20 May 2025, Volume 37 Issue 5
    

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    Reviews
  • Research progress on corrosion and protection technology of bridge steel structures
    HE Run, ZHOU Shikang, ZHANG Qichao, LIU Xuan, JIANG Yishan, ZHAO Xin, XIAO Feng
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 539-556. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20250086
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In the field of modern bridge construction, steel structures are widely employed in key load-bearing and connection components, including main beams, main cables, stiffening girders of suspension bridges, piers, bearings, and composite bridge deck structures. This is attributed to their excellent mechanical properties and constructability. They play an indispensable role in ensuring the stability and safety of bridges. However, the corrosion of steel structures poses a significant threat to both the safe operation and the service life of bridges. Bridges are constantly exposed to complex and dynamic natural corrosion environments, including wind, sunlight, rain erosion, and various chemical substances, all of which can contribute to severe corrosion of steel structures. A comprehensive review of the corrosion status of bridge steel structures is reviewed and the corrosion behavior of these structures in various natural environments is meticulously examined, including marine, inland, and complex environments characterized by alternating dry and wet conditions. The analysis focuses on the corrosion characteristics and severity affecting different components, such as piers, bridge bodies, cables, and bearing systems. In investigating the corrosion mechanism, the differences between chemical and electrochemical corrosion are elucidated, further classifying and analyzing uniform and localized corrosion within the realm of electrochemical corrosion. Specific forms of localized corrosion, including pitting, crevice, and stress corrosion, are examined in detail with respect to their formation mechanisms, influencing factors, and the severity of damage that they inflict on bridge steel structures. Based on the analysis of corrosion conditions, corrosion protection strategies for bridge steel structures are systematically summarized and organized, including material selection, coating systems, cathodic protection, and other advanced technical methods. By applying and optimizing these measures, a solid scientific basis and reliable technical support for corrosion prevention are provided, thereby reducing safety risks associated with steel structure corrosion, promoting technological innovation in bridge engineering, and ensuring the long-term durability and safe operation of bridges.
  • Research progress of TiN inclusion precipitation and control in titanium-containing steel under high-scrap ratio smelting
    SONG Shengqiang, KE Xiangshan, QI Jianghua, DENG Zhixun, QUE Guangrong, XUE Zhengliang
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 557-569. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240288
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    Under the dual context of China′s dual carbon strategy and the EU′s carbon border adjustment mechanism, significant transformation in the structure of steelmaking raw materials is being observed. The future development trend is characterized by both a high scrap ratio in basic oxygen furnaces and the utilization of electric arc furnaces operating with 100% scrap. However, the extensive introduction of scrap steel presents challenges to the cleanliness of molten steel and the subsequent quality of steel products, particularly concerning the impact of nitrogen content and titanium nitride inclusions on steel performance. Based on previous theoretical and industrial experimental research on the“nitrogen content-titanium nitride inclusions-material performance” relationship, progress in studies on the formation and control of titanium nitride in steel is summarized. The precipitation mechanism of titanium nitride in steel is analyzed from a thermodynamic perspective, and microsegregation and coupled precipitation models are reviewed. Key factors influencing titanium nitride precipitation are quantitatively analyzed. Through an analysis of the nitrogen content evolution during the steelmaking process, nitrogen content control methods in molten steel are systematically studied from the perspectives of raw material control, vacuum degassing, and slag-based nitrogen removal. The results of this review provide theoretical guidance for the production of high-quality titanium-containing steel in the context of changing raw material structures in steelmaking.
    • Smelting and Working
  • Prediction of FeO content in sinter based on time series model
    LI Qinqin, SONG Baoyu, ZHANG Zhaoxin, WANG Kuiyue, SONG Jun, REN Wei
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 570-578. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240190
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    The steel metallurgy industry is a crucial component of the basic industries, where the quality stability of sinter is vital to the entire production process. A novel online prediction framework, the Process Feature Serialization and Extraction Prediction model (PFSE) is proposed to predict the FeO content in the sinter accurately. The framework first serialized and differentiated the raw data to enhance its expressiveness. Subsequently, it employed feature extraction techniques such as Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Correlation Coefficient (CC) to identify key process characteristics. Then, a prediction model for FeO content was constructed using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and its variants, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU). Experiments conducted on sintering process data from a steel plant between 2022 and 2023 validated the PFSE framework, demonstrating good stability and accuracy. With an error tolerance of 0.1, the model achieved a high accuracy rate of 85.3%. which confirms the effectiveness and reliability of this method.
