钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2021年 28卷 9期
刊出日期：2021-09-25
论著
论著
1075
Yi-fan Wang, Yu-dong Zhang, Hong-ming Long, Li-xin Qian, Yun-fei Luo, Ru-fei Wei
Low-temperature oxidation behavior and mechanism of semi-dry desulfurization ash from iron ore sintering flue gas
The low-temperature wet oxidation behavior of semi-dry desulfurization ash from iron ore sintering flue gas in ammonium citrate solution was investigated for efficiently utilizing the low-quality desulfurization ash. The effects of the ammonium citrate concentration, oxidation temperature, solid/liquid ratio, and oxidation time on the wet oxidation behavior of desulfurization ash were studied. Simultaneously, the oxidation mechanism of desulfurization ash was revealed by means of X-ray diffraction, Zeta electric resistance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Under the optimal conditions with ammonium citrate, the oxidation ratio of CaSO
3
was up to the maximum value (98.49%), while that of CaSO
3
was only 8.92% without ammonium citrate. Zeta electric resistance and XPS results indicate that the dissolution process of CaSO
3
could be significantly promoted by complexation derived from the ammonium citrate hydrolysis. As a result, the oxidation process of CaSO
3
was transformed from particle oxidation to SO
3
2-
ion oxidation, realizing the rapid transformation of desulfurization ash from CaSO
3
to CaSO
4
at low temperature. It provides a reference for the application of semi-dry desulfurization ash and contributes to sustainable management for semi-dry desulfurization ash.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1075-1081 [
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1082
Wei Zhao, Man-sheng Chu, Hong-wei Guo, Zheng-gen Liu, Bing-ji Yan
Softening–melting–dripping characteristics and evolution mechanism of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite carbon composite briquette used as novel blast furnace burden
Vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite carbon composite briquette (VTM-CCB) was proposed as an innovative and promising blast furnace burden to realize low-carbon and high-efficiency ironmaking. To optimize the compositions of VTM-CCB based on its softening–melting–dripping characteristics, the evolution behavior and mechanisms of VTM-CCB in cohesive zone and dripping zone were investigated by conducting softening–melting tests under blast furnace conditions. The results show that the structure evolution of VTM-CCB in softening–melting process is correlated to the molten slag, metallic iron, liquid iron, and residual carbon. With the molar ratio of the fixed carbon to the reducible oxygen in iron oxides (FC/O ratio) ranging from 0.8 to 1.0, the VTM-CCB tends to form dense structure and accelerate the softening and melting. With increasing the FC/O ratio to 1.2 and 1.4, the VTM-CCB tends to form concentric circular structure, which could suppress the collapse of packed bed, shift down the location of core cohesive zone, and improve the gas permeability. Although the appropriate increase in FC/O ratio could improve the softening–melting performance of VTM-CCB, a higher FC/O ratio could also promote the precipitation of Ti(C,N), thereby thickening the molten mixtures and deteriorating the dripping behavior. Fully considering the softening–melting–dripping characteristics and permeability, the appropriate FC/O ratio of VTM-CCB should be controlled in the range of 1.0–1.2.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1082-1094 [
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1095
Lei Zhang, Jian-liang Zhang, Xiang-yu Hu, Zheng-jian Liu, Heng-bao Ma, Ke-xin Jiao
Behavior of liquid passing through deadman: influence of slag/iron ratio and unburned pulverized coal
The ability of a blast furnace hearth liquid (iron and slag) passing through deadman characterizes the activity of the blast furnace hearth. To explore the influence of various factors on the static holdup rate of liquid in the process of passing through the deadman, a physical transport model of liquid passing through the deadman was firstly established. Then, a self-designed experimental device was used to simulate the process, and the influences of slag/iron ratios (250–450 kg/t) and unburned coal content (0%–9%) on the static holdup rate were studied. The experimental results indicate that with the slag/iron ratio increasing, the behavior of liquid passing through the coke packed bed gets much more difficult, and the static holdup rate increases. As the content of unburned pulverized coal (UPC) increases, the static holdup rate decreases first and then rises. This is caused by the dual effects of UPC. On the one hand, UPC can promote the carburizing reaction of unsaturated molten iron, thereby improving the fluidity of molten iron and reducing the static holdup rate. On the other hand, when the content of UPC rises to a certain level, it will be regarded as a kind of solid particle which will increase the liquid viscosity, causing an increase in the static holdup rate. Moreover, the liquid and coke will present interfacial chemical reactions when the liquid flows through the coke packed bed. And the Si-containing iron droplets at the slag–coke interface, generated by the reaction of SiO2 with C in the coke, can improve the interface wettability by reducing the interface wetting angle and increase the basicity of slag by consuming SiO
