20 February 2021, Volume 33 Issue 2
    

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    Reviews
  • XIANG Yuan,HU Feng,ZHOU Wen,WU Kaiming,ZHOU Songbo
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 91-8. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200127
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    Abstract: With the acceleration of developing modernization, a large number of infrastructure projects need to build tunnels by shield machine, and the most important part of shield machine is shield cutting tool, the quality of cutting tool is directly related to working efficiency of shield machine. The application and development of shield machine hob steels were introduced, the material composition design, hot working processes, modification technology applications, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties research progresses of AISI 4340, H13, SKD11 steel were mainly reviewed, then it was pointed out that the deficiency of hob steels now is poor toughness and high cost. It indicates that obtaining dual phase microstructure after intercritical annealing, adding rare earth elements like Ce, Gd, Y or ion nitriding can improve the property and service life of disc cutter ring.
  • Smelting and Working
  • DONG Jiapeng1,ZHANG Lifeng2,3,ZHAO Yanyu4,ZHAO Genan1
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 103-109. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200117
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    Abstract: The effects of rotation speed and immersion depth of the impeller on stirring were studied in order to optimize the operation process for a 210 t KR ladle by water model. A 1∶7 scaleddown model was built. The mixing time experiment was used to measure the state of liquid mixing. The effects of tracer addition position, rotation speed and immersion depth of impeller on the mixing time were investigated. The results show that with the increase of rotation speed from 110r/min to 310r/min, the mixing time decreases by 45%. The immersion depth of 229mm is favorable for liquidliquid mixing. For the current 210 t ladle, the best operating parameters for KR stirring are the rotation speed of 100r/min and the immersion depth of 1600mm.
  • LI Mengzhen,LI Baokuan,HUANG Xuechi
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 110-118. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200094
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    Abstract: A transient threedimensional coupled mathematical model was established to explore the influence of rotating electrode on electromagnetic field, flow field, temperature field and pool shape in ESR process. The information of electromagnetic field was obtained by solving Maxwell equations, the movement of metal droplet was described by VOF method, and the solidification process was calculated by enthalpy porous medium model. When the electrode rotates, the metal droplets are thrown out from the edge of the electrode under the action of centrifugal force, which increases the residence time and path of the metal droplets in the slag pool, and improves the refining efficiency of ESR process. The simulation results show that as the electrode rotates, the number of droplets increases, the size becomes smaller, and the temperature distribution in the slag pool becomes uniform. When the electrode rotating speed increases from 0r/min to 20r/min and 50r/min, the depth of the molten pool decreases from 48mm to 43mm and 27mm, the shape of the molten pool gradually becomes shallow and flat, which is conducive to improving the quality of ESR ingot.
  • LU Rui,WU Guangxin,ZHANG Jieyu
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 119-126. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200099
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    Abstract: The HSC Chemistry software platform was used to simulate the material balance calculation of the iron oxide reduction system at different temperatures and components to compare the reduction effects of hydrogen, ethanolassisted hydrogen, and carbonassisted hydrogen of iron oxide. By calculating the material balance of multiple systems, the reactions occurring at each stage were evaluated, and the effect of reduction temperature on the reaction was explained. The results show that in each system, as the hydrogen partial pressure increases, the temperature required for the complete reaction can be reduced, and the reduction reaction efficiency is relatively low at low temperatures, mainly because the low temperature inhibits the progress of chemical reactions. When ethanolassisted hydrogen reduction is used, the cracked products can reduce the temperature at which the scale fully reacts, but when the temperature is above 350℃, there is a phenomenon of carbon precipitation, which will affect the subsequent hotdip galvanizing process and needs to be avoided. When carbonassisted hydrogen reduction is used, carbon can reduce the water pressure of the system at high temperature and generate new hydrogen, the feasibility of carbonassisted hydrogen reduction has been verified by experiments.
  • YI Yuanrong1,2,3,MA Zhongle1,DU Yuncong1,BAI Shuqi1
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 127-135. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200113
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    Abstract: In order to study the microstructure changes of the mineral composition of refining slag during carbonation process at different temperature conditions(20, 40, 60 and 80℃), Xray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TG-DTG) and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si NMR) were carried out to analyze the carbonation reaction. The experiment results show that the particle size of the refining slag and the reaction product CaCO3 gradually increase with increasing of the carbonation reaction temperature. The carbonation reaction of the refining slag proceeds from the outside to the inside, which produces a large amount of granular calcium carbonate, and therefore the microstructures of reaction product become dense and uniform. In the carbonation process of refining slag at 20℃, C2S(Ca2SiO4) reacts with C3S(Ca3SiO5) to form C-S-H, and then the C-S-H gel decalcifies, resulting in the CaCO3 production through the combination of Ca2+与CO2-3. The weight loss rate of the carbonation product is up to 3526% at 500-850℃, which is helpful to the carbonation reaction.
