2019年, 第26卷, 第8期　刊出日期：2019-08-25

  

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  Recent advances of nanoporous metal-based catalyst: synthesis, application and perspectives

  Rui-qi Yao, Xing-you Lang, Qing Jiang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 779-795.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00298-8

  摘要 ( )   可视化   收藏

  Nanoporous metal-based catalysts with the specific bicontinuous interconnected ligaments/pores network exhibit highly active performances in application for energy conversion, which represent a broader trend in the design of catalyst materials. These promising nanomaterials commendably provide highly conductive porous morphologies with reduced contact resistances, large electrochemical surface areas with enhanced catalytic efficiency, and controllable synthesis for regulating the performances. Thus, we highlight recent designs of nanoporous metals, alloys, transition metal compounds and hierarchical structures mainly employed in catalysis process. We discuss applied strategies to utilize characteristics of nanoporous metals in the energetic field of catalytic reactions. Moreover, development and evolution of novel controllable synthesis methods are applied in preparation of nanoporous non-noble metals and transition metal compounds. Finally, we present some outlooks and perspectives on the nanoporous metal catalyst and suggest ways for achieving alternative materials in catalysis applications.
论著
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  Effect of Al₂O₃/TiO₂/Na₂O on enrichment of phosphorus in P-bearing steelmaking slag

  Kan Yu, Yan-ling Zhang, Feng-shan Li, Ming Gao

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 796-805.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0158-4

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  To explore the influence of Al ₂ O ₃ /TiO ₂ /Na ₂ O on the mineralogical structure and phosphorus enrichment of converter slag, phosphorus enrichment and distribution in the CaO–SiO ₂ –Fe ₂ O ₃ –MgO–Al ₂ O ₃ /TiO ₂ /Na ₂ O slag system were experimentally examined. The results show that phosphorus mainly exists in an n2CaO SiO ₂ –3CaO P ₂ O ₅ (nC ₂ S–C ₃ P) solid solution. Al ₂ O ₃ /TiO ₂ /Na ₂ O is beneficial for phosphorus enrichment in the CaO–SiO ₂ –Fe ₂ O ₃ –MgO slag system to various degrees. This allows screening and separation of the enriched phase in the slag. When Al ₂ O ₃ content was increased from 0 to 15%, the P ₂ O ₅ content in the P-rich phase increased from 13.88 to 21.32%, and the area of the P-rich phase decreased from 57.50 to 37.87%. When the TiO ₂ content was increased from 0 to 10%, the content of P2O5 in the P-rich phase increased from 13.88 to 22.90%, and the area of the P-rich phase decreased from 57.50 to 39.20%. When the contents of Al ₂ O ₃ and TiO ₂ were increased, the previously formed nC ₂ S–C ₃ P solid solution transformed into n0C ₂ S–C ₃ P (n\ n0) with higher phosphorus content. Na ₂ O had no significant effect on phosphorus enrichment, but exerted significant influence on the area of the P-rich phase. When the Na ₂ O content was increased from 0 to 8%, the previously formed nC ₂ S–C ₃ P solid solution gradually became Na ₂ Ca ₄ (PO ₄ ) ₂ SiO ₄ , and the area of the P-rich phase increased from 57.50 to 68.50%. With increasing the content of ATN (a mixture with a mass ratio of Al ₂ O ₃/TiO ₂ /Na ₂ O = 15:4:3) from 0 to 30%, the content of P ₂ O ₅ increased from 13.88 to 42.10% and the area of the P-rich phase decreased from 54.92 to 18.40%.
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  Reduction of chromium ore by recycled silicon cutting sludge waste with carbon addition

  Woo-gwang Jung, Sakib Tanvir Hossain, Fatima Tuz Johra, Jong-ho Kim, Young-chul Chang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 806-817.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0195-z

