WANG Ren-jie,ZHAI Qi-jie. Experimental research methods and applications of solidification processes in metallurgical industry[J]. Iron and Steel, 2022, 57(10): 19-29.

URL:

http://www.chinamet.cn/Jweb_gt/EN/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn0449-749x.20220161 OR http://www.chinamet.cn/Jweb_gt/EN/Y2022/V57/I10/19

[1] Turnbull D. Isothermal rate of solidification of mercury droplets[J]. Science,1950,112(2912):448.
[2] Fisher J C,Hollomon J H,Turnbull D. Rate of nucleation of solid particles in a subcooled liquid[J]. Science(American Association for the Advancement of Science),1949,109(2825):168.
[3] HUANG W D,WANG L. Solidification researches using transparent model materials—A review[J]. Science China-Technological Sciences,2012,55(2):377.
[4] 傅恒志,郭景杰,刘林,等. 先进材料定向凝固[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2008.(FU Heng-zhi,GUO Jing-jie,LIU Lin,et al. Directional Solidification and Processing of Advanced Materials[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008.)
[5] LUO S B,WANG W L,CHANG J,et al. A comparative study of dendritic growth within undercooled liquid pure Fe and Fe50Cu50 alloy[J]. Acta Materialia,2014,69:355.
[6] WANG H P,LI M X,ZOU P F,et al. Experimental modulation and theoretical simulation of zonal oscillation for electrostatically levitated metallic droplets at high temperatures[J]. Physical Review E,2018,98(6):063106.
[7] WANG Y,JIA S,WEI M,et al. Research progress on solidification structure of alloys by synchrotron X-ray radiography:A review[J]. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys,2020,8(2):396.
[8] Glicksman M E. Principles of Solidification[M]. New York:Springer,2011.
[9] Wu M,Ludwig A,Kharicha A. A four phase model for the macrosegregation and shrinkage cavity during solidification of steel ingot[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling,2017,41:102.
[10] Li J,Wu M,Ludwig A,et al. Simulation of macrosegregation in a 2.45 ton steel ingot using a three-phase mixed columnar-equiaxed model[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2014,72:668.
[11] Yang H,Vanka S P,Thomas B G. Mathematical modeling of multiphase flow in steel continuous casting[J]. ISIJ International,2019,59(6):956.
[12] ZHU M,LOU W,WANG W. Research progress of numerical simulation in steelmaking and continuous casting processes[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2018,54(2):131.
[13] Thomas B G. Review on modeling and simulation of continuous casting[J]. Steel Research International,2018,89(1):1700312.
[14] 王君. 纯物质凝固过程枝晶生长现象的研究和模拟[D]. 昆明:昆明理工大学,2002.(WANG Jun. Numerical Simulation of Dendritic Growth in Pure Material's Solidification Process[D]. Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology,2002.)
[15] Jackson K A,Hunt J D. Transparent compounds that freeze like metals[J]. Acta Metallurgica,1965,13(11):1212.
[16] Burden M H,Hunt J D. Cellular and dendritic growth.I[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1974,22(2):99.
[17] Esaka H,Kurz W. Columnar dendrite growth:Experiments on tip growth[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1985,72(3):578.
[18] Rubinstein E R,Glicksman M E. Dendritic grown kinetics and structure I. Pivalic acid[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1991,112(1):84.
[19] Rubinstein E R,Glicksman M E. Dendritic growth kinetics and structure II. Camphene[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth,1991,112(1):97.
[20] Huang S C,Glicksman M E. Fundamentals of dendritic solidification-II development of sidebranch structure[J]. Acta Metallurgica,1981,29(5):701.
[21] Glicksman M E. Free dendritic growth[J]. Materials Science and Engineering,1984,65(1):45.
[22] Glicksman M E,Koss M B,Bushnell L T,et al. The isothermal dendritic growth experiment[J]. Materials Ence Forum,1995,215/216:179.
[23] Winsa E,Glicksman M,Levinson L,et al. Isothermal dendritic growth experiment flight unit tests[J]. Advances in Space Research,1993,13(7):215.
[24] DING G L,HUANG W D,HUANG X,et al. On primary dendritic spacing during unidirectional solidification[J]. Acta Materialia,1996,44(9):3705.
