Abstract: To analyze the stress distribution and deformation characteristics of high-strength bolts（HSBs） under lateral vibration loads, in order to evaluate their durability in complex stress environments, the research involves the establishment of mechanical models, simulation settings, and simulation verification for bolted connections. Through finite element simulation technology, the systematic simulations of bolt compression and random vibration loads are carried out, revealing the influence of preload force on stress redistribution in the contact area and deformation of the threaded structure. The research has shown that when the preload force is increased from 20 kN to 80 kN, the maximum stress amplitude at the bolt drilling site under compression conditions decreases by 21.4%, effectively suppressing local plastic deformation. Under the action of random vibration load, there is a 3-fold stress concentration phenomenon in the transition zone of the thread, and the risk of microcrack initiation in this area is significantly increased compared to other parts. This method quantifies the correlation characteristics between deformation and fracture, elucidates the progressive failure mechanism induced by slip at the threaded contact interface, and provides a key theoretical basis for the safe design and life prediction of bolted connections in engineering structures.