2022年, 第29卷, 第3期　刊出日期：2022-03-25

  

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  Recent progress in porous Mg-based foam preparation approaches: effect of processing parameters on structure and mechanical property

  Solomon-Oshioke Agbedor, Dong-hui Yang, Jing Cao, Jian-qing Chen, Bassiouny Saleh, Chao Qiu, Lei Wang, Jing-hua Jiang, Ai-bin Ma

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 371-402.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00671-6

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  Porous metals are a class of cellular materials with lightweight and unique mechanical, electrical, thermal, physical and acoustic characteristics. Magnesium and magnesium alloy foams have exhibited excellent advantages. In particular, opencell Mg-based foams (porous Mg/Mg alloy foams) have been used for bioresorbable implants, CO₂ trapping systems, filters, heat exchangers, absorbent panels and many other applications. While significant progress has been taken in producing porous Mg-based foams with good structure–property relations, but with a large number of different processing parameters, different mechanical properties and pore morphologies of each porous Mg-based foam, it is essential to understand the individual effects of each aspect of the parameters. Therefore, the present article summarized the effects of available processing parameters on the structure and mechanical properties of the porous Mg-based foams. Finally, the future perspectives to enhance the structure and properties of porous Mg/Mg alloy foams were discussed.
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  Determination of activity interaction parameters of Nb in Fe–C–Nb melts at 1873 K

  Jie Zhang, Da-ya Wang, Bai-jun Yan

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 403-407.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00649-4

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  The interaction parameters of Nb in Fe–C–Nb melts at 1873 K were measured using the chemical equilibrium method. The Fe–C melts were equilibrated with the CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–NbO₂ slags under a controlled oxygen potential for 24 h. In addition to acting as the protective gas, argon was adopted to control the oxygen potential. Based on the data obtained in the experiments, the activity interaction parameters were obtained by the multiple linear regression method. The first-order interaction parameters e^C_Nb and e^Nb_Nb are determined to be - 0.035 and - 0.134, respectively. The second-order interaction parameters r^C_Nb, r^Nb,C_Nb, and r^Nb_Nb are determined to be 0.011, - 0.0063, and 0.0023, respectively. The thermodynamic data obtained are more reliable than those in previous publications for the Fe–C–Nb system when the Nb content range was 0.92–4.62 wt.%.
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  Effect of BaSO₄ on phase composition and sintering process of iron ore fines

  Jian-tao Ju, Chen-mei Tang, Guang-heng Ji, Xiang-dong Xing, Gui-qing Zhao, Xin-tai Jiang, Feng-lin Lu

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 408-417.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00626-x

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  Iron ore containing BaSO₄ may have a series of effects on the quality of the sinter and performance of the blast furnace. Thus, the effect mechanism of BaSO₄ (0–6.0 mass%) on the compressive strength, mineral composition, and microstructure of the sinter was investigated. The experimental results show that the compressive strength of the sintered samples initially increases and then decreases when the BaSO₄ content increases from 0 to 6.0 mass%, reaching a peak value of 12.78 kN with a BaSO₄ content of 1.0 mass%. Thermal analysis indicates that BaSO₄ initially decomposes to produce BaO at 1468 K in the presence of iron ore. BaO combines with Fe₂O₃ forming barium ferrite (Ba₂Fe₆O₁₁), which exists in the sintered sample with a granular form. BaO also dissolves in calcium ferrite and slag to promote the formation of calcium ferrite and barium glass, respectively. The content of needle-like calcium ferrite gradually increases and then decreases with the increase in BaSO₄ content. Hematite exists in a plate-like form. The generation of dicalcium ferrite is promoted by increasing the BaSO₄ addition from 2.0 to 6.0 mass%.
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  Determination of real-time oxygen transfer rate based on an electrochemical method

  Shi-sen Li, Wan-ming Li, De-jun Li, Yu-lei Sun, Jun-wei Dong, Xi-tao Yin, Xi-min Zang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 418-424.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00608-z