2
, thus improving the fluidity of the liquid and reducing the static holdup rate.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1095-1104 [
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1105
Wei-feng Li, Rong Zhu, Chao Feng, Bao-chen Han, Guang-sheng Wei
Influence of bottom blowing oxygen on dust emission in converter steelmaking
With the importance of the steelmaking industry in the economy and its negative impacts on the environment, reducing dust emissions is a vital focus in this field. Thus, the theory of dust generation in converter steelmaking process was analyzed and the influence of bottom blowing oxygen on dust generation was obtained through experimental research. The industrial test was carried out in a 120-t bottom combined blown O
2
–CaO steelmaking converter. The results show that lowering the lance position can reduce the amount of dust. This emission rate of the converter is also found to be in direct proportion to the decarburization rate. As a result, the proposed bottom blowing O
2
–CaO steelmaking converter can technically reduce the amount of dust and improve the recovery rate of iron. With more bottom blowing oxygen, the dust content is lower with the dust peak appearing earlier. The evaporation theory, followed by the bubble theory, plays the primary role in the dust generation of bottom blowing oxygen steelmaking. It points out the direction for the technology research and development of reducing dust generation.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1105-1113 [
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1114
Cheng Yao, Min Wang, Ming-xu Pan, Yan-ping Bao
Optimization of large capacity six-strand tundish with flow channel for adapting situation of fewer strands casting
Closing a single nozzle or multiple nozzles for a temporary casting operation (fewer strands casting) was common in a tundish due to insufficient molten steel or equipment failure. However, nozzle clogging usually happens under the situation of fewer strands casting. Hence, a temperature deviation index was introduced to characterize the temperature stratification of molten steel for a large capacity tundish, and a new calculation method of residence time curve was used to describe the different flow types of molten steel at each outlet. Based on hydraulics experiment and numerical simulation, important parameters of present case and modified case were compared. Under the situation of fewer strands casting, the proportion of internal-recycle flow after modification decreased from 30.68% to 24.55%; the standard deviation of the response time reduced from 27.59 to 13.16, and the interquartile range of temperature deviation index changed from 0.89 to 0.27.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1114-1124 [
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1125
Hong-gang Zhong, Xiang-ru Chen, Yan-jie Liu, Zhi-qiang Wei, Hai-feng Yu, Qi-jie Zhai
Influences of superheat and cooling intensity on macrostructure and macrosegregation of duplex stainless steel studied by thermal simulation
The influences of superheat and cooling intensity on macrostructure and macrosegregation of one new kind duplex stainless steel (DSS) were studied. Thermal simulation equipment was applied to prepare samples, which could reproduce the industrial processes of DSS manufactured by a vertical continuous slab caster. Macrostructure and macrosegregation were analyzed using the digital single lens reflex and laser-induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBSOPA-200), respectively. The percentage of both chill zone and center equiaxed zone increases with the superheat decreasing, while that of the columnar zone decreases. There is only equiaxed grain existing as the superheat is 10 and 20 °C. The lower the superheat is, the coarser the gain size is. High cooling intensity in mold could remarkably decrease the chill zone length and refine the grains in chill zone and center equiaxed zone. The influences of cooling intensity on macrosegregation are greater than those of superheat. The macrosegregation of Si, Mn and Cr is slightly dependent on superheat, while that of Cu, Mo and Ni changes greatly with superheat increasing.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1125-1132 [
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1133
Da-chao Fu, Guang-hua Wen, Xue-qin Zhu, Jun-li Guo, Ping Tang
Modification for prediction model of austenite grain size at surface of microalloyed steel slabs based on in situ observation
The initial solidification process of microalloyed steels was simulated using a confocal scanning laser microscope, and the growth behavior of austenite grain was observed in situ. The method for measuring the initial austenite grain size was studied, and the
M
0
*
(the parameter to describe the grain boundary migration) values at different cooling rates were then calculated using the initial austenite grain size and the final grain size. Next, a newly modified model for predicting the austenite grain size was established by introducing the relationship between