  • ZHAO Zhongyu1,2,ZHAO Junxue1,TAN Zexin1,QU Boqiao1,CUI Yaru1
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 136-142. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200100
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    Abstract: The “hemisphere method” was used to detect the melting point of continuous casting mold flux at different heating rates, and the results show that the influence of volatilization on melting point was greater than that of fractional melting compared with the fluorinefree slag. The melting point regression equation was obtained by nonlinear regression analysis of changes in alkalinity and Al2O3, CaF2, Na2O, MgO according to the orthogonal regression design. The melting point isogram of continuous casting mold flux was drawn on the composition of the flux (Na2O+CaF2). The regression model and isogram of melting temperature were modified according to volatilization of fluxes and XRF analysis of melted samples. It was obtained that Na2O and CaF2 were reduced significantly and the measured melting point was higher than the theoretical value.
  • Materials Research
  • LIU Ke1,2,3,JI Chenxi4,WANG Shengdong4,SUN Qisong1,2,3,TIAN Zhihong1,2,3, LI Haibo1,2,3
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 143-148. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200244
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    Abstract:The Shougang Jingtang MCCR (Multi-mode Continuous Casting and Rolling) process was designed as the first domestic multimode thin slab continuous casting and rolling line which can continuously produce coils without cutting before the coiling machine. To guarantee material balance between casting and rolling processes, high throughput operations of thin slab caster should be achieved. A stabilized mold level is one of the critical technologies needed to achieve stable casting operation for high throughput operations. A 3D two phase mathematical model was carried out to investigate the fluid flow characteristics in the mold under high throughput conditions, the pin method was used to measure the flow velocity of the mold meniscus in the actual production process, and the simulation results were compared with the corresponding operating conditions to verify the accuracy of the model. Through the numerical simulation of the flow field in the thin slab continuous casting mold, the flow characteristics of the molten steel in the mold under the condition of high drawing speed of the thin slab were obtained. The effects of continuous casting speed and two types of submerged nozzle structures on the velocity of the meniscus and the wave height difference were studied. According to the numerical simulation results, when liquid steel is fed into the funnel mold with 4-ports SEN, the meniscus flow velocity increases from 0.02m/s to 0.30m/s and max span of meniscus level increases from 2.0mm to 7.2mm as the throughput increases from 3.4t/min to 8.2t/min. Feeding liquid steel into the funnel mold with 5.ports SEN, the meniscus flow velocity increases from 0.25m/s to 0.50m/s and max span of meniscus level increases from 2.6mm to 17.0mm as the throughput increases from 3.4t/min to 8.2t/min. Under the condition of specific high throughput conditions of 5.5-8.2t/min, the use of fourhole nozzle is more conducive to controlling the stability of liquid level fluctuations.
  • LIU Xuming,FENG Guanghong,LIU Xin,ZHANG Hongliang,WANG Baoshan,MA Jian
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 149-157. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200037
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    Abstract: The composite steel bar with the cladding metal of Cr13 was prepared by metal deposition and hot rolling method. Finite element method was applied to simulate the rolling process of stainless steel/carbon steel composite rebar. During the high temperature deformation process in the rough rolling passes, the plastic strain mainly concentrates on the surface layer and 1/4 position of the rolled part, and deformation of the core is smaller than that of the surface layer. With the continuous deformation, the plastic strain continuously penetrates into the carbon steel core. When the composite steel bar is deformed in the finishing mill of K1, the stainless steel is all wrapped on the carbon steel, but the thickness distribution of the crosssectional stainless steel cladding is uneven. When in hot rolling, a starting rolling temperature of 1130℃ and a finishing rolling temperature of 1000℃ were applied. The interface of the composite bar is well combined, reaching the metallurgical bonding state, and the thickness of Cr diffusion layer is up to 32μm. The mechanical properties of the composite steel bar meet the requirements of the national standard.
