钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2020年 27卷 7期
刊出日期：2020-07-25
论著
论著
743
Jun Zhao, Hai-bin Zuo, Chao Ling, Wen-tao Guo, Jing-song Wang, Qing-guo Xue
Microstructure evolution of coke under CO
2
and H
2
O atmospheres
Hot!
The microstructure of coke has an important influence on its thermal properties. The solution loss reactions of coke in CO
2
and H
2
O atmospheres were investigated by in situ observation. The results showed that the isotropic components had a more vigorous reaction than the anisotropic components, and the solution loss reaction of the fine-grained mosaic structure was faster than that of the coarse-grained mosaic structure under the CO
2
and H
2
O atmospheres. The coarse-grained mosaic structure and the flowing structure had a relatively higher anti-erosion ability in the CO
2
atmosphere than in the H
2
O atmosphere, and there was no distinct difference in the solution loss of the isotropic structure under the CO
2
and H
2
O atmospheres. The electron probe microanalysis showed that the Al–Si–Fe compounds in the carbon matrix had positive influence on the solution loss reaction of the anisotropic structure. The iron compounds were able to destroy the pore walls of coke and accelerate the solution loss rate of coke.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 743-754 [
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755
Sheng-li Wu, Xiao-bo Zhai, Li-xin Su, Xu-dong Ma
Ore-blending optimization for Canadian iron concentrate during iron ore sintering based on high-temperature characteristics of fines and nuclei
Hot!
Canadian iron concentrate (CIC) can elevate the ferrous grade and lower the contents of gangue components and harmful elements in the sinter. To understand high-temperature characteristics of CIC and typical iron ore, the formation of the melt was calculated mainly through FactSage 7.2, and melt fluidity (MF) test for iron ore fines and penetration characteristic test of CIC melt into iron ore nuclei were carried out via micro-sintering method. The results show that hematite, calcium ferrites, dicalcium silicate, and magnetite take part in the formation of the melt in N
2
. The formation temperature of the liquid for CIC is higher than that for hematite/limonite ore. The MF of CIC is lower than that of hematite/limonite ore fines. The MF of hematite/limonite ore fines is dominated by the liquid amount and melt viscosity. The penetration depth (PD) of CIC melt into limonite ore nuclei is smaller than that into hematite ore nuclei. The PD is related to the reaction ability of the nuclei with the melt. Based on above results, sinter pot tests were conducted. The result shows that in the base ore blends including two hematite ores and two limonite ores, adding CIC deteriorates the sintering indexes. Increasing the proportion of high-MF and small-PD hematite ore can significantly improve the sintering indexes. 10 mass% is a suit-able proportion for adding CIC in ore blends.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 755-769 [
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79
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168
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770
Feng Zhang, De-qing Zhu, Jian Pan, Zheng-qi Guo, Meng-jie Xu
Improving roasting performance and consolidation of pellets made of ultrafine and super high grade magnetite concentrates by modifying basicity
Hot!
For improving the strength of pellets made of ultrafine and super-high-grade magnetite concentrates, the influence of basicity (CaO/SiO
2
ratio) on the roasting and consolidation of pellets was investigated. The results showed that with the basicity of pellets increasing from 0.09 to 0.60, the compressive strength of both preheated and roasted pellets achieved an evident improvement from 502 and 2519 to 549 and 3096 N/pellet, respectively; meanwhile, the roasting time decreased from 15 to 9.min. The low-viscosity liquid phases were easily generated in fired pellets at the basicity range of 0.40–0.60 under the roasting temperature of 1240 °C, filled the voids between hematite particles and tightened the bonding among particles, effectively restraining the generation of concentric cracks and decreasing the porosity of fired pellets; low-viscosity liquid phases facilitated the solid diffusion of hematite, leading to the formation of coarse hematite crystals and thicker connecting necks.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 770-781 [
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72
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782
Da‑peng Li, Hua‑zhang Wu, Hai‑feng Wang, Hong Li
Growth of solidified shell in bloom continuous casting mold of hypo-peritectic steel based on a FeS tracer method
Hot!
Solidification behavior in the mold region plays an important role in production efficiency and steel quality. To investigate shell growth within a mold, the sulfur prints of the entire shell thickness profile from the meniscus to 100 mm below the mold were obtained by adding FeS tracer into molten steel during bloom continuous casting of hypo-peritectic steel. The law of shell thickness evolution along mold height and circumference was analyzed. The results show that there are three weak regions of solidification, which are in the mold upper part, in the mold lower part, and just below mold exit, possibly resulting from periodic fluctuation of air gap between the shell and the mold, the impingement of melt jets on the solidification front, and the decreasing cooling intensity, respectively. Initial solidification point along casting direction appears at approximately 35 mm below the meniscus. Overall, the solidified shell thickness in the inner side of the mold is a little larger than that in the outer side, and the former and the latter reach 25.5 and 24.3 mm at the mold exit, respectively. The non-uniform shell growth in the inner side of the bloom is provided, while shell thicknesses in the narrow face and the outer side follow relatively regular growth. Out of the mold, the thinnest shells on the transverse section exist in the regions of 60–90 mm and 40–70 mm from the corners of the inner and outer sides, respectively, i.e., the of-corners.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 782-787 [
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100
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170
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788
Jie Yang, Deng‑fu Chen, Miao‑yong Zhu
Crystallization and heat transfer of CaO–SiO
2
-based slag for high-Mn–high-Al steel
Hot!