  • Numerical simulation and nondimensionalization of slag eye morphology during bottom blowing refining process of ladle
    WANG Yongkang, LIU Chang, XIAO Aida, LI Guangqiang, WANG Qiang
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 579-589. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240283
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    Controlling the size of slag eye by bottom blowing in steel ladle can improve the quality of steel liquid. Based on the argon bottom blowing process in steel ladle, a three-dimensional unsteady multiphase flow water model is established by coupling the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and the Multiphase Flow (VOF) model. The slag eye size and slag eye interface velocity obtained from numerical simulation are validated and analyzed using a 1:5 water model. The research investigated the impact of different parameters (bottom blowing flow rate, oil layer thickness, and bottom blowing position) on the distribution of slag eye size and slag eye interface velocity. Finally, the relationship between dimensionless slag eye area and dimensionless flow rate was obtained through data fitting methods. The results indicate that the slag eye area gradually increases with the increase of blowing flow rate and the decrease of oil layer thickness, with a more significant effect for higher bottom blowing flow rates. A greater eccentricity of the nozzle leads to a more noticeable change in slag eye area with respect to blowing flow rate. For eccentric bottom blowing, there is a critical flow rate value, beyond which the slag eye area decreases. For instance, with an oil layer thickness of 25 mm and a blowing flow rate of 2.26 L/min, the slag eye area decreased by 180 cm2 compared to that when the blowing flow rate was 1.87 L/min.
  • Study on heredity of shrinkage holes in continuous casting slab
    JIANG Dongbin, XIE Xin, WU Chenhui, REN Ying, ZHANG Lifeng
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 590-597. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240269
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    The mechanical properties of rolled plate will be significantly reduced if the shrinkage holes of continuous casting slab are not completely healed during rolling process. With the samples from slab, intermediate slab, and plate of E355 pipeline steel, the industrial computed tomography (CT), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and optical microscope were applied to analyze the shrinkage holes evolution in the rolling process. The results show that the slab surface layer has a dense solidification structure, where the shrinkage hole appears to be small size and single type. With the distance from the slab surface increasing, the number density of shrinkage holes rises, the size is enlarged, and it becomes the through type holes. The number density of shrinkage holes in the slab center is 5.510 mm-3, the volume rate increases to 2.191‰, and the average and maximum sizes are 0.140 and 1.493 mm, respectively. After rough rolling process, the shrinkage hole extends along the rolling direction, the size decreases, and the number density increases. In the center of the intermediate slab, the number density is 61.744 mm-3, the volume ratio is 0.395‰, and the maximum and average diameters are 0.038 and 0.023 mm, respectively. No large-size holes are found in the final plate, and the shrinkage holes are completely welded during finishing rolling, but the small-size holes are still observed near the MnS inclusions.
    • Materials Research
  • Research on force-magnetic effect of steel bar in elastic stage based on magnetization
    YUAN Guobo, JIANG Shenghua, HE Junfeng
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 598-608. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240186
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    In view of the current situation that the detection equipment is easily affected by the environmental interference magnetic field, and the law between magnetic signal and stress is not clear.The formula of magnetization and stress is shown based on the magnetization model, and the finite element software COMSOL is used to calculate the magnetic field intensity and magnetic gradient under different stresses. A magnetic field test system for steel stress is developed using non-magnetic and weak magnetic materials. The results calculated by finite element are compared and verified by experiments. Both the finite element calculation and the test results show that when the stress increases from 0 to 40.9 MPa, the magnetization of the steel bar increases, and the absolute values of its magnetic field intensity By and magnetic gradient Byz also increase. When the stress increases from 40.9 MPa to yield strength (355.6 MPa), the magnetization of the steel bar begins to decrease gradually, and the absolute values of By and Byz are also gradually reduced. The curves of the relationship between average absolute values of By, Byz and the stress are reversed when the stress is 40.9 MPa, which is far less than the yield strength (355.6 MPa).