[25] Jackson K A,Hunt J D,Uhlmann D R,et al. On the original equiaxed zone in casting[J]. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME,1966,236:149.
[26] 介万奇,周尧和. 凝固过程液相区内晶体形成的模拟研究[J]. 航空学报,1987,8(11): 605.(JIE Wan-qi,ZHOU Yao-he.A simulation study of crystal formation in liquid zone during solidification[J]. Acta Aeronautica Et Astronautica Sinica,1987,8(11): 605.)
[27] ZHONG H,ZHANG Y,CHEN X,et al. In situ observation of crystal rain and its effect on columnar to equiaxed transition[J]. Metals,2016,6(11):271.
[28] 杜立成,王猛,张莹,等. 振动激冷细晶效应的试验研究及力学分析[J]. 特种铸造及有色合金,2009(4):327.(DU Li-cheng,WANG Meng,ZHANG Ying,et al. Experiment and dynamic analysis of grain refining effects with vibration and chilling[J]. Special-cast and Non-ferrous Alloys,2009,29(4):327.)
[29] 张慧,陶红标,李峰,等. 振动激发金属液形核过程机理的研究[J]. 钢铁,2008,43(8):20.(ZHANG Hui,TAO Hong-biao,LI Feng,et al. Research on mechanism of nucleation in liquid metal excited by vibration[J]. Iron and Steel,2008,43(8):20.)
[30] Farup I,Drezet J M,Rappaz M. In situ observation of hot tearing formation in succinonitrile-acetone[J]. Acta Materialia,2001,49(7):1261.
[31] HAN Q. Motion of bubbles in the mushy zone[J]. Scripta Materialia,2006,55(10):871.
[32] Gupta D,Lahiri A K. A water model study of the flow asymmetry inside a continuous slab casting mold[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,1996,27(5):757.
[33] Quan Y,Vanka S P,Thomas B G,et al. Computational and experimental study of turbulent flow in a 0.4 scale water model of a continuous steel caster[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2004,35(5):967.
[34] Torres-Alonso E,Morales R D,García-Hernández S,et al. Cyclic turbulent instabilities in a thin slab mold. part I:Physical model[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2010,41(3):583.
[35] ZHANG L,YANG S,CAI K,et al. Investigation of fluid flow and steel cleanliness in the continuous casting strand[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2007,38(1):63.
[36] GAN M,PAN W,WANG Q,et al. Effect of exit shape of submerged entry nozzle on flow field and slag entrainment in continuous casting mold[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2020,51(6):2862.
[37] 王博,邹平,孙秀兵,等. 板坯连铸浸入式水口浸入深度对卷渣行为的影响[J]. 炼钢,2021,37(5):22.(WANG Bo,ZOU Ping,SUN Xiu-bing,et al. Effect of immersion depth of submerged entry nozzle on slag entrapment in slab continuous casting[J]. Steelmaking,2021,37(5):22.)
[38] 隋艳伟,袁芳,李邦盛,等. 离心铸造钛合金熔体充型流动物理模拟相似理论及试验研究[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程,2012,41(8):1351.(SUI Yan-wei,YUAN Fang,LI Bang-sheng,et al. Physical simulation similar theory and experiment during centrifugal casting ti alloy melts filling flow[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2012,41(8):1351.)
[39] LIU Z,LI B,JIANG M. Transient asymmetric flow and bubble transport inside a slab continuous-casting mold[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2014,45(2):675.
[40] Pelss A,Rückert A,Pfeifer H. Physical simulation of the flow field in a vertical twin roll strip caster-A water model study[J]. Steel Research International,2015,86(7):716.
[41] 胡群,张硕,王璞,等. 大方坯结晶器内液面波动与卷渣行为[J]. 中国冶金,2020,30(6):63.(HU Qun,ZHANG Shuo,WANG Pu,et al. Liquid level fluctuation and slag entrainment behavior in a bloom mold[J]. China Metallurgy,2020,30(6):63.)
[42] Eckert S,Nikrityuk P A,Raebiger D,et al. Efficient melt stirring using pulse sequences of a rotating magnetic field:Part I. Flow field in a liquid metal column[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2007,38(6):977.
