Abstract: In engineering testing, researchers usually pay much attention to the specific fatigue life or fatigue limit of materials. However, the reliability and accuracy analysis of fatigue test data should be also brought to the forefront. In the study, the axial tension and compression fatigue tests of 40Cr steel were performed, and the results were analyzed statistically. The data processing methods were mainly studied, including the method of discriminating and rejecting suspicious data, the data normality testing, the influence of the quantity of sample on the test results, the comparison and analysis of fatigue test data of different states of sample processing and different testing machines. The results showed that the data processing by statistical method could reduce the influence of various interference factors in fatigue testing and effectively improve the reliability of fatigue testing results.