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2022年 29卷 4期
刊出日期：2022-04-25
综述
论著
简讯
综述
537
Yang-huan Zhang, Chen Li, Ze-ming Yuan, Yan Qi, Shi-hai Guo, Dong-liang Zhao
Research progress of TiFe-based hydrogen storage alloys
Hot!
After being activated, TiFe alloys are widely concerned for their high hydrogen storage density due to their large reversible absorption and desorption capacity of hydrogen at room temperature, low price, abundant resources, moderate hydride decomposition pressure, and good hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetic performance. Meanwhile, TiFe alloys can be used as anode materials for secondary batteries, catalysts for hydrogenation, and storage media for thermal, solar, and wind energy, which has wide industrial application prospects. However, TiFe alloys have disadvantages such as difficult activation, easy toxicity, and large hysteresis. This review introduces the current research status and performance characteristics of TiFe-based hydrogen storage alloys, the phase structure, hydride phase structure, kinetic and thermodynamic models of TiFe alloys, as well as the application prospects of TiFe-based hydrogen storage alloys in practical production and the ways to improve their hydrogen storage performance, and presents the views on the future research priorities and development directions of TiFe-based hydrogen storage alloys.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 537-551 [
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552
Nan Liu, Gong Cheng, Li-feng Zhang, Wen Yang, Ying Ren, Guo-cheng Wang, Xiao-ming Liu
Composition evolution and deformation of different non-metallic inclusions in a bearing steel during hot rolling
Hot!
The composition evolution and deformation of different non-metallic inclusions in a bearing steel during hot rolling were investigated by the automatic detection and the improved non-aqueous electrolysis method. Manganese sulfide, MnS–TiN,and liquid CaO–Al
2
O
3
inclusions were elongated while TiN and MgO-Al
2
O
3
were fractured during hot rolling. The CaS–MnS phase in the MgO–Al
2
O
3
–CaS–MnS inclusion was separated from the inclusion, leading to the formation of CaS–MnS type clusters. Meanwhile, the CaS and MnS contents in oxide-containing inclusions decreased while the MgO and Al
2
O
3
contents increased after hot rolling. The deformability of different inclusions in the bearing steel was quantitatively compared and discussed.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 552-562 [
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论著
563
Yu-jie Hong, Qing Liu, Jian-ping Yang, Jian Wang, Shan Gao, Hong-hui Li
Genetic optimization of ladle scheduling in empty-ladle operation stage based on temperature drop control
Hot!
To optimize ladle scheduling in the empty-ladle operation stage of steel plants, a mathematical scheduling model was established for the empty-ladle operation stage, taking the minimum total waiting time in the empty-ladle operation stage as the optimization goal and setting the equipment assignment uniqueness as the key constraint. An improved genetic algorithm was designed to calculate the mathematical scheduling model. In the operation of the genetic algorithm, the strategy of ‘‘ladle temperature drop control’’ was adopted to solve the problem of equipment conflicts and reduce unreasonable ladle temperature drops to enhance ‘‘red-ladle’’ utilization. Five main production modes operating at 95% capacity in a Chinese steel plant were simulated using the genetic optimization model. The results showed that the genetic optimization model could improve the efficiency of ladle operation and reduce the total waiting time in the empty-ladle operation stage by 868–1147 min.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 563-574 [
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575
Lian-yu Wang, Ze-yi Liu, Ming He, Xiao-ming Liu, Masamichi Sano, Li-jia Zhao, Qiang Wang
Flow fields control for bubble refinement induced by electromagnetic fields
Hot!
Large bubbles seriously reduce the efficiencies of the interactions between the bubbles and the molten steel, such as energy transfer, momentum transfer, mass transfer and chemical reaction. To reduce the size of the bubbles and increase the gas– liquid interface area, a novel non-intrusive method of bubble refinement was proposed, which only depends on the molten steel flow field controlled by the rotating electromagnetic field. The flow fields of the molten steel for bubble refinement were analyzed, and the corresponding bubble refinement was investigated. It was found that the molten steel formed obvious rotating turbulent flow for bubble refinement under the unidirectional rotating electromagnetic field. However, the large vortex in the center of the molten pool caused by the rotating flow made the bubbles aggregate and coalesce again, resulting in formation of larger bubbles and gas cavity. To suppress the central vortex formation and enhance the bubble refinement, the forward-reverse rotating electromagnetic field for bubble refinement was proposed. The irregular and chaotic flow occurred repeatedly because of alternating forward and reverse rotating in a short period, so that the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation of the flow field always remained at a high level which favors bubble refinement. As a result, the bubble diameter can decrease by more than 50% compared to that without electromagnetic field. Furthermore, it is important that this non-intrusive kind of bubble refinement method completely avoids the introduction of non-metallic inclusions caused by intrusive configuration.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 575-587 [
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588
Xu-feng Qin, Chang-gui Cheng, Yang Li, Wei-li Wu, Yan Jin
Effects of argon blowing at tundish upper nozzle on multiphase flow behavior in nozzle
Hot!