The crystallization and heat transfer of CaO–SiO
2
-based slag for high-Mn–high-Al steel have been investigated by coupling composition evolution with heat transfer and non-isothermal tests. It was found that the concentrations of Al
2
O
3
and MnO in the slag were determined by the relative contents of Al and Mn in molten steel. Crystallization temperature of the slag rose with the increase in Al
2
O
3
content first and then fell due to the coupled effects of basicity and Al
2
O
3
, and a small amount of MnO cannot change this trend. High viscosity of slags led to less obvious characterizations of crystallization. The crystalline phase analysis suggested that MnO accumulation suppressed the formation of fluorite crystals. As the Al
2
O
3
content increased, the precipitation of cuspidine was replaced by the blocky gehlenite crystals, while the number and the size of nepheline and fluorite crystals both increased. According to the thickness and the crystallization structure of slags, the heat flux in the slag film first decreased and then increased with higher Al
2
O
3
accumulation. Then, a new type of CaO–SiO
2
-based mold slag with high basicity was applied in plant trial, and the change in composition and properties of mold slag was studied.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 788-795 [
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] (
94
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166
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796
Ping‑guo Jiang, Jin‑sheng Liu, Yi‑yu Xiao, Xiao‑heng Tan, Wen‑jie Liu
Recovery of iron from copper slag via modified roasting in CO–CO
2
mixed gas and magnetic separation
Hot!
A novel technology, modified roasting in CO–CO
2
mixed gas and magnetic separation, was presented to recover iron from copper slag. The effects of various parameters such as dosage of flux (CaO), gas flowrate of CO and CO
2
, roasting temperature, roasting time, particle size of modified slag and magnetic flux density on the oxidized modification and magnetic separation were investigated by comparison of the X-ray diffraction patterns and iron recovery ratio. The optimum conditions for recovering iron by oxidizing roasting and magnetic separation are as follows: calcium oxide content of 25 wt.%, mixed gas flow rates of CO
2
and CO of 180 and 20 mL/min, oxidizing roasting at 1323 K for 2 h, grinding the modified slag to 38.5–25.0 μm and magnetic separation at 170 mT. The mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of modified slag revealed that the iron-bearing minerals in the copper slag were oxidized, the generated magnetite grew into large particles, and the silicate in copper slag was combined with calcium oxide to form calcium silicate. Finally, the iron-bearing concentrate with an iron grade of 54.79% and iron recovery ratio of 80.14% was effectively obtained.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 796-806 [
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807
Hai Wang, Dong Liu, Jian‑guo Wang, Hai‑ping Wang, Yang Hu, Hao‑dong Rao
Characterization of hot deformation behavior of 30Si2MnCrMoVE low-alloying ultra-high-strength steel by constitutive equations and processing maps
Hot!
Isothermal compression tests of as-forged 30Si2MnCrMoVE low-alloying ultra-high-strength steel were carried out on a Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator at the deformation temperatures of 950–1150 °C and strain rates of 0.01–10 s
-1
. Based on the classical stress–dislocation density relationship and the kinematics of the dynamic recrystallization, the constitutive equations of the work hardening dynamical recovery period and dynamical recrystallization period were developed by using the work hardening curve and Avrami equation, which shows good agreement with the experimental value. Processing maps at the strain of 0.90 were constructed based on dynamic material model and were analyzed combined with microstructure observation under different conditions. The optimum parameter based on the processing maps was obtained and verified by a supplementary experiment. The power dissipation maps and instability maps at strains of 0.05–0.90 were also constructed, and the evolution law was analyzed in detail. The established constitutive equation and hot processing maps can provide some guidance for hot working process.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 807-819 [
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] (
86
) [
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172
)
820
Chen Dong, Zheng‑dong Liu, Zheng‑zong Chen, Zhen Liu, Jia‑zhuang Zheng, Xi‑tao Wang
Hot deformation behavior of a heat-resistant alloy without γ′-phase
Hot!