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  The interfacial oxygen transfer rate is one of the main factors to control the composition of alloys. The commonly employed method of studying the interfacial oxygen transfer rate is the chemical composition analysis; however, it is difficult to be studied in situ. Here, a new method of measuring the oxygen transfer rate at the gas–slag and slag–metal interfaces was reported based on electrochemical analyses. The interfacial oxygen transfer rate in the smelting process of Inconel 718 superalloy was investigated at 1723, 1773, 1823, and 1873 K. The experimental results show that the electrochemical method can measure the real-time oxygen content; hence, this method is promising in controlling the oxygen content in alloys. As the temperature increased, both the equilibrium oxygen content and the rate of oxygen absorption increased significantly, and the increase was the most obvious when the temperature was 1873 K. The possible reason is that the increase in temperature weakens the mass transfer resistance of the electric double layer at the interface, thus accelerating the oxygen transfer rate.
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  CO₂ conversion and decarburization kinetics of CO₂ gas and liquid Fe–C alloy at 1873 K

  Wen-he Wu, Rong Zhu, Zhi-zheng Li, Chun-yang Wang, Guang-sheng Wei

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 425-433.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00624-z

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  The reactions between CO₂ gas and liquid Fe–C alloy with different initial carbon concentrations at 1873 K were investigated using experimental results, thermodynamic equilibrium, and kinetic analysis. The average CO₂ conversion is greater than 80% when the carbon content ranges from 4.0 to 1.0 wt.%. When the carbon content decreases from 0.5 to 0.1 wt.%, the average CO₂ conversion diminishes from 83.50% to 40.84%. This proves that CO₂ gas and liquid Fe–C alloy reaction does not reach equilibrium under experimental conditions compared with the calculated thermodynamic data. Through the kinetic analysis, it is shown that in the medium- to high-carbon liquid Fe–C alloys, the rate-controlling step involves CO₂ gas mass transfer or mixed rate-controlling of CO₂ gas mass transfer with adsorption and dissociation of CO₂ gas. In contrast, in the low-carbon liquid Fe–C alloy, carbon mass transfer occurs in the molten alloy. The critical carbon content of the rate-controlling step transformation is 0.7937 wt.%.
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  Effect of magnetic field on elements segregation in electroslag ingot

  Gang Gao, Chun-li Zhu, Xiao-fang Shi, Li-zhong Chang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 434-444.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00600-7

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  In order to improve the production efficiency of electroslag remelting process and the solidification quality of electroslag ingot, a novel electroslag furnace with electromagnetic stirring was designed and the effects of external magnetic field and different electrical parameters on electroslag remelting process were studied. The distribution of carbon, chromium, phosphorus and compactness in electroslag ingot was analyzed through original position analysis apparatus. Results show that the external magnetic field accelerates the remelting of consumable electrode. Under the condition of remelting voltage of 34 V and current of 1500 A, the remelting rate of metal consumable electrode increases from 20 to 27 mm min^-1 when the magnetic induction intensity of 62 × 10^-4 and 108 × 10^-4 T is applied. However, the remelting current decreases from 1500 to 1100 A under the condition of constant remelting rate and remelting voltage, thereby reducing the energy consumption. The effect of external magnetic field on the segregation of different elements in electroslag ingot is different. Under the experimental conditions, the carbon segregation is unremarkable, but the phosphorus segregation is improved when the electromagnetic force generated by the interaction between the external magnetic field and the remelting current is small. However, the excessive electromagnetic force aggravates the segregation of carbon and phosphorus. With the increase in electromagnetic force, the chromium segregation gradually increases.
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  Mathematical modeling of flow field in slab continuous casting mold considering mold powder and solidified shell with high temperature quantitative measurement

  Yi-bo Liu, Jian Yang, Chao Ma, Tao Zhang, Fu-bin Gao, Tai-quan Li, Jun-li Chen

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 445-461.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00654-7

