钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2019年 26卷 10期
刊出日期：2019-10-25
论著
论著
1031
Najib Alia, Mika Pylvanainen, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, Volker John, Seppo Ollila
Vibrations of a laboratory-scale gas-stirred ladle with two eccentric nozzles and multiple sensors
Hot!
During ladle stirring, a gas is injected into the steel bath to generate a mixing of the liquid steel. The optimal process control requires a reliable measurement of the stirring intensity, for which the induced ladle wall vibrations have proved to be a potential indicator. An experimental cold water ladle with two eccentric nozzles and eight mono-axial accelerometers was thus investigated to measure the vibrations. The effect of the sensors’ positions with respect to the gas plugs on the vibration intensity was analyzed, and experimental data on several points of the ladle were collected for future numerical simulations. It is shown that the vibration root-mean-square values depend not only on process parameters, such as gas flow rate, water, and oil heights, but also on the radial and axial positions of the sensors. The vibration intensity is clearly higher, close to the gas plumes, than in the opposite side. If one of the nozzles is clogged, the vibration intensity close to the clogged nozzle drops drastically (36 to 59%), while the vibrations close to the normal operating nozzle are hardly affected. Based on these results, guidelines are provided for an optimized vibration-based stirring.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1031-1040 [
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1041
Kang-hui Zhang, Yan-ling Zhang, Tuo Wu
Kinetics of hot metal desulfurization using CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–TiO2 slag
Hot!
Kinetics of hot metal desulfurization were studied using CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–Na2O–TiO2 slag in the range of 1400–1500 C on a laboratory scale. The results of kinetic experiments indicate that the desulfurization rate increases as the temperature, Al2O3 content, Na2O content, and TiO2 content increase and basicity increases from 1.01 to 1.75, but decreases when basicity increases from 1.75 to 2.02. The melting effect of slag is promoted as the temperature, Na2O content, and TiO2 content increase and Al2O3 content increases from 12.13 to 17.17 mass%, but worsened as basicity increases and Al2O3 content increases from 17.17 to 22.27 mass%. A kinetic model of hot metal desulfurization has been developed to calculate the mass transfer coefficient and the mass transfer resistance of sulfur in slag. The mass transfer coefficient of sulfur increases as the temperature, Al2O3 content, Na2O content, and TiO2 content increase and basicity decreases. Total mass transfer coefficients of sulfur were in the range of (5.02–23.78) 9 10-7 m s-1. The activation energy was estimated to be 464.06 kJ mol-1 at the temperature from 1400 to 1450 C and 176.35 kJ mol-1 at the temperature from 1450 to 1500 C. The sulfur distribution at the slag–metal interface was observed using a mineral liberation analyzer. The result shows that the mass transfer of sulfur in slag is the controlling step at high temperature during the desulfurization process.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1041-1051 [
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1052
Xiang-chun Liu, Bin Fang, Zhi-gang Zhao, Rui-lun Xie, Zhao Lei, Qiang Ling, Ping Cui
Modification mechanism of caking and coking properties of Shenmu subbituminous coal by low-temperature rapid pyrolysis treatment
Hot!
Shenmu (SM) subbituminous coal without caking property was treated by low-temperature rapid pyrolysis (LTRP) to modify its caking and coking properties. The treated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, vitrinite reflectance, and X-ray diffraction to determine the modification mechanism. Moreover, caking index (G) and coking indices (mechanical strength, coke reactivity, and coke strength after reaction) were employed to evaluate caking and coking properties, respectively. The results showed that SM coal was gradually upgraded with increasing processing temperature. Furthermore, the G values for the treated samples were significantly higher than that for SM coal, and G reached the maximum value at 450 C, implying the modification of caking property and the existence of an optimum temperature (450 C). Additionally, laboratory coking determinations showed that LTRP increased the mechanical strength of coke and coke strength after reaction and decreased coke reactivity when the treated coals were used in the coal blends instead of raw SM coal. Overall, LTRP treatment is effective to improve the caking and coking properties of SM coal. A mechanism was proposed for the modification. Suitable upgrading degree with suitable molecular masses and some releasable hydrogen-rich donor species present within the coal, which dominate the development of caking property, is important.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1052-1060 [
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1061
Yong Ma, Qi-qi Ding, Kai Chen, Lan-jun Liu, Bo-han Fang, Fei Liu
Analysis of transient mold friction under different scales based on wavelet entropy theory
Hot!
