2022年, 第29卷, 第09期　刊出日期：2022-09-25

  

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  Review on development of reduced activated ferritic/martensitic steel for fusion reactor

  Guo-xing Qiu, Dong-ping Zhan, Lei Cao, Zhou-hua Jiang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1343-1356.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00796-2

  摘要 ( )   可视化   收藏

  Materials are still one of the main technical bottlenecks restricting the development of fusion reactors. Reduced activated ferritic/martensitic steel (RAFM) is considered one of the main candidate structural materials for fusion reactor cladding due to its good radiation resistance and mechanical properties. In the past 40 years, RAFM steel has made considerable progress, but numerous problems remain to be solved. The improvements in RAFM steel in recent years, such as chemical composition optimization, clean preparation technology, radiation performance, and applicable welding technology, were systematically summarized. A systematic review of new RAFM steels was conducted, the development direction of the traditional smelting process was analyzed, and the application of laser additive manufacturing technology to RAFM steel was introduced. The effect of irradiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of RAFM steel was described, and welding methods of RAFM steel and their research progress were reviewed. Finally, the potential applications of Si, Ti, and Zr in improving the performance of RAFM steel, electroslag remelting technology in clean smelting, heat treatment process in optimizing radiation performance, and laser-beam welding in RAFM welding were prospected and summarized.
论著
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  Mechanism of high temperature reduction on iron carbide preparation with low-grade siderite

  Dong Chen, Ya-nan Lv, Wei Zhao, Fei-bao Wu, Wei-ang Ying

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1357-1367.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00703-1

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  The carburization roasting followed by magnetic separation is a feasible method to utilize low-grade siderite ore. In order to enhance the carburization efficiency and separation efficiency, high temperature reduction was carried out, and its mechanism was demonstrated by measuring carburization index, phase change, and microstructure under a carbon-sulfur infrared analyzer, an X-ray diffractometer, and a metallurgical microscope. The results show that both the carburization efficiency of siderite pellet and the separation efficiency of iron carbide from gangue are very low. However, high temperature reduction is a useful way to enhance the carburization efficiency, as it can accelerate the reduction reaction rate and carburization reaction rate. Furthermore, high temperature reduction can improve the growth of iron carbide particle, promote the carburization efficiency, and strengthen the sodium modification reactions, thereby greatly accelerating the separation efficiency of iron carbide and gangue. When the siderite pellets were reduced at 1050 ℃ for 90 min and carburized at 650 ℃ for 120 min, the carburization index of carburized pellets reached 36.06. After magnetic separation treatment, an electric furnace burden assaying 83.12 wt.% Fe and 6.96 wt.% C was prepared, and the corresponding iron recovery rate was 95.43%. The high temperature reduction is promisingly adopted to promote the utilization of low-grade siderite ores using carburization-magnetic separation technology.
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  Significant influence of self-possessed moisture of limonitic nickel laterite on sintering performance and its action mechanism

  Yu-xiao Xue, De-qing Zhu, Jian Pan, Zheng-qi Guo, Hong-yu Tian, Gen Li, Qing-zhou Huang, Liao-ting Pan, Xue-zhong Huang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1368-1380.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00691-2

  摘要 ( )   可视化   收藏

  In consideration of the abundant moisture of limonitic nickel laterite mined, it is essential to determine whether the selfpossessed moisture of limonitic nickel laterite after pre-dried is appropriate for sintering. Thus, based on the characterization of limonitic nickel laterite, the influence of its self-possessed moisture on sintering performance was expounded by sinter pot tests and the relevant mechanism was revealed by the systematical analyses of the granulation properties of sinter mixture, thermodynamic conditions during sintering and mineralogy of product sinter. The results indicate that the selfpossessed moisture of limonitic nickel laterite indeed has significant influence on its sintering performance. At the optimum self-possessed moisture of 21 mass%, sinter indices are relatively better with tumble index, productivity and solid fuel rate of 48.87%, 1.04 t m-2 h-1 and 136.52 kg t-1, respectively, due to the superior granulation properties of sinter mixture and thermodynamic conditions during sintering, relatively large amount of silico-ferrite of calcium and alumina and tighter sinter microstructure. However, sintering performance of limonitic nickel laterite is still much poorer than that of ordinary iron ores. It is feasible to strengthen limonitic nickel laterite sintering by inhibiting the over-fast sintering speed and improving the thermodynamic conditions during sintering.
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  Improving properties of fluxed iron ore pellets with high-silica by regulating liquid phase