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  A basic study on the feasibility of producing ferrochrome (silicon) alloys using Si sludge waste collected from the silicon ingot cutting process was carried out, and the effects of the addition of carbon components, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the silicothermic reduction of chromium ore by Si sludge were studied. The cordierite (Mg2Al4Si5O18) phase was generated in the slag, and the Fe–Cr(–Si)–C alloy was formed by the silicothermic reduction. Moreover, the addition of carbon powder lowered the reduction initiating temperature, and the reduction ratio based on the oxygen content was evaluated at around 68–88% at 1573 K, which increased with an increase in carbon. However, it was difficult to find a significant difference in the reduction behavior in response to increasing the holding time. The reduced ferrochrome (Fe–Cr) metal alloy droplets coalesced more intensively with an increase in reduction temperature, and for manufacturing the Fe–Cr alloy, it is estimated that a temperature of 1773 K or higher is required for good separation of the slag and the metal. Furthermore, the metallization ratio was defined, and higher values are evaluated for Fe than for Cr.
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  Non-isothermal thermogravimetric investigation on mutual effect between bituminite and anthracite in blends for blast furnace injection

  Yun-fei Wu, Qing-hai Pang, Zhi-jun He, Teng-fei Song, Wen-long Zhan, Jun-hong Zhang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 818-828.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0198-9

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  In order to clarify the mutual effect between bituminite and anthracite in blends during industrial combustion, the influence of particle size and heating rate as well as oxygen concentration in atmosphere was analyzed. The results of non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the combustion behavior of blends was of great difference though blends were prepared with the same volatile content of 20%. The catalysis of bituminite to anthracite changed with the thermal and kinetic condition of combustion reaction, and consequently, blends with different collocations were suitable for various combustion environments. Superior combustion properties of some blends were achieved at high heating rates, while others might react faster under high oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Simultaneously, the volume model and unreacted core model as well as random pore model were introduced to fit the experimental data. The kinetic calculation results showed that the combustion of blends at different heating rates all agreed better with that of random pore model in comparison with the other two models, while the apparent activation energy of samples all decreased with the increase in heating rate. The similarity of functional group structure between bituminite and anthracite is closely related to the accordance in combustion stage of bituminite and anthracite in blends.
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  Phase-field method for growth of iron whiskers in the presence of CO gas convection

  Feng Lu, Liang-ying Wen, Xu Han, Wen-huan Jiang, Hua-mei Duan, Jian Xu, Sheng-fu Zhang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 829-837.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0199-8

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  A phase-field model for growth of iron whiskers that includes convection around a particle was investigated during the process of fluidized pre-reduction. In the simulations, the phase-field method was coupled with flow field and reduction of iron oxide particles. The results showed that the reduction rate at local place had significant effects on the iron ions diffusion and the iron whiskers were more easily grown on the area containing low mole fraction of oxygen. The growth of iron whiskers in the model was investigated in two important simple situations: a velocity change flow and a CO concentration change flow. Because of high reduction rate and low surface energy, iron whiskers were more easily grown on the windward surface and the length of iron whiskers increased with gas velocity increasing. However, both the length and numbers of iron whiskers increased with CO concentration increasing due to the more nucleation site of iron whiskers created by CO adsorbed. When the gas velocity is higher than 0.3 m/s or CO mole fraction is high than 0.6, the nucleation incubation time would be rapidly decreased, which could give suggestions to control the operational parameters in the fluidized pre-reduction process.
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  Microstructure–mechanical property relationship in Ti–Mo microalloyed steel with random and interphase precipitates

  Hai-long Yi, Lu-ran Zhang, Rui-hai Duan, Xin-zeng Liang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 838-845.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00277-z

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  The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–Mo microalloyed steels composed of ferrite and bainite with nanometer-sized carbides and isothermally transformed at different temperatures and time was systematically investigated by tensile test, hardness test, and transmission electron microscopy. Ferrite formed at high temperatures exhibited both planar/curved sheet-like dispersions of interphase precipitates and random dispersion precipitates, with the interphase precipitates being the dominant morphology. In contrast, bainite formed at low temperatures exhibited only random dispersion precipitates. Furthermore, random dispersion precipitates and interphase precipitates were observed within the same ferrite grains. The mechanical properties of the ferrite specimen were superior to those of the bainite specimen. The stress–strain curves of both specimens indicated continuous yielding, high strength, and sufficient tensile elongation. The strengthening of the ferrite specimen was attributed to grain size strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and precipitation hardening, and the degree of precipitation strengthening was approximately 300 MPa.
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  Effects of Al addition on bainite transformation and properties of high-strength carbide-free bainitic steels

