1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China 2 State Key Lab of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China 3 Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia
Recent progress in friction stir welding tools used for steels
1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China 2 State Key Lab of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China 3 Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia
ժҪ Friction stir welding (FSW) technology is being increasingly attractive in welding steels on account of the high-quality weld formation and excellent weld properties. The feasibility of FSW of steels has been convinced for nearly 20 years. However, the application progress for FSW of steels is slower than that of aluminum alloys owing to the high cost and poor usability of tools. The FSW tools are called as the heart of FSW process which is critical for welding quality control and the weld microstructure and properties. The recent progresses in research and development of FSW tools for welding steels have been reviewed. Material selections, geometry parameters, wear behavior and use life of the tools are summarized from the available literatures.
Abstract��Friction stir welding (FSW) technology is being increasingly attractive in welding steels on account of the high-quality weld formation and excellent weld properties. The feasibility of FSW of steels has been convinced for nearly 20 years. However, the application progress for FSW of steels is slower than that of aluminum alloys owing to the high cost and poor usability of tools. The FSW tools are called as the heart of FSW process which is critical for welding quality control and the weld microstructure and properties. The recent progresses in research and development of FSW tools for welding steels have been reviewed. Material selections, geometry parameters, wear behavior and use life of the tools are summarized from the available literatures.
Lei Cui? Chao Zhang Yong-chang Liu, Xiu-guo Liu, ? Dong-po Wang Hui-jun Li. Recent progress in friction stir welding tools used for steels[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2018, 25(5): 477-486.
Lei Cui? Chao Zhang Yong-chang Liu, Xiu-guo Liu, ? Dong-po Wang Hui-jun Li. Recent progress in friction stir welding tools used for steels. , 2018, 25(5): 477-486.
Amini A, Asadi P, Zolghadr P.15�CFriction stir welding applications in industry. Advances in Friction-Stir Welding and Processing [J]., 2014, 15:671-722
[4]
Thomas WM, Threadgill PL, Nicholas ED.Feasibility of friction stir welding steel[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 1999, 4:365-372
[5]
Steel RJ, Peterson J, Sanderson S, Higgins P, Packer SM.Friction stir welding of 20mm thickness 1018 steel [J].Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference2012, 2012, :238-243
[6]
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, T. DebRoy,.Critical assessment: Friction stir welding of steels[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2009, 14:193-196
[7]
Packer S, .Tool geometries and tool materials for friction stir welding high melting temperature materials A2 - Fujii, Hidetoshi[J].Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Symposium on Joining and Welding: Woodhead Publishing, 2013, :473-476
[8]
Rai R, De A, Bhadeshia HKDH, DebRoy T, .Review: friction stir welding tools[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2011, 16:325-342
[9]
Cater S, Martin J, Galloway A, McPherson N, .Comparison between friction stir and submerged arc welding applied to joining DH36 and E36 shipbuilding steel[J].TMS Annual Meeting2013, 2013, :49-58
[10]
Schmidt H, Hattel J.Modelling heat flow around tool probe in friction stir welding[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2005, 10:176-186
Toumpis A, Galloway A, Cater S, McPherson N.Development of a process envelope for friction stir welding of DH36 steel �C A step change[J].Materials & Design, 2014, 62:64-75
[13]
Cui L, Fujii H, Tsuji N, Nakata K, Nogi K, Ikeda R, et al.Transformation in stir zone of friction stir welded carbon steels with different carbon contents.[J].ISIJ International, 2007, 47:299-306
[14]
Santos TFA, Idagawa HS, Ramirez AJ.Thermal history in UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel friction stir welds[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2014, 19:150-156
[15]
Manvatkar V, De A, Svensson LE, DebRoy T.Cooling rates and peak temperatures during friction stir welding of a high-carbon steel[J].Scripta Materialia, 2015, 94:36-39
[16]
Wei L, Nelson TW.Influence of heat input on post weld microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded HSLA-65 steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2012, 556:51-59
[17]
Matsushita M, Kitani Y, Ikeda R, Endo S, Fujii H.Microstructure and toughness of friction stir weld of thick structural steel[J].ISIJ International, 2012, 52:1335-1341
[18]
Cho JH, Boyce DE, Dawson PR.Modeling strain hardening and texture evolution in friction stir welding of stainless steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2005, 398:146-163
[19]
Nandan R, Roy GG, Lienert TJ, Debroy T, .Three-dimensional heat and material flow during friction stir welding of mild steel[J].Acta Materialia, 2007, 55:883-895