The hot compression behavior of the nickel-based heat-resistant alloy C-HRA-2? was investigated by a Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator with the deformation temperature range of 950–1150 °C and the strain rate of 0.001–10 s
-1
. The constitutive equation of the alloy was established by using a hyperbolic sine function, and the peak stress followed a power law relationship with the Zener–Hollomon parameter (Z). The activation energy was about 446 kJ mol
-1
for the whole hot deformation domain in this alloy. The optimum hot deformation condition was obtained in the temperature range of 1050–1150 °C and the strain rate range of 0.005–0.1 s
-1
. Unsafe domains during the hot deformation would occur in the strain rate range of 0.1–10 s
-1
with inhomogeneous microstructure and high-density twins in the alloy. The dominant nucleation mechanism of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was continuous dynamic recrystallization with sub-grain rotation at high strain rate, while DRX at low strain rate was discontinuous dynamic recrystallization with original grain boundaries bulging.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 820-833 [
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167
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834
Jia‑jia Qiu, Min Zhang, Gu‑hui Gao, Zhun‑li Tan, Bing‑zhe Bai
Research and modeling on correlation among microstructure, yield strength and process of bainite/martensite steel
Hot!
The contributions of different strengthening mechanisms to yield strength of bainite/martensite multiphase rail steel with different finish cooling temperatures in the controlled cooling process were quantitatively investigated. Dislocation density and substructure size of the rail steel were measured by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the dislocation density increases with the decrease in block width in rail steel. Based on the correlation among dislocation density, block width and yield strength, a physical model was proposed to predict the yield strength of rail steel. The variation of block width and dislocation density in different positions of rail head microstructure was integrated with temperature field simulation. Dislocation density and block width reveal significant correlations with the finish cooling temperature.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 834-841 [
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168
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842
Xiao‑hui Chen, Bo Chen, Xu Cheng, Guo‑chao Li, Zheng Huang
Microstructure and properties of hybrid additive manufacturing 316L component by directed energy deposition and laser remelting
Hot!
Arc additive manufacturing is a high-productivity and low-cost technology for directly fabricating fully dense metallic components. However, this technology with high deposit rate would cause degradation of dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the metallic component. A novel hybrid additive manufacturing technology by combining the benefit of directed energy deposition and laser remelting is developed. This hybrid technology is successfully utilized to fabricate 316L component with excellent surface quality. Results show that laser remelting can largely increase the amount of δ phases and eliminate σ phases in additive manufacturing 316L component surface due to the rapid cooling. This leads to the formation of remelting layer with higher microhardness and excellent corrosion resistance when compared to the steel made by directed energy deposition only. Increasing laser remelting power can improve surface quality as well as corrosion resistance, but degrade microhardness of remelting layer owing to the decrease in δ phases.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 842-848 [
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64
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163
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849
Huan Lin, Mao‑sheng Yang, Bai‑po Shu
Fretting wear behaviour of high-nitrogen stainless bearing steel under lubrication condition
Hot!
The fretting wear performance of high-nitrogen stainless bearing steel (40Cr15Mo2VN) under lubrication conditions was researched. Lithium-based grease was prepared by using MoS2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as additives. AISI 52100 steel ball was used in four-ball test to evaluate the extreme pressure property and wear resistance of grease. After four-ball test, the grease adding 0.8 mass% MoS2 and 0.8 mass% CNTs, respectively, was chosen and used for fretting test. AISI 52100 ball and 40Cr15Mo2VN steel disc were used as the upper and lower samples for fretting test. The results showed that wear power consumption increased with the increase in both sliding velocity and contact stress. When initial contact stress was 2.047 GPa, the main wear mechanisms were abrasive wear and plastic deformation as the velocity increased from 0.028 to 0.112 m/s. When the velocity was 0.028 m/s, the main wear mechanisms changed from abrasive wear to adhesion wear and finally to abrasive wear and adhesion wear as the initial contact stress increased from 1.788 to 2.579 GPa. The volume loss grew sharply because of the changes in wear mechanisms. In this condition, the volume loss growth rate can be divided into three regions according to different wear power consumption ranges corresponding to different wear mechanisms.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 849-866 [
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192
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867
Rui‑wu Li, Zheng Zhang, Jian‑wei Li, Ke‑xin Ma, Yuan‑yuan Guo, Yan‑wen Zhou, Fa‑yu Wu
Surface modification of 316L stainless steel by diamond-like carbon films
Hot!
The diamond-like carbon (DLC) film on 316L stainless steel substrate was prepared by pulsed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and the performance of the films was optimized by regulating the pulse voltage. Microstructure and properties of DLC film on 316L stainless steel were characterized by atomic force microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra, nano-indenter and electrochemical workstations. The results showed that DLC films with smooth and dense morphology have a low friction coefficient and high nano-indentation hardness, and the surface hardness of 316L stainless steel substrate was enhanced by more than 3 times. The mechanical properties of DLC films and their bond with 316L stainless steel could be further optimized by increasing pulse voltage. DLC films on 316L stainless steel substrate increased the self-corrosion potential by 0.173 V and decreased self-corrosion current by 99%, which significantly improved the anti-corrosive properties of 316L substrate.
2020 Vol. 27 (7): 867-874 [
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89
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194
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