  Jun-yu Tian, Guang Xu, Ming-xing Zhou, Hai-jiang Hu, Zheng-liang Xue

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 846-855.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00253-7

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  The effects of aluminum addition on bainite transformation and properties of carbide-free bainitic steels containing 0.22 wt.% carbon were investigated by two different types of heat treatment processes: continuous cooling process (CCP) and isothermal transformation process (ITP). The results indicate that for the CCP treatment, Al addition significantly promoted the ferrite and bainite transformation; however, it did not significantly increase the product of tensile strength and total elongation (PSE). For the ITP treatment, Al addition significantly promoted the kinetics of bainite transformation, and thus, more bainite was formed with Al addition; however, it was found that Al addition resulted in a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation of the tested bainitic steels. Moreover, the effects of Al addition on comprehensive property were profoundly dependent on austempering temperatures. When the austempering temperature was higher (430 °C), PSE significantly increased with Al addition, whereas it decreased at the lower austempering temperature (400 °C). Therefore, it can be concluded that the effects of Al on properties of bainitic steels were more significant at higher austempering temperatures.
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  Hot working process optimization of Fe–20Mn–19Cr–0.5C–0.6N steel by activation energy, power dissipation and microstructural evolution

  Meng-du Peng, Jie Shi, Wen-chao Yu, Bing Cui, Ting Sun, Xiao-yuan Li, Mao-qiu Wang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 856-865.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00279-x

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  Hot deformation behavior of an Fe–20Mn–19Cr–0.5C–0.6N high-nitrogen austenitic steel has been studied by isothermal compression tests in deformation temperature range of 800–1200 C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s-1. Results indicate that the Fe–20Mn–19Cr–0.5C–0.6N steel has high deformation resistance due to strong hindering effect on dislocation moving by nitrogen-induced lattice misfit. The twinning-induced plasticity effect is gradually suppressed with the increase in deformation temperature, and high-temperature plastic deformation mechanism by twinning is gradually replaced by dislocation planar slip. The deformation resistance is up to 343 MPa at deformation conditions of (1000 °C, 0.01 s^-1), which is over 100 MPa higher than that in martensitic steel and 50 MPa higher than that in austenitic steel. Besides, value of deformation activation energy for the Fe–20Mn–19Cr–0.6N steel is up to 784 kJ mol^-1. Power dissipation efficiency is lower than 0.13, while hot processing map exhibits a very wide range of working area. The optimum hot working process obtains at deformation temperature range of 950–1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s-1, when deformation activation energy is less than 662.6 kJ mol^-1, power dissipation efficiency exceeds 0.22, dynamic recrystallization fraction is over 46.1% and microstructures are without instable characteristics.
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  Effect of cooling rate on microstructure, hardness, and residual stress of 0.28C–0.22Ti wear-resistant steel

  Chen Dong, Hui-bin Wu, Xi-tao Wang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 866-874.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00283-1

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  The microstructure, hardness, and residual stress of 0.28C–0.22Ti wear-resistant steel produced with cooling rates varying from 80.0 to 0.3 C/s were determined using a dilatometer, scanning electron microscope, Vickers hardness tester, and nanoindentation tester. The results showed that the hardness of martensite decreased at a rate of approximately 0.935 HV/s with carbon diffusion time (the cooldown time required to transition from Ar3, 635–100 C). The range of the residual stress caused by the hard particles decreased with decreasing cooling rate, from - 400–300 MPa (cooling rate 40 C/s) to - 200–100 MPa (cooling rate 0.5 C/s), proving that the TiC particles significantly contributed to the residual stress in the high-titanium steels.
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  Austenite grain growth and its effect on splitting fracture property of a V–N microalloyed medium carbon steel connecting rod

  Chao-lei Zhang, Wen Fang, Bao-run Cai, Xiao-hang Sun, Ya-zheng Liu

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 875-881.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00288-w