The mold friction (MDF) is an important parameter reflecting the lubrication between the mold and slab quantitatively. The mold/slab friction was detected using an online monitoring system on a slab continuous caster equipped with hydraulic oscillators. Wavelet entropy theory was introduced to describe the fluctuation characteristics of the MDF signal in order to quantitatively estimate the mold/slab lubrication. Furthermore, MDF signal and its wavelet entropy were analyzed under typical casting conditions, such as normal casting, different models (to control the relationship among the amplitude, the frequency and the casting speed), changing casting speeds and breakout. The results showed that the wavelet entropy could accurately reflect the overall changing trend of the mold friction as well as the local variation features. Besides, the wavelet entropy of the hydraulic cylinder force and the MDF was compared and analyzed, and the relationship between them was further discussed.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1061-1068 [
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1069
Abdul Rehman, Yang Liang, Mohammad Hassan Shirani Bidabadi, Zheng Yu, Chi Zhang, Hao Chen, Zhi-gang Yang
Comparative cyclic oxidation behaviour and effect of oxides on hardness of wear resistance coating alloys T-401 and T-900
Hot!
The investigated alloys are newly developed Tribaloy alloys with enhanced crack and oxidation resistance over the traditional Tribaloy alloys. The cyclic oxidation performance and effects of complex oxides on the hardness of cobaltbased Tribaloy alloys T-401 (hypoeutectic) and T-900 (hypereutectic) were assessed. The results showed that T-900 alloy has a lower oxidation rate as compared to T-401 alloy at 800 and 1000 C, which attributed to the formation of dense continuous Cr2O3 layer with an upper thinner continuous layer of CoCr2O4 and NiCr2O4 oxides. At 1000 C, T-401 alloy exhibited poor oxidation resistance due to severe spallation after 3 cycles (45 h). After oxidation, T-900 alloy exhibits 98% and 18% lower mass gain than T-401 alloy at 1000 and 800 C, respectively. For T-900 alloy, relationship between mass gain and thickness of oxide layer revealed that mass will increase 0.162 mg/cm2 for every 1-lm increase in the oxides thickness. Internal SiO2 oxide was observed at 800 and 1000 C for both alloys. However, the extent of internal Si oxides increased with increasing oxidation temperature from 800 to 1000 C. Consequently, internal oxidation of Si led to the formation of Laves phase-depleted region near oxide/alloy interface in T-900 alloy at 1000 C. Thus, hardness of T-900 alloy decreased from 618 to 392 HV beneath the oxide/alloy interface at 1000 C, whereas hardness of T-900 and T-401 alloys after cyclic oxidation test at 800 C increased from 618 to 855 and 519 to 685 HV, respectively.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1069-1079 [
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1080
Yan-sen Hao, Jian Li, Wan-chun Liu, Wei-na Zhang, Zhen-yu Liu
On microstructure characterization of Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo–N super-austenitic stainless steel during hot deformation
Hot!
Hot compression tests of Fe–Cr–Ni–Mo–N super-austenitic stainless steel were carried out in the temperature range of 950–1150 C with a strain rate of 0.01–10 s-1, in which dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms and coincident site lattice (CSL) boundary evolution in consideration of adiabatic heating were investigated. The results show that discontinuous DRX was the main DRX mechanism. Due to the high stacking fault energy (162–173 mJ/m2), subgrain evolution occurring in dynamic recovery process was stimulated at high temperatures and high strain rates. DRX behavior was accelerated by higher strain rate and adiabatic heating. Also, amounts of fine annealing twin boundaries were observed in the specimens deformed at higher strain rates and higher temperatures. By analyzing the length fractions of R3 boundary in overall boundaries and in CSL boundaries, the results indicate that R3 regeneration mechanism and new twinning mechanism take effect concurrently for twin-related grain boundary when the specimens were deformed at 950 C with a strain rate of 0.01–10 s-1. With increasing strain rate or deformation temperature, the propagation of R3 boundaries was mainly dominated by new twinning mechanism.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1080-1087 [
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1088
Ming-qing Liao, Zhong-hong Lai, Aorigele Bao, Yong Liu, Dan-ni Yang, Tian-yi Han, Jing-chuan Zhu, Rong-da Zhao
Parameters optimization design of quenching and partitioning for best combination between strength and ductility using orthogonal experimental design
Hot!
Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) which provides a balance between toughness and strength is a promising heat treatment in iron and steel industry. However, there are three parameters (quenching temperature, partitioning temperature and partitioning time) which affect the properties dramatically. As a result, it remains a challenge to get the best parameters in a low-cost way for Q&P process. Here, the orthogonal experimental design combined with a local optimization was adopted to optimize the quenching and partitioning parameters of 65Si2MnWA steel. By using this method, the combination between strength and ductility was optimized; meanwhile, the number of experiments was reduced significantly. When treated by quenching at 180 C followed by partitioning at 330 C for 20 min, the steel reached the best combination between strength and ductility. In detail, the product of ultimate tensile strength and reduction in area was 1.36 times (from 64.9 to 88.8 GPa%) that treated by quenching and tempering. In addition, owing to the grain refinement, the strength and ductility increase simultaneously. Specifically, the reduction in area increased by 27.4% (from 35.8% to 45.6%) coupled with a little improvement in ultimate tensile strength (7.4%).
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1088-1095 [
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1096
Mao-guo Xiao, Xin-yang Lu, Dong-hui Li, Shao-hong Li, Kun-yu Zhao, Mao-sheng Yang
Carbides precipitation and their evolution of Cr15Co10Mo5-alloyed heat-resistant bearing steel after tempering at different temperatures
Hot!
The carbides precipitation and their evolution at elevated tempering temperature in Cr15Co10Mo5-alloyed heat-resistant bearing steel were investigated by means of the transmission electron microscope. The results show that there is no carbide precipitated from the martensitic matrix when the sample was tempered at 480 C. However, when the sample was tempered at 540 C, a large number of stable spherical M6C carbides precipitated in the test steel. Nevertheless, there are three types of carbides precipitated from the matrix including M6C, M2C and M23C6 carbides when the tempering temperature reached 600 C. The mechanical properties also present a correlation with the evolution of carbides during tempering at different temperatures. This indicates that the strengthening mechanism of the steel is mainly attributed to the precipitation of carbides and their evolution, including the morphologies and types of carbides at different temperatures. In addition, the austenitic layers with a thickness of about 30 nm have been obtained between the martensite laths after tempering at 600 C. The austenitic layers will produce transformation-induced plasticity effects to improve the toughness of the steel.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1096-1105 [
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1106
Xiao-hu Chen, Ping-ze Zhang, Dong-bo Wei, Xiao Huang, Feng Ding, Feng-kun Li, Xian-jun Dai, Zhang-zhong Wang
Correlation between crystal structure and mechanical performance of Cr-implanted 300M high-strength steel using X-ray diffraction method
Hot!
In order to study the influence of crystal structure change due to implantation dose on the hardness and wear performance of 300M high-strength steel, samples were surface modified by Cr implantation with dosages of 5.0 9 1016, 1.5 9 1017 and 3.0 9 1017 ions/cm2. X-ray diffraction method, which was already applied in studies on the microstructure of deformed and heat-treated materials, was used to study the crystal structure of the implanted steel, and the results were corrected with the hardness and wear performance. The solid solution strengthening effect and microstructure vary with increase in implantation dose. Owing to strong solid solution hardening of Cr, small average crystallite size and high dislocation density, the hardness and wear resistance of implanted steel with dose of 5.0 9 1016 ions/cm2 were found to be the highest compared with other samples. Moreover, although the crystallite size of the implanted sample with dose of 3 9 1017 ions/cm2 was similar to that of substrate and the dislocation density was lower than that of the substrate, its higher hardness and lower specific wear rate were due to the solid solution hardening and perhaps Cr clusters reinforcement.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1106-1116 [
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1117
Jin-wei Lei, Kai-ming Wu, Yu Li, Ting-ping Hou, Xing Xie, R.D.K. Misra
Effects of Zr addition on microstructure and toughness of simulated CGHAZ in high-strength low-alloy steels
Hot!