[43] Boden S,Eckert S,Gerbeth G. Visualization of freckle formation induced by forced melt convection in solidifying GaIn alloys[J]. Materials Letters,2010,64(12):1340.
[44] Shevchenko N,Boden S,Eckert S,et al. Observation of segregation freckle formation under the influence of melt convection[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2012,27(1):12085.
[45] Eckert S,Boden S,Gerbeth G. In situ X-ray monitoring of convection effects on segregation freckle formation[J]. IOP Conference Series:Materials Science and Engineering,2012,33(1): 012035.
[46] 徐燕祎,张云虎,李清平,等. 连铸恒温出坯电磁感应加热温度场分布与演变[J]. 连铸,2021(4):43.(XU Yan-yi,ZHANG Yun-hu,LI Qing-ping,et al. Distribution and evolution of temperature in constant temperature billet of continuous casting process by induction heating[J]. Continuous Casting,2021(4):43.)
[47] 李洁,周月明,王俊. 电磁搅拌作用下板坯结晶器内金属液流动行为试验研究[J]. 上海金属,2014,36(1):42.(LI Jie,ZHOU Yue-ming,WANG Jun. Experimental study on flow in slab mold controlled by electromagnetic stirring[J]. Shanghai Metals,2014,36(1):42.)
[48] Timmel K,Wondrak T,Rder M,et al. Use of cold liquid metal models for investigations of the fluid flow in the continuous casting process[J]. Steel Research International,2014,85(8):1283.
[49] Willers B,Barna M,Reiter J,et al. Experimental investigations of rotary electromagnetic mould stirring in continuous casting using a cold liquid metal model[J]. ISIJ International,2017,57(3):468.
[50] Tsuchiya S,Ohno M,Matsuura K,et al. Formation mechanism of coarse columnar γ grains in as-cast hyperperitectic carbon steels[J]. Acta Materialia,2011,59(9):3334.
[51] 王万林,钱海瑞,吕培生,等. 一种模拟薄带连铸结晶器初始凝固的装置及方法:中国,CN109570464B[P]. 2019-01-21[2019-10-18].(WANG Wan-lin,QIAN Hai-rui,LÜ Pei-sheng. A Device and Method for Simulating the Initial Solidification of Thin Strip Continuous Casting Moulds:China,CN109570464B[P]. 2019-01-21[2019-10-18].)
[52] ZHONG H,CHEN X,HAN Q,et al. A thermal simulation method for solidification process of steel slab in continuous casting[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2016,47(5):2963.
[53] Reiter J,Bernhard C,Presslinger H. Austenite grain size in the continuous casting process: Metallographic methods and evaluation[J]. Materials Characterization,2008,59(6):737.
[54] Wang W L,Cramb A W. The observation of mold flux crystallization on radiative heat transfer[J]. ISIJ International,2005,45(12):1864.
[55] WANG W L,GU K,ZHOU L,et al. Radiative heat transfer behavior of mold fluxes for casting low and medium carbon steels[J]. ISIJ International,2011,51(11):1838.
[56] GU K,WANG W,ZHOU L,et al. The effect of basicity on the radiative heat transfer and interfacial thermal resistance in continuous casting[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2012,43(4):937.
[57] LIU Y,WANG W,MA F,et al. Study of solidification and heat transfer behavior of mold flux through mold flux heat transfer simulator technique:Part I. Development of the technique[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2015,46(3):1419.
[58] MA F,LIU Y,WANG W,et al. Study of solidification and heat transfer behavior of mold flux through mold flux heat transfer simulator technique:Part II. Effect of mold oscillation on heat transfer behaviors[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2015,46(4):1902.
[59] Wen G H,Sridhar S,Tang P,et al. Development of fluoride-free mold powders for peritectic steel slab casting[J]. ISIJ International,2007,47(8):1117.
[60] Badri A,Natarajan T T,Snyder C C,et al. A mold simulator for the continuous casting of steel:Part I. The development of a simulator[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2005,36(3):355.
[61] Badri A,Natarajan T T,Snyder C C,et al. A mold simulator for continuous casting of steel: Part II. The formation of oscillation marks during the continuous casting of low carbon steel[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2005,36(3):373.