  Yuan-bo Zhang, Xi-jun Chen, Zi-jian Su, Shuo Liu, Fang Chen, Nan-yong Wu, Tao Jiang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1381-1392.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00665-4

  摘要 ( )   可视化   收藏

  With rapid development of the pellet production under the background of green development, high-quality iron concentrates were gradually exhausted; thus, using high-silica iron concentrates was expected to be a promising way to relieve resource pressure for pellet production. However, increasing the proportion of high-silica acid pellets into the furnace led to worse blast furnace slag, and the metallurgical properties of high-silica pellets were imperfect. To understand the reciprocal effects of basicity (CaO/SiO2) and MgO content on the properties of the high-silica pellets, the phase compositions and microstructure were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The results indicated that simply increasing MgO content from 0 to 2.50 wt.% could decrease the reduction swelling index, but the compressive strength rapidly declined due to the formation of magnesioferrite. However, adding CaO to 2.50 wt.% MgO pellets greatly improved the pellet qualities, which could be attributed to a substantial increase in the amount of high-melting-point silicate liquid phase.
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  Evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties with tempering temperature of a pearlitic quenched and tempered steel

  De-zhen Yang, Zhi-ping Xiong, Chao Zhang, Guan-zheng Feng, Zhi-fang Cheng, Xing-wang Cheng

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1393-1403.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00677-0

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  Instead of conventional quenching and tempering, fast austenitization from an initial microstructure of lamellar pearlite followed by quenching and tempering was carried out, leading to the formation of inhomogeneous microstructure. It comprised different morphologies of lath martensite and retained austenite (RA). The effect of tempering temperature on microstructure evolution and tensile properties was systematically investigated. With increasing tempering temperature from 150 to 250 C, transition carbides gradually coarsened and their amount increased, the dislocation density in martensitic laths gradually decreased, and RA fraction decreased from 10.9% to 2.2%. The precipitation and dislocation strengthening can ensure a high strength, while RA can ensure a good ductility, leading to a simultaneous increase in the strength and ductility when decreasing tempering temperature. Specifically, the best combination of tensile properties (ultimate tensile strength of 2133 ± 41 MPa and total elongation of 11.1% ± 1.3%) was achieved after tempering at 150 C.
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  Effect of CaCO3 on volatilization of self-reduced zinc from blast furnace dust

  Wei-an Wang, Xiao-ming Li, Yun He, Hao-dong Xi, Jian-li Wang, Guo-xing Qiu

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1404-1411.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00727-7

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  To solve the problem of low reduction extraction rate of zinc from blast furnace dust, the effects of CaCO3 addition, reduction temperature, and reduction time on self-reduction zinc extraction were studied through high-temperature reduction experiment, and the mechanism of how CaCO3 addition promotes zinc ferrite reduction was analyzed. The zinc removal rate can reach 98.82% when the blast furnace dust is reduced at 1000 C for 25 min by adding 10 mass% CaCO3. At low temperature, CaCO3 can enhance the reduction and decomposition of ZnFe2O4 (which is difficult to reduce) into ZnO and low-valent iron oxides. After CaCO3 is decomposed at high temperature, CO2 is produced to undergo gasification reaction with carbon in blast furnace dust, and CO is generated to provide more reducing agents for the whole reduction system. CaO generated by decomposition can also catalyze the gasification reaction of carbon, thus improving the removal rate of zinc in the reduction process of dust.
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  Chromium enrichment in different crystalline phases of Cr-containing slag under various basicities and equilibrium temperatures

  Shao-wen Wu, Yan-ling Zhang, Shuai Zhang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1412-1422.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00737-5