[20]
Nandan R, Roy GG, Lienert TJ, Debroy T, .Numerical modelling of 3D plastic flow and heat transfer during friction stir welding of stainless steel[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2006, 11:526-537
[21]
Cho HH, Hong ST, Roh JH, Choi HS, Kang SH, Steel RJ, et al.Three-dimensional numerical and experimental investigation on friction stir welding processes of ferritic stainless steel[J].Acta Materialia, 2013, 61:2649-2661
[22]
Liu FC, Nelson TW.In-situ material flow pattern around probe during friction stir welding of austenitic stainless steel[J].Materials & Design, 2016, 110:354-364
[23]
Choi DH, Lee CY, Ahn BW, Yeon YM, Park SHC, Sato YS, et al.Effect of fixed location variation in friction stir welding of steels with different carbon contents[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2010, 15:299-304
[24]
Chen Y, Fujii H, Tsumura T, Kitagawa Y, Nakata K, Ikeuchi K, et al.Effect of tool geometry on tool wear characterization and weld formation in friction stir welding of 316L stainless steel[J].Yosetsu Gakkai Ronbunshu/Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 2009, 27:85s-88s
[25]
Aydin H, Nelson TW.Microstructure and mechanical properties of hard zone in friction stir welded X80 pipeline steel relative to different heat input[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2013, 586:313-322
[26]
A. Steuwer, S.J. Barnes, J. Altenkirch, R. Johnson, P.J. Withers, .Friction stir welding of HSLA-65 steel: Part II. The influence of weld speed and tool material on the residual stress distribution and tool wear[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2012, 43:2356-2365
[27]
S. J. Barnes, A.R. Bhatti, A. Steuwer, R. Johnson, J. Altenkirch, Withers PJ,.Friction stir welding in HSLA-65 steel: Part I. Influence of weld speed and tool material on microstructural development. [J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2012, 43:2342-2355
[28]
Miyazawa T, Iwamoto Y, Maruko T, Fujii H, .Development of Ir based tool for friction stir welding of high temperature materials[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2011, 16:188-192
[29]
Miyazawa T, Iwamoto Y, Maruko T, Fujii H, .Friction stir welding of 304 stainless steel using Ir based alloy tool[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2012, 17:207-212
[30]
Miyazawa T, Iwamoto Y, Maruko T, Fujii H.Development of high strength Ir based alloy tool for friction stir welding[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2012, 17:213-218
[31]
B. W. Ahn, D.H. Choi, D.J. Kim, S.B. Jung,.Microstructures and properties of friction stir welded 409L stainless steel using a Si 3N 4 tool[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2012, 532:476-479
[32]
Y. Zhao, M. Wang, .Effect of sintering temperature on the structure and properties of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride prepared by SPS[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2009, 209:355-359
[33]
T. K. Harris, E.J. Brookes, C.J. Taylor, .The effect of temperature on the hardness of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride cutting tool materials[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2004, 22:105-110
[34]
D. McNamara, D. Carolan, P. Alveen, N. Murphy, A. Ivankovi?, .The influence of microstructure on the fracture statistics of polycrystalline diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride[J].Ceramics International, 2014, 40:11543-11549
[35]
Park SHC, Sato YS, Kokawa H, Okamoto K, Hirano S, Inagaki M, .Boride formation induced by pcBN tool wear in friction-stir-welded stainless steels[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2009, 40:625-636
[36]
B. Thompson, S.S. Babu, T. Lolla, .Tool degradation characterization in the friction stir welding of hard metals[J].Welding Journal (Miami, Fla), 2010, 89:256s-261s
[37]
Thompson BT, Seaman JM, Eff MN.Friction Stir Welding tool life development for thick section steel[J].Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference2013, 2013, :196-201
[38]
Weinberger T, Enzinger N, Cerjak H, .Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of friction stir welded 15-5PH steel[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2009, 14:210-215
[39]
Chung YD, Fujii H, Ueji R, Tsuji N, .Friction stir welding of high carbon steel with excellent toughness and ductility[J].Scripta Materialia, 2010, 63:223-226
[40]
Xue P, Komizo Y, Ueji R, Fujii H, .Enhanced mechanical properties in friction stir welded low alloy steel joints via structure refining[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2014, 606:322-329
[41]
Esmailzadeh M, Shamanian M, Kermanpur A, Saeid T, .Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded lean duplex stainless steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2013, 561:486-491
[42]
Choi DH, Lee CY, Ahn BW, Choi JH, Yeon YM, Song K, et al.Hybrid Friction Stir Welding of High-carbon Steel[J].Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2011, 27:127-130
[43]
C. Meran, O. Canyurt, .Friction stir welding of austenitic stainless steels[J].Parameters, 2010, 6:13-
[44]
Bilgin MB, Meran C, .The effect of tool rotational and traverse speed on friction stir weldability of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steels[J].Materials & Design, 2012, 33:376-383