In continuous casting, the argon blowing at the tundish upper nozzle is usually used to prevent nozzle clogging, whose effect is closely related to the migration of argon bubbles and the flow behavior of the liquid steel in the nozzle. Here, to investigate the effects of argon blowing at the tundish upper nozzle on multiphase flow behavior in nozzle, a threedimensional model of the tundish–nozzle–mold was established for numerical simulation. The results indicate that the argon bubbles injected from the inner wall of the tundish upper nozzle first move downward along the nozzle wall under the action of the liquid steel. As the distance from the tundish upper nozzle increases, the argon bubbles gradually diffuse to the center of the nozzle. Compared with no argon blowing, the liquid steel velocity increases in the center of the nozzle and decreases near the wall with argon blowing. With increasing the argon flow rate, the concentration of bubbles in the nozzle increases, and the process of bubble group diffusion to the center region of the nozzle speeds up. This in turn increases the liquid steel velocity at the center of the nozzle but reduces near the wall. With increasing the casting speed, the concentration of bubbles in the nozzle decreases, the length of the bubble group near the nozzle wall is extended, and the liquid steel velocity at the center region and near-wall region of the nozzle increases. The mechanism of argon blowing at the tundish upper nozzle to prevent nozzle clogging is mainly realized by the isolation effect of the argon bubble group on the inner wall of the nozzle.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 588-600 [
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601
Fang Yuan, Zheng Zhao, Yan-ling Zhang, Tuo Wu
Influence of Cr
2
O
3
content on viscosity and rheological behavior of Cr
2
O
3
-containing slags
Hot!
The rheological behavior of Cr
2
O
3
-containing slags was investigated using a rotating cylinder viscometer and the solid fraction and phases of Cr
2
O
3
in molten slags were also calculated and observed at different temperatures. Furthermore, the viscosities of CaO–SiO
2
–Cr
2
O
3
(–10%Al
2
O
3
) slags were measured from 1703 to 1953 K and the influence of Cr
2
O
3
content on the viscosity and rheological behavior of molten slags was investigated. The calculation revealed that the solid fraction of the molten slags varied with the Cr
2
O
3
content and maximum temperature, and the fluid properties transitioned from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior when the solid fraction reached 5%. Moreover, the increase in Cr
2
O
3
content led to an increase in the viscosity as the slags displayed Newtonian flow characteristics and a decrease in the viscosity when slags exhibited non-Newtonian flow characteristics. The viscosity results of Cr
2
O
3
-containing slag from 1703 to 1953 K and from 1703 to 1813 K were also discussed with the morphologies.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 601-611 [
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612
Qi-peng Dong, Jiong-ming Zhang, Yan-bin Yin, Hiromi Nagaumi
Numerical simulation of macrosegregation in billet continuous casting influenced by electromagnetic stirring
Hot!
A three-dimensional numerical model coupling the macrosegregation and magnetohydrodynamic simulations was developed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic stirring (EMS) on the macrosegregation. The results show that a significant swirling flow was induced by the in-mold EMS, which further changed the shape of the solidification shell and homogenized the solute elements in mold. However, the effects were only confined to the initial billet shell. The improvement in centerline segregation was observed with the usage of the final EMS (F-EMS), which led to the forced convection at the final solidification stage. The solute elements in the mushy zone were significantly even, with the maximum segregation degree of solute C reducing from 1.311 to 1.237. In addition, the effects of the stirrer positions and currents of F-EMS on the macrosegregation alleviation were numerically studied. Different values of centerline segregation were predicted with various stirrer positions and currents, and there is an optimum stirrer parameter to obtain the best macrosegregation alleviation. In the experimental conditions, the optimum position was about 7 m away from meniscus, and the optimum current was 300 A.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 612-627 [
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628
Fang-guan Tan, Sheng-li Jin, Zhu He, Ya-wei Li
Structural optimization and design of purging plug for improving its service performance
Hot!
