20 February 2023, Volume 35 Issue 2
    

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  • Research progress of mechanical properties of twinning induced plasticity steel
    ZHENG Zhibin1，LONG Jun1，WANG Yuhui2，YANG Haokun3
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 115-130. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220049
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    Abstract： With the goal of "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutrality" being proposed, the safety and reliability requirements of steel structures in many industrial fields such as automobiles, aviation, aerospace, and highspeed train are becoming more and more stringent. Therefore, steel structural materials need to meet the requirements of high strength, high plasticity and excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, such as fatigue resistance, impact absorption and work hardening ability for further research and development. In the 21st century, the research on twininduced plasticity steel, namely twinninginduced plasticity (TWIP) steel, has gradually started. The TWIP steel has singlephase austenite structure, and a large number of deformation twins generate inside the austenite grains during the plastic deformation process, introducing the segmentation phenomenon of the grains, and exhibit a dynamic HallPetch effect. As a result, the work hardening ability of TWIP steel can greatly be improved, and has high uniform elongation and tensile strength synchronously enhance, exhibiting potential industrial application value. According to the deformation characteristics of TWIP steel, the research progress of work hardening rate, strain rate sensitivity, deformation temperature sensitivity, fatigue crack growth, and impact resistant behaviors of TWIP steel was systematically introduced in order to provide new ideas and theories for the development of high strength steel support.
    • Smelting and Working
  • A process study on treatment of boron iron concentrate by coalbased direct reductionmagnetic separation
    WANG Xuyang，HAN Tong，CHENG Gongjin，XUE Xiangxin，YANG He
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 131-137. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220061
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    Abstract： Most of the boron iron ore in China is of low grade. And in general, the refractory boron iron ore is exploited by the standard of ordinary iron ore, which leads to a waste of resources. To realize the efficient separation of B and Fe from a boroncontaining iron ore concentrate in Liaoning, the test with the coalbased direct reductionmagnetic separation process was conducted. The effects of different additives, reduction temperature, reduction time, and n(C)/n(O) on the separation between boron and iron were studied. The results show that the introduction of Na2CO3 or CaCO3 can promote the reduction reaction, which is beneficial to the separation from B and Fe. However, the effect of Na2CO3 on the separation between B and Fe is more efficient than that of CaCO3. The optimal parameters under the condition of introducing Na2CO3 are as follows: reduction temperature of 1150℃, reduction time of 45min, a n(C)/n(O) ratio of 12, an iron recovery rate of 9982%, and the boron recovery rate in the slag of 7943%, realizing effective separation of B and Fe iron powder with high metallization rate and boron rich slag with higher grade can be extracted in this process. After further treatment, the iron powder can be used in steelmaking or the production of boron steel, while boronrich slag can be used as the highquality raw material of the boron industry.
  • Study on evolution behavior of high temperature dissolution rate and microstructure of coke
    HAN Jiaqing1，YAN Huanmin2，YAN Liqiang2，YANG Qingbin2，LI Xianchun1
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 138-147. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220009
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    Abstract： In order to study the changes of coke microstructure in blast furnace soft melt zone, the coke was subjected to gasification experiments with fixed melt loss rate at different temperatures using high temperature thermogravimetric analyzer, and the changes of microstructure were studied and analyzed by X-ray diffractometer technique and low temperature nitrogen adsorption method. The results show that at the same reaction temperature, the lamellar spacing d002 decreases with the increase of melting loss rate, and the stacking height Lc, microcrystalline size La, lamellar layers N, aromatic rings n and graphitization degree r0 increase with the increase of melting loss rate.At lower temperatures, gasification reaction and ordering process mainly increase the number of micropores and expand the pore size of coke. At higher temperatures, the pores are mainly connected to form macropores and collapse; after melting loss, the micropores expand to the upper level, the total pore volume decreases, and the specific surface area decreases.