[62] 侯晓光,王恩刚,许秀杰,等. 弯月面热障涂层方法对结晶器传热及铸坯振痕形貌的影响[J]. 金属学报,2015,51(9):1145.(HOU Xiao-guang,WANG En-gang,XU Xiu-jie,et al. Effect of thermal barrier coatings above mould meniscus on mould heat transfer and oscillation mark morphology of strands[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2015,51(9):1145.)
[63] 侯晓光. 基于弯月面附加热力行为的振痕控制技术研究[D]. 沈阳:东北大学,2017.(HOU Xiao-guang. Control Technology of oscillation Marks Based on Thermomechanical Behaviors Near the Meniscus of Continuous Casting Mold[D]. Shenyang:Northeastern University,2017.)
[64] LI Z J,CHEN X R,AO L,et al. Effect of melt superheat on structure of unsteady state unidirectionally solidified duplex stainless steel[J]. Materials Science and Technology,2013,27(4):818.
[65] 敖鹭,仲红刚,陈湘茹,等. 过热度对60Si2MnA弹簧钢连铸坯凝固组织的影响[J]. 钢铁,2010,45(12):68.(AO Lu,ZHONG Hong-gang,CHEN Xiang-ru,et al. Effect of superheat degree on solidification structure of 60Si2MnA spring steel billet[J]. Iron and Steel,2010,45(12):68.)
[66] 仲红刚,李曦皓,王彪,等. 一种原位加热的热裂纹测试装置:中国,CN108931421B[P]. 2018-12-04[2019-12-26].(ZHONG Hong-gang,LI Xi-hao,WANG Biao,et al. A Hot-Tearing Testing Device with in-Situ Heating:China,CN108931421B[P]. 2018-12-04[2019-12-26].)
[67] 宋长江,何维,仲红刚,等. 利用离心浇注高通量制备宽冷速范围样品的设备及方法:中国,CN105903919A[P]. 2016-08-31[2018-04-06].(SONG Chang-jiang,HE Wei,ZHONG Hong-gang,et al. Apparatus and Method for High Throughput Preparation of Samples in a Wide Range of Cooling Rates Using Centrifugal Casting:China,CN105903919A[P]. 2016-08-31[2018-04-06].)
[68] 仲红刚,陈峥,赵静,等. 模拟大铸锭缓冷条件下凝固组织生长的方法和熔铸试验装置:中国,CN104959577A[P]. 2015-10-07[2017-11-10].(ZHONG Hong-gang,CHEN Zheng,ZHAO Jing,et al. Method and Experimental Apparatus for Simulating Solidification Structure Growth under Slow Cooling Conditions of Heavy Ingots:China,CN104959577A[P]. 2015-10-07[2017-11-10].)
[69] 梁冬,梁柱元,孙杰,等. 挤压法同步测量金属润湿角及DSC曲线的装置:中国,CN103994952A[P]. 2014-08-20[2017-07-21].(LIANG Dong,LIANG Zhu-yuan,SUN Jie,et al. Device for Simultaneous Measurement of Metal Wetting Angle and DSC Curve by Extrusion Method:China,CN103994952A[P]. 2014-08-20[2017-07-21].)
[70] CHEN X R,ZHONG H G,SONG C J,et al. Effect of forced convection on grain refinement of s32205 duplex stainless steel[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2013,683:626.
[71] 陈湘茹. 2205双相不锈钢连铸凝固组织热模拟研究[D]. 上海:上海大学,2013.(CHEN Xiang-ru. Thermal Simulating of the Continuous Casting Solidification Process for 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai University,2013.)
[72] 仲红刚,陈湘茹,敖鹭,等. 凝固组织水平生长过程的模拟方法及装置:中国,CN101722291B[P]. 2010-06-09[2013-05-08].(ZHONG Hong-gang,CHEN Xiang-ru,AO Lu,et al. Method and Apparatus for Simulation of Horizontal Growth Process of Solidification Structure:China,CN101722291B[P]. 2010-06-09[2013-05-08].)