M
0
*
and the cooling rate, and the value calculated from the modified model closely corresponds to the measured value, with average relative error being less than 5%. Further, the relationship between
T
c
(the starting temperature for austenite grain growth) and equivalent carbon content
C
P
(
C
P
>0.18%) was obtained by in situ observation, and it was introduced into the modified model, which expanded the application scope of the model. Taking the continuous casting slab produced by a steel plant as the experimental object, the modified austenite grain size prediction model was used to predict the austenite grain size at different depths of oscillation mark on the surface of slab, and the predicted value was in good agreement with the actual measured value.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1133-1140 [
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1141
Jian-lei Zhang, Cong-hui Hu, Yu-xiang Liu, Yang Yang, Gang Ji, Chang-jiang Song, Qi-jie Zhai
Precipitation strengthening of nano-scale TiC in a duplex low-density steel under near-rapid solidification
Precipitation strengthening of nano-scale TiC is a promising method to improve mechanical properties of Fe–16Mn–9Al– 0.8C (wt.%) low-density steel. This work attempted to introduce nano-scale TiC precipitates by adding 1 wt.% Ti element. The experimental results show that these precipitates with the total fraction of about 2 vol.% were formed and no coarse precipitates were observed despite the high Ti addition. It was interesting that the polygonal and needle-shaped TiC precipitates were observed in c-austenite and d-ferrite, respectively. Ti addition also decreased the volume fraction of gamma-austenite significantly. Correspondingly, the yield strength was increased, but the elongation was significantly decreased due to the significant decrease of c-austenite. Comparing with the Ti-free steel, the formation of TiC precipitates was the main reason for the increase in yield strength of Ti-bearing steel, and TiC precipitates also led to a higher strain hardening index at the first deformation stage. TiC precipitates promoted the Orowan strengthening, resulting in a higher strain hardening capability than Ti-free steel reinforced by shearable kappa-carbide.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1141-1148 [
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1149
Tian-peng Qu, De-yong Wang, Hui-hua Wang, Dong Hou, Jun Tian, Shao-yan Hu, Li-juan Su
Interface characteristics between TiN and matrix and their effect on solidification structure
Heterogeneous nucleation is an effective way to promote the dispersion and precipitation of second-phase particles in steel and refine the grain size of the solidification structure. Not only refining as-cast structure grain size, but TiN in ferritic stainless steel can also pin grain boundaries and restrain the overgrowth of grains during rolling. The interface characteristics between TiN and heterogeneous phases (high-melting inclusions and ferrite phase) were studied based on the wetting angles between molten steel with different compositions and TiN substrate, and on the matching degree between TiN and ferrite lattice. It was found that, for the molten steel with the same composition, the wetting angle with the TiN substrate was significantly smaller than the contact angles with the other three substrates, while the wetting angle between ferrite phase and TiN was the smallest. The lattice matching was compared among MgAl
2
O
4
, TiN and d matrix by means of a high-resolution transmission electron microscope, which revealed that a coherent or semi-coherent interface was formed between the crystal plane (400) of MgAl
2
O
4
and the crystal plane (200) of TiN, as well as between the crystal plane (200) of TiN and the crystal plane (110) of d matrix, with a lattice misfit of 5.1% and 3.4%, respectively. Finally, these two characteristics between TiN and ferrite phase were both explained from the perspective of interfacial energy. The microstructure refinement mechanism from high temperature to room temperature can be better reflected by the proposed wetting–lattice misfit theory.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1149-1158 [
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61
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1159
Xin Yang, Wen-jun Ma, Yao-jia Ren, Shi-feng Liu, Yan Wang, Wan-lin Wang, Hui-ping Tang
Subgrain microstructures and tensile properties of 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting
316L stainless steel samples were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM). The microstructure of SLM-made 316L stainless steel and the room temperature tensile properties both perpendicular and along the building direction were studied and characterized. The static temperature field during the molten pool formation was simulated by finite element simulation. It indicates that the nonlinear asymmetrical inclined temperature gradient in SLM process produces a large surface tension gradient. The melt forms a Marangoni flow with different convection modes under the action of surface tension as well as a micro-molten pool morphology with subgrain structures such as strip, hexagonal and elongated cellular structures. In addition, there are also epitaxially grown columnar grains. The growth of columnar crystals is not affected by the boundary of the molten pool. Subgrain structures and low-angle grain boundaries make the tensile strength and the elongation of SLM-made 316L sample higher as compared to those of the cast and wrought samples. The room temperature tensile strength of the sample perpendicular to the building direction is higher than that of the sample along the building direction, while the elongation is lower than that of the sample along the building direction.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1159-1167 [