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  The effects of basicities and equilibrium temperatures on the enrichment of chromium in different mineral phases of synthesized argon–oxygen decarburization slags were investigated to understand the Cr concentrating behavior into Mg(Cr,Al)2O4 spinel phase and to determine the leaching stability of Cr-containing slag. The results showed that when the basicity decreased from 1.0 to 0.6 and temperatures decreased from 1600 to 800 C, the Cr content of amorphous phase and crystalline phase gradually decreased, with a subsequent increase in the Cr content of spinel phase. The range of Cr enrichment in spinel of slags S1, S2, and S3 is 92.03–96.89, 91.63–96.36, and 90.67–95.42, respectively. The mass fraction and the size of spinel increased with the decreasing equilibrium temperatures, and the Cr leaching values decreased simultaneously. Therefore, the trend of the amount of Cr-related ions in the leachate was consistent with the trend of Cr in the amorphous phase, diopside, and akermanite. The results suggest that the lower basicity and equilibrium temperatures could be conducive to stabilizing Cr into spinel phase to minimize Cr leaching into the environment.
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  Numerical simulation of fluid flow and alloy melting in RH process for electrical steels

  Hai-jun Wang, Rui Xu, Hai-tao Ling, Wei Zhong, Li-zhong Chang, Sheng-tao Qiu

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1423-1433.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00752-0

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  Based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, a mathematical model was established to describe the gas–liquid flow behavior in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) degasser. The momentum source and the turbulent kinetic energy source due to the motion of gas bubbles were considered for the liquid flow. The effect of the expansion of gas bubbles on the liquid velocity, recirculation rate, and mixing time was quantitatively evaluated. After the fluid flow reached the steady state, the melting and mixing processes of aluminum alloys in the RH degasser were also investigated. The results indicate that the expansion of gas bubbles has a significant influence on the recirculation rate and the mixing time in the RH process. Increasing the superheat of liquid steel and decreasing the initial diameter of alloy particles are beneficial to promote the melting and mixing of alloy particles. Due to the existence of solidified steel shells, the maximum diameter of the alloy particle is about 1.5 times its initial diameter.
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  Improving cleanliness of 30Cr2Ni4MoV low-pressure rotor steel by CaO–SiO2–MgO–Al2O3 slag refining

  Yong-bo Peng, Cheng-song Liu, Ling Yang, Song-wei Hou, Ri-jin Cheng, Hua Zhang, Hong-wei Ni

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1434-1445.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00757-9

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  The optimal composition of a CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag in the ladle furnace refining process was investigated to precisely control the contents of [O] and [Si] and improve the cleanliness of 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel. The iso-[O] lines and iso- [Si] lines of the equilibrium between the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO refining slag and 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel at 1873 K were calculated by the thermodynamic software FactSage 7.3, and the activities of SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO in the refining slag were discussed to achieve the optimal composition range of the refining slag. Finally, combined with high-temperature “slag–steel’’ equilibrium experiments, the effects of different refining slags on the oxygen contents, chemical compositions, quantities and sizes of inclusions in steels were studied, and then the thermodynamic formation mechanism of MgAl2O4 inclusions in 30Cr2Ni4MoV steel was discussed. The results showed that the contents of dissolved [O] and [Si] in steel can be controlled below 10 9 10–6 and 0.05%, respectively; when the slag basicity is above 7, the CaO/Al2O3 ratio is above 1, and the mass fraction of SiO2 in the slag does not exceed 7%. The chemical composition of the slag has a great influence on the removal and composition of inclusions. The assessed stability phase diagrams of MgO, Al2O3 and MgO[1]Al2O3 inclusion formation in the Fe–Al–Mg–O system calculated by FactSage 7.3 show good agreement with the experimental results.
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  Influence of carbon addition on mechanical properties of Fe–Mn–C twinning-induced plasticity steels

  Peng Fu, Zhi-bing Zheng, Wei-ping Yang, Hao-kun Yang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1446-1454.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00688-x