  • WANG Shihong,LI Jian,CHAI Feng,LUO Xiaobing,YANG Caifu,SU Hang
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 158-167. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200042
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    Abstract: Fe-Mn alloy is considered to be a promising high damping alloy because of the high damping capacity and excellent mechanical properties, and suitable for constructional and vehicle metal parts applications. In order to investigate the influence of cold deformation on damping capacity of Fe-Mn alloy, Fe-19Mn alloy is deformed to 0-15% by tensile deformation at room temperature. Damping capacity is measured by dynamic mechanical analyzer(DMA). The microstructure evolution is observed by OM, SEM and TEM, and XRD is used to analyze phase constitution and to measure stacking fault probabilities. The results show that the damping capacity of Fe19Mn is almost linearly increased with amplitude when total deformation is less than 15%, and increases in a relationship which deviates from linear when total deformation reaches 15%. The damping capacity of Fe19Mn is frequencyindependent. From G-L plot, the variation of damping capacity below the critical amplitude is interpreted by G-L model, while it′s associated with micro-plastic deformation when above the critical amplitude. With the increase of total deformation, the damping capacity of Fe-19Mn shows different characteristics in different amplitude range: when the amplitude is lower than 20μm, damping capacity increases with total deformation, which has a similar regulation with deformation stacking fault probability change in ε-martensite; when the amplitude is higher than 20μm, damping capacity first increases and then decreases, and shows the best performance at 5% total deformation, which has a similar trend with the relative length change of γ/ε phase boundary. It can be inferred that, the variation of damping capacity with total deformation is influenced by deformation stacking fault boundaries in ε-martensite for the former, and by γ/ε phase boundary for the latter. Based on TEM observation of stacking faults and the calculation of stacking fault probabilities in γaustenite, it can also be concluded that stacking fault boundaries in γ-austenite have no obvious contribution to the change of damping capacity of Fe-19Mn before and after deformation.
  • SHI Zhenxue,LIU Shizhong,ZHAO Jinqian,WANG Xiaoguang,LI Jiarong
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 168-174. https://doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn1001-0963.20200056
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    Abstract: Microstructure after heat treatment, the stress rupture properties at 980℃/300MPa and 1150℃/120MPa, fracture surface and fracture microstructure of DD15 single crystal superalloy with [001], [011] and [111] orientations were investigated. The results show that the alloy with different orientations has obviously various heattreated microstructure on the section perpendicular to the crystal growth direction. The γ′ phase with [001] orientation is regular square, that with [011] orientation is rectangular, and that with [111] orientation is polygon. The stress rupture properties of the alloy exhibit obvious anisotropy. The stress rupture lives of the alloy at different conditions decrease with the sequence of [111], [001] and [011] orientation. With increasing temperature, anisotropic stress rupture properties of the alloy decreases. The stress fracture of the alloy with [111] and [001] orientation at 980℃/300MPa condition is dimple mode, while that of the alloy with [011] orientation at same condition shows quasicleavage and dimple mixture mode. The stress fracture of the alloy with three orientations at 1150℃/120MPa condition all is dimple mode. The γ′ raft and rafting degree is obviously different with orientation of alloy after stress fracture. The γ′ raft of the alloy with [001] orientation is perpendicular to stress direction, while that with [011] and [111] orientation is at an angle to stress direction [001] and [011] orientation. The rafting degree of the alloy increases with the sequence of [111], [001] and [011] orientation.
  • LIU Tianzeng1,WANG Ke1,ZOU Dening2
    JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH . 2021, 33(2): 175-181. https://doi.org/10-13228/j.boyuan.issn1001.0963-20200083
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    Abstract:The 06Cr25Ni20 steel coil was oxidized at different temperatures and time, SEM and XRD analysis showed that Cr2O3 and MnCr2O4 oxide layers were formed at 800-900℃/20h. With the increase of oxidation time, threelayer oxide scale structures with MnCr2O4 spinel structure at the outermost layer, Cr2O3 in the middle layer and SiO2 in the innermost layer were formed at 120h. At 140h, a large amount of Cr2O3 in the middle layer of oxide scale generates MnCr2O4, and the size of MnCr2O4 in the oxide layer increased slightly. The oxidation resistance of 06Cr25Ni20 was significantly affected by temperature and time. The oxidation rate of 06Cr25Ni20 changed little with time at 800℃, but increased rapidly when the temperature increased to 1000℃. The oxidation rate decreased linearly before 100h, and then slowed down after 100h. The pickling process was adjusted according to the formation structure and oxidation rate of scale on site, and the surface quality and production efficiency of steel coil were greatly improved.