  • Evaluation of mechanical properties and fatigue performance of L360 pipeline steel base metal and welds
    WU Jiao, WAN Lihua, WANG Bo, LONG Yanli, MA Daiqiang, JIA Danbin, LONG Mujun
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 609-620. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240280
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    The mechanical properties and fatigue performance of injection-production pipelines are vital for ensuring long-term safety and durability of underground gas storage (UGS).Mechanical performance tests and microstructural analysis on L360 pipeline steel base metal (L360-BM) and welds(L360-WM) were conducted. To address the challenge of testing high-cycle fatigue in injection-production pipelines, a high-cycle fatigue simulation model was developed for both base metal and welds based on experimentally measured material properties, and its accuracy was verified through high-load fatigue tests.The fatigue life evolution under varying loading conditions is further explored, comparing the fatigue performance of the base metal to that of the weld specimens. Results indicate that the plasticity of L360-WM is markedly lower than that of L360-BM, with elongation at break is 26.1% for L360-BM and 21.6% for L360-WM, characterized by ductile fracture and quasi-cleavage fracture, respectively. Both L360-BM and L360-WM specimens exhibit a decrease in fatigue life as the average tensile load and load spectrum amplitude increase. For a tensile load of 6.5 kN and an amplitude greater than 0.075, the fatigue life of L360-WM specimens is 44.7% of that of L360-BM specimens. These findings offer valuable data and theoretical insights to support material selection and pipeline failure prevention in UGS.
  • Adsorption behavior of H2 on Fe2O3 surface: Density functional theory study
    HU Mingwei, DOU Annan, MA Hengbao, ZHU Guomin, XU Qiyan
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 621-629. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240281
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    The surface adsorption principle of H2 on two crystal surfaces of Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) and Fe2O3(1 $\bar{1}$ 0 2) is investigated by a first-principles approach based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). The study focuses on the adsorption mechanism, adsorption energy, and electronic structure analysis of the H2/Fe2O3 system. The results show that the adsorption of H2 on the crystal surfaces of Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) and Fe2O3(1 $\bar{1}$ 0 2) are physisorption, with the vertical adsorption at the top of the vacancies being more stable than the other positions, and the adsorption energies of the adsorption are 20.99 and 26.44 kJ/mol, respectively. The interaction between H2 and the crystal surface is mainly due to the orbital overlap hybridization effect between H and Fe, and the exchange, recombination, and energy conversion of electrons between the two occurs through the Mulliken charge fabrication analysis. The adsorption of H2 to Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) and Fe2O3(1 $\bar{1}$ 0 2) produces H2O, which needs to be dissociated from O atoms of the crystal surface across the energies of 1.999 and 2.496 eV. The dissociation of H2O from O atoms on the crystal surface requires crossing an energy barrier of 1.999 and 2.496 eV, respectively, and releasing 1.894 and 1.573 eV of energy. The relatively high adsorption energy of H2 on the crystal surface of Fe2O3(1 $\bar{1}$ 0 2) suggests that the adsorption of H2 on Fe2O3(1 $\bar{1}$ 0 2) is more facile and stable. The energy barriers for the dissociation of the H2O molecule from Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) are lower than those for Fe2O3(1 $\bar{1}$ 0 2), which implies that the reaction products on the crystal surface of Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) are more easily and steadily adsorbed. Fe2O3(0 0 0 1), implying that the reaction products dissociate more easily in Fe2O3(0 0 0 1).