  • Structure and formation mechanism of CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO electroslag crust
    MENG Yifan1,2，WANG Zhen1,2，ZHANG Rui1,2，MIN Yi1,2,3，LIU Chengjun1,2
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 148-154. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220043
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    Abstract：To further clarify the solidification process of electroslag crust, the structure and formation mechanism of the industrial CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO electroslag crust formed in a fixed mold during the electroslag remelting process of H13 steel were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis. The results show that, under the joint control of the phase precipitation behavior during solidification process of the electroslag and the radial heat transfer of the crust itself, from the outside (near the mold side) to the inside (near the ingot side), the chilling layer, the columnar crystal zone, the fine equiaxed crystal zone, the coarse equiaxed crystal zone and the secondary solidification zone were generated in turn. The chilling layer was composed of glass and CaF2 phase and the columnar crystal zone, the equiaxed crystal zone and the secondary solidification zone were composed of CaF2, CaO·2Al2O3 and MgO·Al2O3 phases. From the chilling layer to the coarse equiaxed zone, the proportion of CaF2 phase decreased accompanied by the increase of MgO·Al2O3 phase, while, the variation showed opposite from the coarse equiaxed zone to the secondary solidification zone. The results have important significance for optimizing the electroslag composition and the electroslag remelting process.
  • Euler-Lagrange two-way method numerical simulation on gas-liquid two-phase flow of continuous casting slab chamfered mould with argon blowing
    LIU Bin1,2，WANG Minglin1，ZHANG Hui1，LIU Shuai1，YANG Bao1，CHU Shaoyang1
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 155-165. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220026
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    Abstract：In order to study the influence of different casting speeds on the gasliquid flow state in the slab chamfered mold of argon blowing with a section size of 1490mm×230mm during continuous casting process, a twoway coupling mathematical model of argon gas-molten steel two-phase flow was established by EulerLagrange method, and a full scale water model of the slab chamfered mold with argon blowing was established according to the similarity principle, the accuracy of the model is verified by comparing the results of physical simulation and numerical simulation of bubble distribution. With the increase of casting speed from 0.6m/min to 1.8m/min, the height of upper vortex center decreases 89mm, and the height of lower vortex center decreases 528mm, the uplifting effect of argon bubble on stream is obviously weakened, and the flow field gradually approaches the typical doubleroll flow pattern of slab without argon blowing. With the increase of casting speed, the bubble distribution range is enlarged, the included angle between the bubble movement track and the horizontal direction is increased. With the increase of casting speed, the rise of liquid level around the SEN caused by the argon bubbles rise near the SEN can be effectively weakened, meanwhile, the kinetic energy of the upper loop flow increases, making the liquid level near the narrow surface and the chamfered surface rise, and the maximum height difference of the liquid level decreases obviously compared with that at the low drawing speed. The increase of casting speed significantly increases the liquid surface velocity near the chamfered surface, and the maximum velocity near the chamfered surface increases from 0.007m/s at the casting speed of 0.6m/min to 0.057m/s at the casting speed of 1.8m/min.
    • Materials Research
  • Effect of vanadium on mechanical properties of medium-Mn based hot stamping steel and corresponding strengthening mechanism
    GE Rui1，YANG Rui1,2，LIU Ziqi1，WANG Zhen1
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 166-172. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220003
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    Abstract： The effect of vanadium microalloying on the mechanical properties of mediumMn based hot stamping steel and corresponding strengthening mechanism were investigated by means of SEM, EBSD, TEM and room temperature tensile test. The results show that vanadium microalloying can effectively improve the strength and ductility of the material based on intercritical heat treatment and stamping. After hot stamping at 900℃, the tensile strength of vanadium containing steel is 1390MPa and the total elongation reaches 17.7%, which is higher than that of vanadium free steel by 1283MPa and 15.2%. After hot stamping at 950℃, the tensile strength of vanadium containing steel is 1576MPa and the total elongation reaches 10.8%, which is also higher than that of vanadium free steel by 1318MPa and 9.9%. Vanadium microalloying can effectively improve the strength and ductility of medium-Mn based hot stamping steel through the effect of grain size refinement, secondary precipitation of vanadium carbonnitride, and coordinated distribution of refined ferrite and martensite.