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  Mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of Fe–22Mn–0.6C and Fe–22Mn–1.0C (wt.%) twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels were investigated by monotonic, stress-relaxation and unloading–reloading tensile tests. The dynamic strain aging (DSA) effect, resulting from pinning of dislocations, effectively improved the dislocation activation volume of the two TWIP steels. In the meanwhile, DSA-facilitated twinning nucleation mechanism kept similar twinning capabilities of the two TWIP steels. With strain increasing, the formation of high-density deformation twins restricted the dislocation motion and reduced the activation volume with increasing strain. Furthermore, C addition simultaneously improved the ultimate tensile strength and uniform elongation, and significantly enhanced the friction stress, rather than back stress. The stronger short-range order effect, brought by friction stress, promotes the planar dislocation slipping, thus improving the work-hardening capability. As a result, the additional work-hardening capacity can be achieved in Fe–Mn–C with higher C addition.
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  Hot deformation behavior and microstructure features of FeCrAl–ODS alloy

  Di-jun Long, Shao-yu Qiu, Wen-bo Liu, Yong-duo Sun, Wei Luo, Hui-qun Liu, Rui-qian Zhang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1455-1463.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00733-9

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  The hot deformation behavior of FeCrAl–ODS alloys at temperatures of 1050–1200 C and strain rates of 0.001–1 s-1 was investigated. The peak stress of FeCrAl–ODS alloy during hot deformation decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. In addition, the stress–strain curves show a dynamic softening phenomenon according to the shape of the flow curves. Based on the Arrhenius-type model, a constitutive equation and processing map of FeCrAl–ODS alloy were established. Thereafter, we proposed optimum processing parameters of 1200 C and 0.001 s-1 based on the processing map. Compared with FeCrAl alloys, there was no significant phenomenon of grain coarsening during hot deformation in FeCrAl–ODS alloy. In the electron backscattered diffraction images, both recrystallized and recovered grains were observed in the matrix under different deformation conditions. The fraction of dynamically recrystallized grains in the matrix under the deformation of 1100 C/0.001 s-1 (42.5%) was significantly higher than that at 1200 C/ 0.001 s-1 (10.6%), which was consistent with the stress–strain curves.
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  Effect of ferromanganese additions on non-metallic inclusion characteristics in TRIP steel

  Wei-sheng Wang, Hang-yu Zhu, Ming-ming Song, Jian-li Li, Zheng-liang Xue

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1464-1473.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00768-6

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  The inclusion characteristics in extra low-carbon ferromanganese (ELC-FeMn), low-carbon ferromanganese (LC-FeMn), mid-carbon ferromanganese (MC-FeMn), and high-carbon ferromanganese (HC-FeMn) were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The effect of FeMn alloys on the cleanliness of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel was studied based on laboratory-scale experiments and thermodynamic calculations. The results show that the main inclusions in ELC-FeMn are MnO–MnS and MnS, and the dominant inclusions in LC-FeMn and MC-FeMn are MnO, MnO–SiO2, and MnO–SiO2–MnS. The inclusions in HC-FeMn are diversified. Besides MnO–SiO2 inclusion, a certain number of Al-, Si-, and Ti-containing inclusions and enrichment phases of Pb, Sn, and P are observed in HC-FeMn. Before FeMn alloy addition, the main inclusion in steel is Al2O3. After alloying with the four different grades of FeMn alloy, the main inclusions in TRIP steel are Al2O3, AlN, MnS, Al2O3–AlN, AlN– MnS, and Al2O3–MnS. The MnO and SiO2 inclusions from FeMn alloys are not detected in TRIP steel.
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  Investigation of stress corrosion cracking behavior and mechanism analysis of a 1900 MPa-grade ultra-high-strength stainless steel

  Shuai Tian, Zhen-bao Liu, Ren-li Fu, Xiao-hui Wang, Jian-xiong Liang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1474-1484.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00710-2