The effect of Zr addition (0.005, 0.013, and 0.054 wt.%) on the microstructure and toughness of simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone in high-strength low-alloy steels was revealed using a Gleeble 2000 thermal simulator. It was observed that elongated MnS inclusions were formed in the lowest Zr-containing steel, while only pure equiaxed ZrO2 existed in the 0.054Zr steel (Zr content of 0.054 wt.%). Complex oxide–sulfide inclusions (ZrO2 ? MnS) with size of (1.40 ± 0.25) lm were formed in 0.013Zr steel (Zr content of 0.013 wt.%). The complex inclusions refined the prior austenite grain, and the nucleation of acicular ferrite was promoted compared to those of 0.005Zr steel (Zr content of 0.005 wt.%) and 0.054Zr steel. Consequently, the 0.013Zr steel possessed superior low-temperature impact toughness in relation to 0.005Zr and 0.054Zr steels. Thus, moderate Zr addition can be considered as an effective method to refine the structure and improve the mechanical properties of the coarse-grained heat-affected zone.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1117-1125 [
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1126
Xi-yang Chai, Gang Chen, Feng Chai, Tao Pan, Zhi-gang Yang, Cai-fu Yang
Hot roll bonding between commercially pure titanium and highstrength low-alloy steel using Fe interlayer
Hot!
Hot roll bonding was carried out between commercially pure titanium TA2 and high-strength low-alloy steel Q390 using no interlayer and Fe interlayer at temperatures of 850, 900, 950 and 1000 C with a total reduction ratio of 86.7%. Interfacial microstructure and bonding property of clad plates were investigated by electron microscopy and shear test. The results showed that with the increase in heating temperature, the shear strength of titanium clad steel plates decreases obviously. Compared with that of titanium clad steel plates with no interlayer, inserting Fe interlayer between titanium and steel can improve the shear strength at 850 and 900 C but deteriorate the shear strength at 950 and 1000 C. The reason for this consequence was that Fe interlayer prevented the reaction diffusion of C in titanium to form a thinner TiC layer at 850 and 900 C, while Fe interlayer promoted the reaction diffusion of Fe in titanium to generate thicker Fe2Ti and FeTi intermetallic compound layers at 950 and 1000 C.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1126-1136 [
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1137
Lan-xiang Sun, Wei-ye Wang, Mei-ting Guo, Xue-yong Tian, Peng Zhang, Li-feng Qi, Hai-bin Yu, Peng Zeng
Small-invasive determination of iron content in coating of galvanized steel sheets by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Hot!
A new method was presented to determine the iron content in the coating of galvanized steel sheet based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The zinc–iron coating was characterized with a series of single laser pulses irradiated on the traversing sheet steel, each on a different steel sheet position. The influences of laser fluence and elemental depth distribution were studied and analyzed. To protect the corrosion performance of the coating and meet requirements for small-invasive measurement, the ablation size of the crater under different laser fluences was studied. Under the optimized experimental parameters, the diameter of ablation craters is about 50 lm, and then, the Fe content in the coating was calibrated and analyzed by the linear standard calibration method. The calibration result, however, is not good. Considering that the Zn content in the coating was high and relatively constant, curve calibration was then carried out with the intensity ratio (IFe404:58=IZn468:01) instead of the net line intensity of Fe, and then, the determination coefficient of calibration curve increases from 0.7713 to 0.9511, and the root-mean-square error decreases from 0.4832% to 0.1509%. The results prove that the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is an effective way for the analysis of the Fe content in the coating of galvanized steel sheet.
2019 Vol. 26 (10): 1137-1146 [
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