  • Effect of initial microstructure on properties of 862 MPa high-strength oil well casing steel
    LI Xiaohua, LI Wenbing, LÜ Chuantao, ZHU Wensheng, WANG Hongxuan, LIU Chenxi, SONG Shaobo
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 630-641. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240293
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    The 862 MPa high-strength oil well tubing, known for its exceptional strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance, is particularly suitable for severe conditions containing high concentrations of CO2,H2S, and elemental sulfur. The effects of the initial microstructure on the properties of 862 MPa high-strength oil well tubing steel prior to the quenching and tempering heat treatment were investigated. The microstructures and properties after same heat treatments were compared for different initial microstructures. The findings reveal that the martensitic initial microstructure with a high density of crystal defects exhibited a significant reduction in martensite lath size by over 50% following quenching and tempering, achieving a simultaneous enhancement in strength and toughness through grain refinement strengthening. The morphology of Cr23C6 precipitates transitioned from intergranular chain-like structures to intragranular dispersed spherical structures, which increased the sulfide stress cracking critical stress intensity factor (KISSC) by approximately 10%. Further research indicates that the H2S stress corrosion failure process of the material is the result of the synergistic effects of surface pitting and hydrogen-induced cracking.
  • Effect of corrosion-resistant elements on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of ferritic-pearlitic steel
    LIU Bingyi, GAO Bo, ZHOU Qiang, CHEN Runnong, CAO Yanguang, HUANG Zhenyi, LI Zhaodong
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 642-651. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240216
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    To reveal the influence of corrosion-resistant elements on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior offerritic-pearlitic steel, three types of weather-resistant steels based on carbon steel were designed and prepared, and 0.35 wt.% Cu, 0.32 wt.% Cr, and 0.16 wt.% Ni were added in turn. The results of microstructure and performance characterization show that with the sequential addition of Cu, Cr, and Ni elements, the content of preeutectoid ferrite inferritic-pearlitic steel gradually decreased, and the spacing between pearlite sheets was gradually refined.At room temperature, the yield strength of CuCrNi-containing steel compared with carbon steel increased by 80 MPa, and the plastic toughness did not cause any damage compared to carbon steel. The electrochemical and laboratory periodic infiltration corrosion test results of simulated atmospheric corrosion environment (NaHSO3 solution) show that with the addition of Cu, Cr, and Ni elements, the self-corrosion potential of the experimental steel gradually increases, and its corrosion resistance is improved; for 3-5 days of corrosion, the corrosion rate of experimental steels of different components gradually decreases with the extension of the corrosion time. At this time, the corrosion rate of Cu steel is the fastest, and the corrosion rate of CuCrNi steel is the slowest;when the corrosion time is extended to 10 days, the corrosion rate of Cu steel and CuCrNi steel further decreases, but the corrosion rate of CuCr steel increases slightly and is higher than that of Cu steel and CuCrNi steel, which indicates that the corrosion resistance of CuCr steel has decreased. X-ray diffraction analysis of corrosion products showed that the corrosion products of experimental steel were all composed of α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH and Fe3O4, among which α-FeOOH accounted for the highest proportion, followed by γ-FeOOH and Fe3O4. After 10 d of corrosion, the α/γ (α-FeOOH/γ-FeOOH) of the experimental steels with Cu, Cr and Ni elements increased, which indicates that the stability of the rust layer has increased and the α/γ of CuCr steel is the smallest. It can be seen that after long-term corrosion, the rust layer of Cr-containing steel has low stability, and it is analyzed that it is related to the hydrolysis reaction of Cr3+. After further addition of Ni elements, it helps to form a denser rust layer, alleviates the adverse effects of hydrolysis reactions, and improves the stability of the rust layer. Therefore, CuCrNi steel exhibits higher corrosion resistance.
  • Relationship between fatigue property and retained austenite transformation of gear steel after carburizing
    XUE Yanjun, HAN Lei, LIANG Jiangtao, XIAO Baoliang, WANG Maoqiu, YAN Yongming
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 652-659. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240289
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    Carburizing heat treatment could effectively improve the strength and fatigue property of gears. There are many factors affecting the fatigue property of gears, among which retained austenite plays an important role. However, how retained austenite affects the fatigue property of carburized gear steel is still under controversy. Therefore, the relationship between fatigue property and retained austenite transformation of 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb gear steel after carburizing was investigated by means of rotating bending fatigue tests, SEM, TEM, EBSD, and hardness testing. The results showed that the block-like retained austenite in the carburized layer preferentially underwent stress-induced martensite phase transformation under cyclic stressing, and the amount of retained austenite transformation was greater with the increase in the stress amplitude. When the type of rotating bending fatigue failure was inclusion initiation, the transformation and cyclic hardening of retained austenite could increase the hardness of carburized layer, which increased the fatigue property of carburized gear steel.