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  The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of a 1900 MPa-grade ultra-high-strength stainless steel in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was investigated by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization curves. The results showed that USS122G steel has good SCC resistance, and the critical stress intensity factor (KISCC) of USS122G steel was about 68.906 MPa m1/2 and KISCC/ KIC = 0.76 (KIC is plane strain fracture toughness). The existence of film-like austenite along the lath martensite boundary and the protective effect of thecc passivation film were the main factors for its high KISCC. Among them, the main components of the passivation film on the surface of USS122G steel were Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3, FeOOH, and Ni(OH)2. The fracture morphology of SCC zone was intergranular and transgranular. Through the slow and fast scanning rate polarization curve test results, it can be concluded that SCC mechanism of USS122G steel in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at the open-circuit potential was a mixed mechanism involving hydrogen embrittlement and anodic dissolution.
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  Experimental study and cellular automata simulation of corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel in molten aluminum

  Ji-yin Long, Tian-tian Zhao, Mei-yi Yuan, Yi-tao Yang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1485-1494.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00807-2

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  The corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel (446) after being immersed in molten Al alloy at 750 C for 1, 2, 4, and 8 h has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The microstructure and composition distribution at the corrosion interface were characterized using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results showed that Cr and Si synergistically delay the progress of corrosion at the interface of the intermetallic compounds (IMC). In the early stage of corrosion, Si element was enriched at the interface of IMC1 and IMC2, and the diffusion channels of Al element were occupied by it. However, as the corrosion progresses, Cr and Si gradually gather to form a band-like structure and coarsen, causing their hindering effect to be weakened. As the corrosion time increases, the banded structure was further aggregated and coarsened, and the inhibitory effect of Cr and Si elements on corrosion was strongly weakened. In addition, based on the cellular automata dynamics model of reaction–diffusion, the corrosion process of ferritic stainless steel in aluminum alloy melts was simulated. It is demonstrated that if there is no stabilizing effect of Cr element, the thickness of IMC will be doubled.
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  Correlation between indoor and outdoor corrosion tests for coal train body steel in a coal medium environment

  Jia-liang Song, Jun-hang Chen, Pan Yi, Na-na Chen, Zhao-liang Li, Kui Xiao

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1495-1504.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00758-8

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  Q345B carbon steel as well as Q450NQR1 and S500AW weathering steels were subjected to outdoor exposure corrosion tests in coal environments and indoor periodic immersion accelerated corrosion tests with a simulated coal leaching solution. The corrosion kinetics were studied by the weight loss method, and the corrosion morphology and corrosion product composition were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Afterward, correlation analysis of the indoor and outdoor tests was carried out by the gray correlation analysis method. The results show that the relationship between the corrosion weight loss and corrosion time of the three steels conforms to follow the exponent power law. In particular, Q450NQR1 steel has the best corrosion resistance. The types of corrosion products and the distribution of elements in the rust layer of the three steels are similar in the indoor and outdoor tests. The gray correlation degrees of the three steels in the indoor and outdoor tests are all greater than 0.6; thus, the two corrosion tests have a good correlation. Based on this, the accelerated simulation test method of the coal leaching solution is determined, and life prediction models of three steels in coal leaching solution are established to simulate the corrosion of the bottom board and side board.
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  Hot cracking behavior of large size GH4742 superalloy vacuum induction melting ingot

  Liang Zhang, Lei Wang, Yang Liu, Xiu Song, Teng Yu, Ran Duan

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(09): 1505-1512.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00767-7

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  The developing of large size superalloy vacuum induction melting (VIM) ingots is limited owing to hot cracking. The hot cracking behavior of the large size GH4742 superalloy VIM ingot was investigated via experiment and simulation. The microstructure was examined by optical microscopy, and element segregation was investigated by electron probe microanalysis. The solidification temperature range and yield strength at high temperature (YSHT) were calculated by JMatPro software. The results show that the variations of microstructure and element segregation in different locations are caused by different cooling rates. Moreover, the larger secondary dendrite arm spacing and serious element segregation of Nb accelerate hot cracking of the VIM ingot. In addition, the solidification temperature range is wider, and YSHT is lower in center than at edge of the ingot. Therefore, the hot cracking susceptibility is the highest in the center of the GH4742 superalloy VIM ingot. The critical criterion of element segregation for hot cracking is that the partition coefficient of Nb should be larger than 0.5.