  • Research on high temperature mechanical properties and corner transverse crack control of E36-T steel
    REN Chengran，ZHOU Qinghai，YIN Yanbin，ZHANG Jiongming
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 173-179. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220006
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    Abstract：Aiming at the problem of the transverse cracks at the corners of the E36-T steel continuous casting slab, the Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator was used to measure the hot ductility of E36-T steel. The true stresstrue strain of the samples at different temperature was analyzed. Scanning electron microscope and metallographic microscope was used to observe the fracture morphology and structure of E36-T at different temperature. The results show that the E36-T steel undergoes dynamic recovery within the temperature range of 625℃ to 850℃, and dynamic recrystallization begins at 875℃; the temperature range of the third brittle zone is 625-850℃, and the fracture mode of the third brittle zone is mainly intergranular brittle fracture. Based on the above results, optimized the secondary cooling and using weak cooling to reduce the cooling intensity, the temperature of the casting slab at the entrance of the straightening section is higher than 850℃, avoiding the brittle zone, and reducing the corner cracks.
  • Effects of aging process on microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4090 superalloy spring wires
    GAO Bingshuang，ZHANG Zhe，CHEN Xu
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 180-189. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220024
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    Abstract：To develop superalloy springs with high strength and good thermostability, aging processes were carried out in solution cold-drawn GH4090 superalloy spring wires at temperatures of 550-750℃. The effects of aging processes on the microstructure of GH4090 superalloy spring wires were investigated. The effects of the size and volume fraction of the γ′ phase on the torsional mechanical properties were also revealed. The results show that when the aging temperature is below 650℃, the volume fraction of the γ′ phase and the torsional strength increase with increasing aging temperature, but the change of particle size of the γ′ phase is not significant. When the aging temperature is above 650℃, the γ′ phase coarsening appears, and the volume fraction and the torsional strength decrease gradually with increasing aging temperature. In addition, compared with the onestep aging treatment, the higher volume fraction and finer γ′ phase can be obtained by the two-step aging treatment, which enhances the higher torsional strength and hardness in GH4090 superalloy spring wire. The aging process, 650℃ for 8h (50℃/h cooling) +550℃ for 8h (air cooling), can efficiently optimize the microstructure and achieve good mechanical properties in GH4090 superalloy spring wire. The high torsional strength (1373.4MPa) can be achieved in GH4090 superalloy spring wires at room temperature, which also shows high torsional strength at the elevated temperatures of 500℃.
  • Effect of different biocides on bactericidal inhibition and stripping of mixed bacteria biofilm
    XU Congmin1，CHEN Yueqing1，ZHU Wensheng2，GAO Haoran1，WANG Wenyuan1，YANG Xing1
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 190-200. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220039
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    Abstract：The corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the mixed bacteria biofilm containing SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria) and IOB(iron oxide bacteria)were studied by means of MPN counting method, corrosion weight loss experiment, electrochemical measurement and surface analysis methods. The results show that bacteriacide of TTPC+D-tyrosine has the best bactericidal and corrosion inhibition stripping effect on mixed bacteria biofilms, and the bactericidal rate of SRB and IOB in mixed bacteria can reach 98.5% and 85.6%, respectively, and the corrosion inhibition rate can reach 64.24%. Its bactericidal and corrosion inhibition effects are better than that of single bactericides such as 1227, THPS, TTPC and compound bacteriacide. The surface analysis results show that, the sulfide content and the number of corrosion pits on the surface of carbon steel were decreased significantly after adding TTPC+D-tyrosine, the corrosion rate was slowed down significantly, and the biofilm was decomposed rapidly, indicating that TTPC+Dtyrosine had the best bactericidal and corrosion inhibition stripping effect on the mixed bacteria, so TTPC+D-tyrosine is the best bactericide formula; the biofilm will produced a blocking effect, thus reduced the bactericidal effect after adding single 1227; after adding a single TTPC or THPS, the positively charged TTPC is adsorbed into the bacteria by the negatively charged bacteria, which lead to bacterial denaturation and inactivation, and TTPC can dissolve the FeS produced by SRB metabolism, while the lipophilic group of TTPC can dissolve and damage the fatty wall on the cell surface, at the same time, the sulphide and phosphide generated by microorganisms are inhibited, these factors reduced the corrosion rate of carbon steel, but the sterilization effect is much less than that of TTPC+D-tyrosine.