[45]
S. Wurster, B. Gludovatz, R. Pippan, .High temperature fracture experiments on tungsten�Crhenium alloys[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2010, 28:692-697
[46]
Gan W, Li ZT, Khurana S.Tool materials selection for friction stir welding of L8o steel[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2007, 12:610-613
[47]
Luo A, S. Shin K, L. Jacobson D, .High temperature tensile properties of W�]Re�]ThO2 alloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 1991, 148:219-229
[48]
S. Ragu Nathan, V. Balasubramanian, S. Malarvizhi, A.G. Rao, .An investigation on metallurgical characteristics of tungsten based tool materials used in friction stir welding of naval grade high strength low alloy steels[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2016, 56:18-26
[49]
S. Ragu Nathan, S. Malarvizhi, V. Balasubramanian, A.G. Rao, .Failure analysis of tungsten based tool materials used in friction stir welding of high strength low alloy steels[J].Engineering Failure Analysis, 2016, 66:88-98
[50]
Mahoney M, Sanderson S, Maak P, Steel R, Babb J, Fleck D, .Friction stir welding of carbon steel for application in used fuel containers[J].Materials Science Forum, 2014, 783-786:1753-1758
[51]
P. Baillie, S. Campbell, A. Galloway, S. Cater, N. McPherson, .A Comparison of Double Sided Friction Stir Welding in Air and Underwater for 6mm S275 Steel Plate[J].International Journal of Chemical, Nuclear, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, 2014, 8:651-655
[52]
Tingey C, Galloway A, Toumpis A, Cater S, .Effect of tool centreline deviation on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded DH36 steel[J].Materials & Design, 2015, 65:896-906
[53]
Yano Y, Sato YS, Sekio Y, Ohtsuka S, Kaito T, Ogawa R, et al.Mechanical properties of friction stir welded 11Cr-ferritic/martensitic steel[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2013, 442:S524-S528
[54]
Han J, Li H, Zhu Z, Barbaro F, Jiang L, Xu H, et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 18Cr-2Mo ferritic stainless steel thick plate. [J].Materials & Design, 2014, 63:238-246
[55]
Morisada Y, Fujii H, Nishimoto R, Miyazawa T, Iwamoto Y, Ueji R, .Improvement of toughness and strength of thick structural steel weld by friction stir welding conditions[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2013, 18:287-292
[56]
Almanza-Casas E, Perez-L��pez MJ, Steel R, Packer S, .Evaluation of mechanical properties of 304L and 316L stainless steels Friction Stir Welded[J].Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference 2011, 2011, :530-533
[57]
Cho HH, Han HN, Hong ST, Park JH, Kwon YJ, Kim SH, et al.Microstructural analysis of friction stir welded ferritic stainless steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2011, 528:2889-2894
[58]
Lakshminarayanan AK, Balasubramanian V.Understanding the parameters controlling friction stir welding of AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel[J].Metals and Materials International, 2011, 17:969-981
[59]
Sato YS, Yamanoi H, Kokawa H, Furuhara T, .Microstructural evolution of ultrahigh carbon steel during friction stir welding[J].Scripta Materialia, 2007, 57:557-560
[60]
Sato YS, Yamanoi H, Kokawa H, Furuhara T.Characteristics of microstructure in ultrahigh carbon steel produced during friction stir welding[J].ISIJ International, 2008, 48:71-76
[61]
Chen YC, Fujii H, Tsumura T, Kitagawa Y, Nakata K, Ikeuchi K, et al.Banded structure and its distribution in friction stir processing of 316L austenitic stainless steel[J].Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2012, 420:497-500
[62]
Sanderson S, Steel R, Keshevan K, Roth C, Packer S, Higgins P, et al.Friction stir welding/processing for hardbanding in oil and gas applications[J].Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference2011, 2011, :468-471
[63]
Reynolds AP, Tang W, Posada M, DeLoach J.Friction stir welding of DH36 steel[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2003, 8:455-461
[64]
Du D, Fu R, Li Y, Jing L, Ren Y, Yang K, .Gradient characteristics and strength matching in friction stir welded joints of Fe-18Cr-16Mn-2Mo-0.85N austenitic stainless steel[J].Materials Science and Engineering A, 2014, 616:246-251
[65]
Hua P, Moronov S, Nie CZ, Sato YS, Kokawa H, Park SHC, et al.Microstructure and properties in friction stir weld of 12Cr steel[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2014, 19:76-81
[66]
De A, Bhadeshia HKDH, Debroy T.Friction stir welding of mild steel: Tool durability and steel microstructure[J].Materials Science and Technology (United Kingdom), 2014, 30:1050-1056
[67]
Ross K, Sorensen C, .Reducing tool axial stresses in HSLA-65 during the plunge[J].TMS Annual Meeting2009, 2009, :327-336
[68]
Pradeep A, Muthukumaran S, Dhanush PR, .Subshoulder formation during friction stir welding of steel using tungsten alloy tool[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2013, 18:671-679
[69]
Lakshminarayanan AK, Balasubramanian V, .An assessment of microstructure, hardness, tensile and impact strength of friction stir welded ferritic stainless steel joints[J].Materials & Design 31 (2010) 4592-4600., 2010, 31:4592-4600