Purging plug with slits is widely used in the secondary refining process, and its service life determines the downtime and production efficiency. To achieve a good performance in service life, optimizing the geometric structure of the slit, which can alleviate the stress concentration around the slit, was employed using the finite plate model. Furthermore, the performance of the purging plugs with different shapes of slits in the refining effect was investigated by conducting the water model experiments. The numerical simulation results showed that the appropriate shapes of slits could alleviate the stress concentration phenomena. In the water model experiment, the mixing time of the purging plug with circular slits is lesser than that of the purging plug with rectangular slits when the gas flow is less than 6.02 L/min. Compared with the rectangular slits, the circular slits are detrimental to smaller and well-distributed bubbles. Thus, the inclusion removal rate of the purging plug with circular slits is approximately 10% larger than that of the purging plug with the rectangular slits.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 628-635 [
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636
Li-wei Xu, Huai-bei Zheng, Hua-bing Li, Zhou-hua Jiang, Shu-cai Zhang, Jiang-tao Yu, Hao Feng, Yue Lin
Precipitation behavior of P550 steel for non-magnetic drill collars during isothermal aging at 650–900 °C
Hot!
Precipitation behavior of P550 steel for non-magnetic drill collars was investigated by microstructure characterization as well as thermodynamic calculation. The results demonstrate that the main precipitate formed at 650–900 °C was cellular Cr
2
N, and its precipitation depended heavily on the aging temperature. The most sensitive precipitation temperature of cellular Cr
2
N was 750 °C. At 750 °C, the cellular Cr
2
N exhibited fast-slow precipitation kinetics with the aging time prolonging. The initial precipitation of cellular Cr
2
N was governed by the short-range intergranular diffusion of Cr. During long-term aging, its growth was controlled by the long-range bulk diffusion of Cr. In addition, cellular Cr
2
N induced the precipitation of r phase ahead of the cell after long period of aging. Increasing the nitrogen content resulted in the increment of both the nucleation site and the driving force for the cellular Cr
2
N, which jointly promoted its precipitation.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 636-646 [
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647
Xin-pan Yu, Hui-bin Wu, Yang Gu, Rui Yuan, You-you Zhang, Yu-hui Feng
Effect of prior martensite on bainite transformation and microstructure of high-carbon nano-bainitic steel
Hot!
Bainite transformation kinetics, microstructure, and mechanical properties were comparably investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy observation, and tensile and impact tests for two treatments: with and without quenching before isothermal bainite transformation at 300 °C. Both the incubation time and growth stage of bainite transformation are accelerated by the introduction of prior martensite, especially the former. In addition, the bainite microstructure around the prior martensite is refined and shows a similar orientation with the martensite due to the strain field caused by the existence of prior martensite. The finer bainite microstructure and prior martensite improve the strength and hardness of the high-carbon nano-bainitic steel. Although the presence of prior martensite and low misorientation relationship between the martensite and the adjacent bainite microstructure are prejudicial to impact toughness, the nanoscale bainite microstructure can inhibit the crack propagation and then improve the impact toughness of the high-carbon nano-bainitic steel.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 647-654 [
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655
Yi Wang, Chang-rong Li, Lin-zhu Wang, Xing-qiang Xiong, Lu Chen
Effect of yttrium treatment on alumina inclusions in high carbon steel
Hot!
Aluminum oxide inclusions in SWRS82B steel seriously affect the drawing performance of steel strands. The effects of different addition amounts of yttrium (within the range of 0%–0.026%) on the composition, morphology, size and spacing of aluminum oxide inclusions were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis. Based on classical thermodynamics and FactSage software, the predominance diagram of inclusions in Fe–O–S–Y system and the effect of the addition of rare earth yttrium on the stability of alumina inclusions were calculated. The results showed that molten steel was modified by adding the rare earth element yttrium. It can be inferred that the approximate route of target inclusion modification was: Al
2
O
3
→ Y
2
S
3
+ YAlO
3
+ Al
2
O
3
→ Y
2
S
3
+ YAlO
3
+ Y
2
O
2
S + YAlO
3
+ Al
2
O
3
→ Y
2
S
3
+ Y
2
O
2
S. The experimental samples with 0.026% added yttrium had the best inclusion characteristics, in which the inclusion surface density distribution was uniform, and the interfacial distance between inclusions was mainly in the range of 100–500 μm. After modification, the average inclusion size in molten steel was reduced by 6.9–8.6 μm. The mechanism of yttrium modification was discussed based on actual calculation results and experimental results.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 655-664 [
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665
Jian Han, Lian-meng Liu, Xin-ya Chen, Min-fang Chen, Lei Cui, Yang-chuan Cai, Yin-bao Tian
Comparison of feasibility, microstructure and performance of hybrid laser arc, activated flux tungsten inert gas and friction stir welding for thick plate of innovative ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel
Hot!