  摘要 ( )   可视化   收藏

  The growth behaviour of austenite grain in a V–N microalloyed medium carbon steel and its effect on splitting fracture property were investigated by mechanical tests, fracture morphology and microstructure analysis. When the heating temperature is 800 C, the austenite grain size is 7.6 lm, and the fracture surface is uneven with the impact energy of 235.9 J. When the heating temperature increases to 1100 C, the austenite grain size grows up to 65.5 lm and the impact fracture surface is much more even with the impact energy of 13.6 J. It is believed that the coarse austenite grain size of 65.5 lm is beneficial for the splitting fracture property of V–N microalloyed medium carbon steel connecting rod. In addition, austenite grain sizes of V–N microalloyed medium carbon steel increase with the increasing in heating temperature and holding time. Then, a grain growth model is established to predict austenite grain growth behaviour.
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  Surface adsorption and diffusion of N on c-Fe–Al (111) using first principles calculations

  Wen-shu Zhang, Cai-li Zhang, Nan Dong, Jian-guo Li, Pei-de Han, Zhu-xia Zhang, Li-xia Ling

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 882-887.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-018-0205-1

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  The adsorption and diffusion of N on c-Fe–Al (111) surface have been investigated using the first principle calculations combined with density functional theory to explore the formation mechanism of AlN in the oxidation process of austenitic stainless steel. The results indicate that the most preferential adsorption site of N on the surface of c-Fe (111) is fcc-hollow site. In addition, the stable positions are located at fcc adsorption site on clean and Al-doped c-Fe (111) surface adsorbed 4.76 at.% N. Compared with the pure Fe system, c-Fe–Al (111) system reduces the energy difference of N from the surface to the bulk. The system is most stable for 9.09 at.% N adsorbed on the octahedral interstice of the 2nd and 3rd atom interlamination of c-Fe–Al (111) surface. Thus, the doping of Al makes it easier to spread N on the surface of c-Fe (111). The increase in N in the atmosphere also accelerates the diffusion. Moreover, according to the density of states analysis, the interaction between Al and N was enhanced when 9.09 at.% N was adsorbed on the surface of c-Fe–Al (111).
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  Effect of matrix structure on mechanical properties and dry rolling– sliding wear performance of alloyed ductile iron

  Hua Zhang, Yan-xin Wu, Qiu-ju Li, Xin Hong

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 888-897.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00302-1

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  The influence of matrix structure on mechanical properties and dry rolling–sliding wear performance of alloyed ductile iron was examined. Four kinds of alloyed ductile irons with different matrix structures were produced through an adequate balance of alloying elements. Tensile tests and dry rolling–sliding wear tests were carried out at room temperature. The results show that yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increase, while elongation decreases until the matrix fully becomes pearlite. The lower matrix hardness results in more graphite emerging on the contact surface, which yields the decrease in friction coefficient. Besides, the wear rate decreases with the increase in matrix hardness among alloyed ductile irons except that with full pearlite matrix, the wear performance of which seems to be deteriorated due to poor fracture toughness. The main wear mechanism is delamination under an air-cooling condition. Based on the results of mechanical and wear tests, ductile iron with about 80% pearlite exhibits better wear performance as well as relatively reasonable mechanical properties.
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  Oxidation behavior and lifetime prediction of three commercial alloys used in power plants at 550 °C in CO₂ environment

  Mohammad Hassan Shirani Bidabadi, Yu Zheng, Abdul Rehman, Chi Zhang, Hao Chen, Peggy Hou, Zhi-gang Yang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2019, 26(8): 898-908.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-019-00232-y

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  The oxidation behaviors of CrMoV, F91, and 310S alloys in CO₂ at 550 °C for up to 1000 h were studied by weight change measurements, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman microscopy, optical microscopy, and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. 310S showed the best oxidation resistance followed by F91 and then CrMoV. Both CrMoV and F91 formed a duplex oxide layer, consisted of Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, and Fe–Cr spinel, while 310S formed NiFe₂O₄ spinel and Cr₂O₃. Carburization was only observed in F91 and 310S alloys. The rates of metal loss were evaluated for longterm applications in power plants.