[73] 仲红刚. 连铸坯凝固过程热模拟研究[D]. 上海:上海大学,2013.(ZHONG Hong-gang. Thermal Simulation of the Solidification Process for the Continuous Casting Slab[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai University,2013.)
[74] 仲红刚,吴聪森,倪杰,等. 节铬型铁素体不锈钢连铸板坯凝固过程热模拟[J]. 钢铁研究学报,2015,27(5):30.(ZHONG Hong-gang,WU Cong-sen,NI Jie,et al. Thermal simulation of solidification process of Cr-saved ferritic stainless steel in continuous casting process[J]. Journal of Iron and steel Research,2015,27(5):30.)
[75] 仲红刚,程杰,徐智帅,等. T10A高碳钢连铸坯凝固组织热模拟研究[J]. 上海金属,2016,38(2):51.(ZHONG Hong-gang,CHENG Jie,XU Zhi-shuai,et al. Thermal simulation of the solidification structure of T10A high carbon steel billet[J]. Shanghai Metal,2016,38(2):51.)
[76] ZHONG H,CHEN X,LIU Y,et al. Influences of superheat and cooling intensity on macrostructure and macrosegregation of duplex stainless steel studied by thermal simulation[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research,International,2021,28(9):1125.
[77] 仲红刚,曹欣,陈湘茹,等. Al-Cu合金水平单向凝固组织预测及试验观察[J]. 中国有色金属学报,2013,23(10):2792.(ZHONG Hong-gang,CAO Xin,CHEN Xiang-ru,et al. Numerical and experimental investigation of solidification structure in horizontal directional solidification process of Al-Cu alloy[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(10):2792.)
[78] XIE J,ZHONG L,ZHAI Q,et al. Study of impurities in newly manufacturing 1215MS+Bi steels by altering cooling processes[J]. Materials and Manufacturing Processes,2021,37(2):1971.
[79] LIU H,HUANG Z,YU D,et al. Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and inclusion in non-quenched and tempered steel during horizontal directional solidification[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research,International,2019,26(9):973.
[80] 仲红刚,何先勇,张荣德,等. 双辊连铸薄带凝固的物理模拟方法及装置:中国,CN101767190B[P]. 2010-07-07[2012-02-15].(ZHONG Hong-gang,HE Xian-yong,ZHANG Rong-de,et al. Physical Simulation Method and Apparatus for Solidification of Thin Strip for Twin-Roll Continuous Casting:China,CN101767190B[P]. 2010-07-07[2012-02-15].)
[81] 宋长江,李想,翟启杰. 一种辊带式薄带铸轧一体机及其使用方法: 中国,CN108705057B[P]. 2018-06-07[2019-10-29].(SONG Chang-jiang,LI Xiang,ZHAI Qi-jie. A Roll-Belt Strip Casting Machine and Its Application Method:China,CN108705057B[P]. 2018-06-07[2019-10-29].)
[82] YANG Y,ZHANG J,HU C,et al. Structures and properties of Fe-(8-16)Mn-9Al-0.8C low density steel made by a centrifugal casting in near-rapid solidification[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2019,748:74.
[83] Hwang S W,Ji J H,Lee E G,et al. Tensile deformation of a duplex Fe-20Mn-9Al-0.6C steel having the reduced specific weight[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2011,528(15):5196.
[84] WANG D,CHANG W,SHEN Y,et al. The role of lattice mismatch in heterogeneous nucleation of pure Al on Al₂O₃ single-crystal substrates with different termination planes[J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry,2019,137(3):791.
[85] 俞基浩,赵静,张浚哲,等. 大型铸锭凝固过程热模拟方法[J]. 铸造,2015,64(8):754.(YU Ji-hao,ZHAO Jing,ZHANG Xun-zhe,et al. Thermal simulation method of solidification process in heavy ingot[J]. Foundry,2015,64(8):754.)
[86] CHEN Z,ZHAI Q,ZHANG J,et al. Effects of thermal gradients and rotational flows on grain growth in 22 t steel ingots[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research,International,2016,23(9):973.
[87] WANG B,ZHONG H,LI X,et al. Thermal simulation study on the solidification structure and segregation of a heavy heat-resistant steel casting[J]. Metals,2019,9(2):249.