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  Optimization of mathematical model of flow field in slab continuous casting mold was performed by means of industrial measurement and mathematical modeling. The rod deflection method was used to quantitatively measure the velocities near the mold surface at high temperature. The measurement results were compared with the simulation results of three mathematical models at different argon gas flow rates of 6, 10 and 14 L min^-1. The model 1 neglects the mold powder layer, thermal effect and solidified shell. The model 2 only considers the influence of mold powder layer. The model 3 considers the influence of mold powder layer, thermal effect and solidified shell on the flow field. In all three models, the diameter of argon bubbles obeys Rosin–Rammler distribution fitted according to the experimental data of others’ previous work. With increasing the argon gas flow rate, the velocity of liquid steel near the mold surface decreases. The model 1 seriously underestimates the shear stress of liquid steel near the mold surface, and its calculation results show higher velocity near the mold surface, lower turbulent kinetic energy and wider distribution of argon gas bubbles in the mold. The simulation results of model 2 only considering the viscous resistance of the mold powder layer to liquid steel makes the velocity near the surface lower than the measurement results obviously. The calculated velocities near the mold surface with model 3 are in best agreement with the measured results, showing the reasonable spatial distribution range of argon bubbles in the mold and the moderate turbulent kinetic energy. In the present conditions, the best argon gas flow rate is 10 L min^-1 due to the moderate velocity near the mold surface, the appropriate distribution of argon gas bubbles in the mold and the smallest fluctuation amplitude on the mold surface.
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  Development of new ductile iron with super-high thermal conductivity and elongation

  Guang-hua Wang, Yan-xiang Li

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 462-473.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00581-7

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  The effects of Si content, graphite volume fraction and pearlite volume fraction on the thermal conductivity of ductile iron were studied based on theoretical model analysis. Calculated results showed that the thermal conductivity of ductile iron was more sensitive to Si content compared with the volume fractions of pearlite and graphite. The key method to design and develop high thermal conductivity ductile iron was to control the Si content. Within 0.9–2.2 wt.% Si content, experimental results showed that with the increase in Si content, the thermal conductivity of ductile iron decreased dramatically, and the yield strength and tensile strength of ductile iron almost linearly increased, but the elongation remained almost unchanged. The dependence of thermal conductivity of ductile iron on temperature changed from monotonic decreasing to increasing first and then decreasing. Finally, we broke the common composition range of ductile iron and designed a new high C (C 3.9 wt.%) and low Si (1.0–1.4 wt.%) ductile iron with super-high thermal conductivity and elongation. Its thermal conductivity exceeded 40 W/(m K) within 27–300 °C, and maintained at 35–40 W/(m K) at 500 °C. The elongation was over 25%, and the tensile strength was more than 300 MPa.
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  Hot deformation behavior and processing map of low-alloy offshore steel

  Shi-ping Xi, Xin-liang Gao, Wei Liu, Yan-lu Lu, Gui-qin Fu, Hui-cheng Tao, Yong-chang Zang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 474-483.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00603-4

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  The hot deformation behavior of a low-alloy offshore steel was systematically investigated within the temperature range of 850–1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–10 s^–1, via hot compression testing. The hot working equation, grain size model and recrystallization kinetic models of the steel were developed by fitting the experimental data. The results show that the decrease in Zener–Hollomon Z-parameter value (the increase in deformation temperature and the decrease in strain rate) is beneficial for the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization, and the grain size can be refined by increasing the Z-parameter value within the deformation range of dynamic recrystallization. However, when the Z-parameter value is higher than 3.43 × 10¹⁶, dynamic recrystallization will be difficult to occur within the range of experimental deformation conditions. Additionally, processing maps at different strains were constructed. According to the processing map and microstructural analysis, the optimal hot working conditions of the studied steel are within the temperature range of 1000–1100 °C and strain rate range of 0.1–1 s^-1, and a complete recrystallization microstructure with fine homogeneous grains could be obtained.
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  Influence of coiling temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot-rolled high-strength steel microalloyed with Ti, Mo and V