  • Prediction of mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel for nuclear power based on machine learning algorithm
    WANG Zhuo1,2，ZHU Hong2，XU Bin3,4，SONG Danrong3,4，WANG Liubing3,4，ZHANG Hongliang3,4
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 201-209. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220052
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    Abstract： Due to the harsh service environment and the influence of neutron irradiation, the application of austenitic stainless steel in nuclear power plants as a structural material requires high mechanical properties. Therefore, the prediction of the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel is worthy of attention and research. Machine learning algorithm was applied to material informatics and the methods and principles of machine learning were briefly described. At the same time， the machine learning model and system platform based on the prediction of mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels were introduced. Finally, the model was evaluated by comparing the predicted value with the real value. The research results show that the constructed model can predict the tensile strength and yield strength of austenitic stainless steel, and R2 is above 0.90. At last, the problems that need to be solved urgently in the field of performance prediction and material research and development of machine learning at this stage were discussed, and its future development direction was looked forward.
  • Optimization of synergistic preparation process of ceramics from zinc extraction secondary kiln slag and dredging mud
    WANG Zhifei，LI Yu
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 210-218. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20220062
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    Abstract： The large amount of waste secondary kiln slag generated after extraction of zine from metallurgical dust every year, and the huge dredged mud was also discharged during the dredging process of the port and river channels in the coastal iron and steel industry agglomeration areas. For the situations that the two huge solid wastes are difficult to be utilized, they were reused synergistically to prepare building ceramics according to their synergistical characteristics in composition, high iron and high calcium content in secondary kiln slag and high silicon and high alumina content in dredging mud. By aid of X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and test of heavy metal leaching concentration, bending strength and water absorption ratio, the mineral composition, microstructure and physical properties of ceramic samples under proportion between kiln slag and dredged mud from 60∶40 to 80∶20, and different sintering conditions were further determined. The results show that the optimal sintering conditions for the ceramics was the mass ratio of 70∶30 for between kiln slag and dredged mud, the roasting temperature of 1180℃, the roasting time of 40min, the preheating temperature of 500℃ and the preheating time of 10min. Under the optimal conditions, the ceramic had qualified properties with bending strength of 85MPa, 1h water absorption rate of 0.15%, apparent density of 2180kg/m3 and an excellent leaching rate of heavy metal elements, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and As according to the national standard. Its main crystals were pyroxene and hematite. The pyroxene had a much fine size of 2-5μm and homogenous distribution in ceramics, which was contributing to its excellent properties. Occurrence of liquid sintering in the ceramics during roasting process resulted in an overall compact structure and very low water absorbed rate, which was in favor of its low heavy metals leaching rate.
  • Co-disposal of zinccontaining slag and dust based on coalbased rotary kiln direct reduction method
    ZHAN Ruoning1，GUO Zhengqi1，ZHU Deqing1，PAN Jian1，YANG Congcong1，HUANG Xuezhong2
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH　. 2023, 35(2): 219-231. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001.0963-20220038
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    Abstract： Based on the national conditions of abundant noncoking coal resources and lack of natural gas in China and the urgent development of green smelting, a new process of the direct reduction method of coalbased rotary kiln for the codisposal of zinccontaining slag and dust was developed. The results show that: at the moisture of 14%, pressure of 20MPa, the dosage of internal anthracite coal is 9% and the dosage of bentonite is 1%, the ball formation rate of raw ball lumps is 83.4%, the falling strength is 6.00 times/（0.5m）, the compressive strength is 326N/pellet, and the bursting index is 0.3%; the dry dedusting rate of dry lumps is 0.5%, the falling strength is 19 times/（0.5m） with a compressive strength of 131.8N/pellet. In the small test of muffle furnace, when the reduction temperature was 1200℃, the reduction time was 100min, the amount of internal coal was 9%, the coal mine ratio was 2∶1, and the reduction coal was selected from Shenfu coal, the zinc content, lead content and dezincification rate and lead removal rate of the reduced agglomerates were 0.033%, 0.016% and 99.5% and 90.2%, respectively. In the expanded test of rotary kiln, when the reduction temperature was 1150℃, the reduction time was 100min, the amount of internal coal was 9%, the coal ratio was 1∶1, and the reduction coal was Shenfu coal, the zinc content, lead content, dezincification rate and lead removal rate of the reduced lumps were 0.049%, 0.004%, 99.8% and 99.2%, respectively.
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