[88] 邵楠男,邹富康,仲红刚,等. PMO和冷却速率对5CrNiMoV热作模具钢凝固组织的影响[J]. 中国冶金,2021,31(10):23.(SHAO Nan-nan,ZOU Fu-kang,ZHONG Hong-gang,et al. Effect of PMO treatment and cooling rate on solidification structure of 5CrNiMoV steel[J]. China Metallurgy,2021,31(10):23.)
[89] Lesoult G. Macrosegregation in steel strands and ingots:Characterisation, formation and consequences[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2005,413:19.
[90] 陶正耀,周枚青. 55吨钢锭的解剖试验[J]. 大型铸锻件,1982(4):1.(TAO Zheng-yao,ZHOU Mei-qing. Anatomical test of 55 tons ingot[J]. Heavy Casting and Forging,1982(4):1.)
[91] Pickering E J,Chesman C,Al-Bermani S,et al. A comprehensive case study of macrosegregation in a steel ingot[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2015,46(4):1860.
[92] 薛庆国,王静松,何宇明,等. 中间包钢水电脉冲孕育处理对电工钢连铸坯组织的影响[J]. 特殊钢,2004,25(2):53.(XUE Qing-guo,WANG Jing-song,HE Yu-ming,et al. Effect of electric pulse inoculation to tundish metal on structure of electrical sheet steel concasting billet[J]. Special Steel,2004,25(2):53.)
[93] DU W D,WANG K,SONG C J,et al. Effect of special combined electromagnetic stirring mode on macrosegregation of high strength spring steel blooms[J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking,2013,35(2):153.
[94] WU H,WEI N,BAO Y,et al. Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet[J]. International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy,and Materials,2011,18(2):159.
[95] 刘海宁,王郢,李仁兴,等. PMO凝固均质化技术在20CrMnTi齿轮钢上的应用[J]. 钢铁,2019,54(6):69.(LIU Hai-ning,WANG Ying,LI Ren-xing,et al. Application of pulse magneto oscillation homogenization technique on continuous casting of 20CrMnTi gear steel[J].Iron and Steel,2019,54(6):69.)
[96] Thome R,Harste K. Principles of billet soft-reduction and consequences for continuous casting[J]. ISIJ International,2006,46(12):1839.
[97] Ludlow V,Normanton A,Anderson A,et al. Strategy to minimise central segregation in high carbon steel grades during billet casting[J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking,2013,32(1):68.
[98] LI D Z,CHEN X,FU P,et al. Inclusion flotation-driven channel segregation in solidifying steels[J]. Nature Communications,2014,5(5):6291.
[99] 唐海燕,于满,李京社,等. 连铸中间包内部结构优化的数理模拟及冶金效果[J]. 北京科技大学学报,2009,31(s1):38.(TANG Hai-yan,YU Man,LI Jing-she,et al. Numerical and physical simulation on inner structure optimization of a continuous casting tundish and its metallurgical effect[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing,2009,31(s1):38.)
[100] 肖宏,余超,刘剑,等. 板坯连铸直轧感应补热有限元分析与试验[J]. 钢铁,2017,52(2):44.(XIAO Hong,YU Chao,LIU Jian,et al. Finite element analysis and experiment for induction heating process of slab continuous casting-direct rolling[J]. Iron and Steel,2017,52(2):44.)
[101] Pütz O,Breitfeld O,RÖdl S. Investigations of flow conditions and solidification in continuous casting moulds by advanced simulation techniques[J]. Steel Research International,2003,74(11/12):686.
[102] LI J,WANG B,MA Y,et al. Effect of complex electromagnetic stirring on inner quality of high carbon steel bloom[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A,2006,425(1/2):201.
[103] LUO S,ZHU M,JI C. Theoretical model for determining optimum soft reduction zone of continuous casting steel[J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking,2013,41(3):233.
[104] 祁猛,李亮,铁占鹏,等. 轻压下对GCr15轴承钢大方坯内部质量的影响[J]. 中国冶金,2020,30(9):67.(QI Meng,LI Liang,TIE Zhan-peng,et al. Influence of soft reduction on internal quality of GCr15 bearing steel bloom castings[J]. China Metallurgy,2020,30(9):67.)