  • Corrosion behavior of 12Cr13 steel in stagnant liquid LBE saturated by oxygen at 450 ℃
    TANG Zhengxin, ZHANG Wenning, MA Guobao, HE Xikou
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 660-669. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240243
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    The long-term corrosion behavior of 12Cr13 steelwas investigatedin a static oxygen saturated liquid lead-bismuth alloy at 450 ℃ for 6 000 h. The morphology, composition, and corrosion kinetics of the oxide film during the corrosion process were analyzed. The results indicate that the growth rate of the oxide film on 12Cr13 steel is slow, and the thickness of the oxide film follows a parabolic law. After3 000 h of corrosion, a typical double-layer structure oxide film forms with an inner layer of Fe-Cr spinel and an outer layer of Fe3O4. The diffusion of Cr at the micron scale plays a crucial role in forming the surface oxide film and inward steady progression of the inner oxide layer. Additionally, there is an evidence of peeling-off phenomenon in the oxide film after 3 000 h, which may be associated with unevenness on original corroded sample surfaces. Based on these experimental findings, a corrosion model for 12Cr13 steel in liquid lead-bismuth was proposed.
  • Effect of Ni and Co on structure and properties of ultra-high strength hull steel
    LI Jian, LIU Hao, LUO Xiaobing, CHAI Feng
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 670-678. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240232
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    Technical means such as SEM, TEM, XRD, and EBSDare usedto systematically study the effects of nickel and cobalt elements on the new NiCrMoV hull steel microstructure, second phase, and properties. The results showed that after quenching and tempering, the steel structure was composed of tempered martensite and a spot of reversed austenite, and during the tempering process, a fine-needle Mo-Cr-V-rich M2C phase was mainly precipitated. Afterquenching at 850 ℃ and tempering at 580 ℃, theyield strength of new NiCrMoV steel can reach 1 140 MPa, and -84 ℃ low temperature impact effect reaches 76 J. With the increase of Ni content in steel, the grains are refined, the large angle grain boundaries increase, and the reversed austenite increases, which effectively obstructs the propagation of cracks and further improves the low-temperature toughness to 82 J. After adding the Co element in the test steel, the dislocation density is increased, and the precipitated M2C phase increases and becomes more dispersed, which effectively improves the ultra-high yield strength of the test steel to 1 216 MPa.
    • Energy and Environmental Protection
  • Thermodynamics and energy utilization on coal gasification with blast furnace slag
    WANG Yue, DUAN Wenjun, LI Jiaqi, WU Yuxuan
    Journal of Iron and Steel Research. 2025, 37(5): 679-687. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20240274
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    In the context of China′s “dual carbon” policy, the iron and steel industry is confronted with significant challenges in energy conservation and consumption reduction. The recovery of waste heat from blast furnace slag and the efficient utilization of coal are considered crucial for promoting the green development of the iron and steel industry. Thermodynamic and energy utilization studies were conducted on coal gasification reactions driven by blast furnace slag waste heat. A thermodynamic model for the coal gasification reaction was established based on the principle of minimizing Gibbs energy. The effects of the gasification reaction under varying temperatures,n(H2O(g))/n(C) ratios, and pressure conditions were explored, leading to the identification of optimal operating conditions. At 1 073 K, with an n(H2O(g))/n(C) ratio of 2.00 and a pressure of 0.10 MPa, the total syngas production was found to be 3.28 kmol, with a carbon conversion rate of 0.93 and a syngas production rate of 1.56. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis method incorporating both energy analysis and exergy analysis was employed to evaluate the energy utilization efficiency of the coal gasification reaction. The results indicated that the energy efficiency of the coal gasification reaction reached 73.22%, with an exergy efficiency of 70.81%.
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