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1168
Guo-xing Qiu, Dong-ping Zhan, Lei Cao, Hui-shu Zhang
Effect of zirconium on inclusions and mechanical properties of China low activation martensitic steel
The effects of 0.01–0.11 wt.% Zr on the inclusions, microstructure, tensile properties, and impact toughness of the China low activation martensitic steel were investigated. Results showed that Zr exhibits good deoxidation and desulfurization abilities. The scanning electron microscope was used to examine the inclusions in the ingots. The main inclusions in the alloys were Zr–Ta–O, Zr–O, and Zr–O–S. However, some blocky Zr-rich inclusions appeared in Zr-2 and Zr-3 alloys. Typical martensitic structures were observed in the alloys, and average prior austenite grain sizes of 21.1, 15.7, and 14.8 μm were obtained for Zr-1, Zr-2, and Zr-3 steels, respectively. However, increasing Zr content of the steels deteriorated their mechanical property, owing to the blocky inclusions. The alloy with 0.01% Zr resulted in excellent mechanical properties due to the fine inclusions and the precipitation of Zr3V3C carbides. Values of 576 and 682 MPa were obtained for the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of Zr-1 alloy, respectively. Furthermore, the ductile–brittle transition temperature of the alloy decreased to - 85 °C.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1168-1179 [
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1180
Yin Zhou, Wei Jiang
Effect of sliding speed on elevated-temperature wear behavior of AISI H13 steel
Elevated-temperature wear tests were performed on AISI H13 steel under 50 and 100 r/min at 400–600 °C. Through examining the morphology, structure and composition of worn surfaces as well as the microhardness at subsurfaces, the wear mechanisms in various sliding conditions were explored. H13 steel exhibited totally different elevated-temperature wear behavior at two sliding speeds while the high sliding speed would seriously deteriorate its wear resistance. During sliding at two sliding speeds, the wear rate of H13 steel decreased first and then rose with the increase in temperature and the wear rate reached the lowest value (lower than 1×10
–6
mm
3
/mm) at 500 °C and 50 r/min. The wear rate at 600 °C was lower than that at 400 °C for 50 r/min, but the wear rate at 600 °C was higher than that at 400 °C for 100 r/min (except for 50 N). At 50 r/min, the wear rate decreased first and then increased with the increase in load. However, at 100 r/min, the wear rate monotonically increased with increasing load and reached 33×10
–6
mm
3
/mm at 600 C and 150 N, where severe wear occurred. In the other sliding conditions, severe wear did not appear with wear rate lower than 5×10
–6
mm
3
/ mm. Oxidative mild wear merely prevailed at 500 °C and 50 r/min and oxidative wear appeared in the other sliding conditions except for 600 °C and 150 N, where severe plastic extrusion wear prevailed. The effect of sliding speed on wear behavior was attributed to the changes of tribo-oxide layers. During elevated-temperature sliding, tribo-oxide particles were more readily retained to form protective tribo-oxide layers on worn surfaces at the lower sliding speed than at the higher sliding speed, so as to protect from wear.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1180-1189 [
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1190
Wen-bin Jia, Xin Li, Zhi Chen, Kai Zhao, Lei Fang
Viscoplastic constitutive model of a nickel-based superalloy under multiaxial loading conditions
Based on Chaboche constitutive model, a viscoplastic constitutive model of nickel-based alloy under multiaxial loading is proposed by introducing Lemaitre damage model and non-proportional hardening factor. Lemaitre damage model can characterize the effect of microscopic defects on the fatigue behavior and non-proportional hardening factor is used to describe non-proportional hardening phenomenon. Subsequently, the stress–strain hysteresis loops at room and high temperatures under different loading conditions are simulated by the proposed constitutive model. Comparison between experiments and simulations confirms that the proposed model can reasonably predict the fatigue behavior of nickel-based alloy under different multiaxial loadings. At last, the fatigue life predictions under different multiaxial loadings are investigated, and comparison between experiments and simulations verifies the accuracy of the proposed model.
2021 Vol. 28 (9): 1190-1202 [
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