An innovative grade of ferritic stainless steel, ultra-pure 18Cr–2Mo thick plate, was designed and produced for special industrial application. In order to maintain its mechanical properties after joining, three advanced joining methods, hybrid laser arc welding, activated flux tungsten inert gas welding and friction stir welding, were selected and conducted to connect the thick plates. The feasibility of three joining methods, the microstructure and mechanical properties were compared, and the results have demonstrated that the sound joint was successfully produced using the selected parameters through friction stir welding. The obtained hardness and impact toughness of the weld zone were satisfying. In terms of activated flux tungsten inert gas welding, the crack will be created due to microstructural brittleness. And as for hybrid laser arc welding, the weld zone is narrow, and the addition of wire during welding for the top weld metal area leads to higher formation ratio of low-angle grain boundaries, which is beneficial to performance of the joint. However, there is still a weak area in the fusion line of the welded joint. The result has illustrated that the welding of innovative ultra-pure ferritic stainless steel thick plate by friction stir welding is feasible.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 665-676 [
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677
Wei Li, Jing-huan Chang, Bao-feng Wen, Rui Cao
Joining of dissimilar metals between magnesium AZ31B and aluminum A6061-T6 using galvanized steel as a transition joining layer
Hot!
A galvanized steel is used to join Mg AZ31B alloy and Al A6061-T6 alloy as a joining transition layer by cold metal transfer (CMT) method. Firstly, to optimize the process variables, extensive welding tests were performed by a design of experiment method. Then, microstructures, joining mechanisms and tensile properties were characterized and analyzed. Results indicated that Mg and Al alloys can be joined by using galvanized steel as a joining transition layer and cold metal transfer welding method. The formed joint is called as a Mg–steel–Al CMT joint. By using galvanized steel transition joining layer, Mg–Al brittle intermetallics Al
12
Mg
17
and Al
3
Mg
2
were inhibited. The properties of Mg–steel–Al CMT joints have been improved after optimizing the welding variables. The strength of Mg–steel–Al CMT joint is comparable to those of Al–Al joint and Mg–Mg joint. The strength of Mg–steel–Al CMT joint can reach 100% that of Al–Al joint and Al–steel joint, and reach 90% that of Mg–Mg joint and Mg–steel joint. The optimized Mg–steel–Al CMT welded joint with galvanized steel transition layer is fractured at the heat affected zone of Al base metal rather than at the weld-brazed interface, due to softening of Al base metal.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 677-686 [
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687
Run-feng Peng, Min Zhang, Yu-hang Li, Yue-long Yu, Ying-chun Guan, Zhun-li Tan
Microstructural development and wear properties analyses of Fe-based coatings on bainitic steel by laser cladding
Hot!
Wear-resistant Fe-based coating was prepared by high-speed laser cladding on bainitic steel. The influence of laser scanning speed on microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance of cladding coating was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the coating was mainly composed of dendrite and interdendrite. Scanning electron microscope images were converted by binary algorithm to facilitate statistics of dendrite and interdendrite area. Statistical results indicate that by accelerating the scanning speed, the interdendrite eutectic structure increased. According to energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results, the interdendrite was enriched with elements Cr, Mo, and B, and main structures in the coating were α-Fe, γ-Fe, and M
23
C
6
. The hardness of the coating was much higher than that of the substrate. Elements diffused from coating to substrate, resulting in a transition zone of hardness. Moreover, with an increase in the scanning speed, the diffusion of elements at the coating–matrix interface decreased, while the hardness and wear resistance of the coating increased. Grain refinement and interdendrite (γ-Fe, M
23
C
6
) increasing due to high scanning speed were the major contributors to the increase in hardness and wear resistance.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 687-697 [
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698
Sheng-rong Wang, Jian-wei Yang, Jian-ping Cao, Shan Jiang, Fei-fan Xu
Evaluation of increasing service life of epoxy zinc-rich coating on 3 wt.% Ni-advanced low-alloy steel in marine atmospheric environment
Hot!
The addition of Ni element into steel to prolong the service life of coated steel was investigated in marine atmospheric environment by laboratory simulated accelerated experiment. The scanning electron microscope and electron probe microanalysis combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize coated steel properties and examined the anti-corrosion performance. The results showed that 3 wt.% Ni-advanced steel (3Ni steel) substrate obviously delayed the failure time of coating compared to carbon steel, therefore prolonging the service life of coating on the steel. X-ray diffraction patterns for the corrosion products under the scratched coating on 3Ni steel exhibited that FeNi
2
O
4
and Fe
2
O
3
occurred in the corrosion product of 3Ni steel. It was also found that Ni element enriched in the product layer through analyzing the appearance and composition of corrosion products by electron probe micro-analysis. Chloride ions were blocked out of product by the enrichment of Ni element in rust layer.
2022 Vol. 29 (4): 698-706 [
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