  Zhi-xiang Fu, Geng-wei Yang, Ru-yang Han, Yao-wen Xu, Xin-ping Mao, Si-qian Bao, Gang Zhao

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 484-493.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00645-8

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  Influence of coiling temperature (CT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a hot-rolled high-strength steel microalloyed with Ti, Mo and V was elucidated. The precipitation behavior of nano-sized particles was investigated by theoretical calculation and quantitative analysis. And the results revealed that V-enriched (Ti, Mo, V)C precipitated in the ferrite matrix. As the CT decreased, the site fractions of Ti in (Ti, Mo, V)C changed little, the site fractions of Mo increased, and the site fractions of V decreased accordingly. Moreover, the low CT could refine the microstructure and precipitated particles but suppress the precipitation of (Ti, Mo, V)C particles simultaneously, leading to the volume fraction of (Ti, Mo, V)C significantly decreasing, consequently causing an increment of grain refinement strengthening and a reduction in precipitation hardening. When the CT was 600 °C, the steel characterized by fine polygonal ferrite, a small amount of bainite and nano-sized (Ti, Mo, V)C precipitates exhibited the optimum mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength of 870 MPa, yield strength of 807 MPa and elongation to fracture of 17%.
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  Surface effect induced phase transformation by Mn removal during annealing and its textures in cold-rolled high manganese transformation-induced plasticity steel

  Li-ying Liu, Ping Yang, Dan-dan Ma, Xin-fu Gu

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 494-502.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00631-0

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  The surface effect induced transformation texture during vacuum annealing of cold-rolled high manganese transformationinduced plasticity (TRIP) steels was studied. Due to Mn removal occurring at the surface layer, γ → δ diffusional phase transformation leads to the formation of hard pancake-shaped ferrite grains due to solution strengthening at the surface and the centre layer remains as austenite + martensite after annealing. In the case of slow heating, {112}/{111}<110> textures for the surface ferrite were strengthened with the increase in temperature and holding time, indicating an inheritance of rolling textures. By increasing the heating rate of annealing, the rotated cube texture was developed in surface ferrite. This kind of multiphase sandwich structure with hard ferrite surface layer and tough austenite dominant centre can increase tensile strength and should also improve deep drawing properties, therefore providing new possibility of controlling properties for the application of high manganese TRIP steel.
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  Cold compression deformation method for reducing residual stress and uniformizing micro-property in ferrite steel

  Bo Ning, Hui-bin Wu, Gang Niu, Xin-pan Yu

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 503-511.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00563-9

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  To reduce internal residual stress and homogenize micro-property of hot-rolled ferrite steel, the cold compression deformation method with small reduction rate has been performed in the hot-rolled samples, and X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation test have been used to detect the residual stress and micro-property. The samples with deformation rate of 0–5.59% or annealing at 550 °C are analyzed. The results show that, due to the coupling effect of thermal expansion and cold contraction and the volume expansion of microstructural transformation from austenite to ferrite, compressive residual stress was found inside the hot-rolled samples. With the increase in cold compression deformation, the dislocation density increased and the microhardness increased gradually, and there is no obvious rule for the change of mean nano-hardness in micro-zone for the center of samples. However, the uniformity of nano-hardness in the micro-zone increased first and then decreased, and the value of residual stress has obvious corresponding relationship with the uniformity of micro-zone property. The cold compression deformation with appropriate reduction rate can reduce residual stress and improve nanohardness uniformity of the hot-rolled samples, but more deformation (such as reduction rate ε = 5.59%) makes residual stress increase and makes uniformity of nano-hardness deteriorate.
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  Effect of heat treatments on Charpy impact properties of 15Cr12MoVWN ferritic/martensitic steel

  Ting-wei Ma, Xian-chao Hao, Ping Wang

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 512-518.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00616-z

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  The Charpy impact properties of 15Cr12MoVWN ferritic/martensitic steel for sodium-cooled reactors with variation in heat treatment factors and parameters are reported. The results show that the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) increased and the upper shelf energy (USE) decreased with increase in normalizing temperature. However, the variation tendency of DBTT and USE was the opposite with increase in tempering temperature. The tempering temperature showed a greater influence on USE than the normalizing temperature, and normalizing and tempering temperatures had the equally significant effects on DBTT, but the cooling method was not a significant factor for DBTT and USE. The prior austenite grain and M₂₃C₆ size were the main influences on DBTT, and the dislocation density was the main factor affecting the variation of USE. The heat-treatment regime recommended for 15Cr12MoVWN steel was composed of normalizing at 1000–1050 °C for 0.5 h followed by water quenching or air cooling and tempering at 760 °C for 1.5 h.
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  High cycle rotating bending fatigue performance and fracture behavior in a pearlite–ferrite dual-phase steel

  Xin-bo Ji, Si-xin Zhao, Li-ming Fu, Jian Peng, Jia-qiang Gao, Da-jiang Yu, Zong-ze Huang, Ai-dang Shan

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 519-528.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-021-00598-y

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  To clarify the effects of ferrite morphologies and contents on high-cycle fatigue property of pearlite–ferrite dual-phase (DP) steel used for fabrication of commercial vehicle crankshafts, two types of DP steels with different ferrite grain sizes (S10: 13.1 μm and S30: 21.4 μm) and ferrite contents (S10: ~ 9.5 vol.% and S30: ~ 30.4 vol.%) were prepared. Stress amplitude–logarithm of number of high cycles to failure fatigue of the two DP steels was evaluated. Experimental results showed a fatigue strength of 510 and 400 MPa for S10 and S30 steels, respectively, at 10⁷ cycles. Fatigue cracks in S10 steel extended preferentially along the grain boundary, but it was easy for crack propagation to extend within a pearlite colony to form a zigzag crack morphology. Crack roughness was enhanced and high stress was introduced to the crack surface due to this kind of crack propagation behavior, which has positive effects on slowing down crack propagation. However, the crack propagation in S30 steel mainly occurred inside the soft equiaxed coarse ferrite grain. Analysis revealed that little stress was introduced to the crack surface. These results show that it is possible to improve high cycle fatigue strength of pearlite–ferrite DP steel by appropriately manipulating the volume fraction and microstructure morphology of ferrite phase.
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  Tuning Cr-rich nanoprecipitation and heterogeneous structure in equiatomic CrFeNi medium-entropy stainless alloys

  Kai Wang, Xue-jiao Wang, Tuan-wei Zhang, Xi Jin, Hui-jun Yang, Jun-wei Qiao

  钢铁研究学报(英文版). 2022, 29(3): 529-536.
  https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00520-y

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  High-/medium-entropy stainless alloys (HESAs/MESAs) are a new kind of alloys with great potential to combine excellent properties from high-/medium-entropy alloys (HEAs/MEAs) and stainless steels. A CrFeNi MESA was chosen to investigate its microstructures and mechanical behaviors. After homogenization, the strength and ductility of CrFeNi MESAs with single-phase face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure were higher compared with those of Fe_100-x–yCr_xNi_y austenitic stainless steels. Cr-rich body-centered-cubic (bcc) precipitates and heterogeneous structure were introduced by cold rolling and annealing at 800 °C. Rolling at 700 °C results in higher dislocation density and the occurrence of lamellar Cr-rich bcc precipitates. High-density dislocations and fcc grains with heterogeneous structure, together with Cr-rich bcc precipitates, contribute to a yield strength improvement of about 50 MPa, and appreciable tensile yield strength of ~ 540 MPa and fracture strain of ~ 20% are obtained. It reveals that not only compositional variations but also grain size and phase structure tuning can be utilized for achieving desired mechanical properties.