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2015 Vol. 50 No. 9
Published: 2015-09-15
1
WANG Guo-dong
Technology innovation and development direction of iron and steel industry
Nowadays， it is imperative to drive creatively transition， adjust structure and realize green manufacture for the iron and steel industry. The state of the art and some critical generic technology and product in steel industry are discussed to illustrate the innovation in technology and its development direction. Main contents are summarized as follows： pre-enrichment for complex and hard-concentrated iron ores-suspension calcination-magnetic separation， low carbon ironmaking， high recovery from secondary resources during steelmaking， integrated control of total process for advanced steel production， compact process， equipment and product for the improved endless hot strip rolling， short flow process， equipment and product for strip rolling， free acid pickling and coating to produce hot rolled plate， new generation of ladle injection metallurgy， technology and devices for high-quality continuous casting slab， structure control of hot rolled steel plate， advanced heat treatment for limiting size plate， endless rolled thin slab and free acid pickling and coating technology for the production of hot rolled AHSS， high precision cold-rolled sheet shape control and equipment technology， developed continuous annealing and coating technology， application of vacuum to produce slab and to roll cladding heavy steel plate， intelligent manufacturing system to guide the mass customization， et al. The above developments aim to realize green production in steel industry， and accelerate the industrialization process of China.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 1-10 [
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11
GAO Jian-jun，QI Yuan-hong，JU Dian-chun，CHENG Xiang-li，GUO Yu-hua
Experiment on the combined extraction of iron and alumina from red mud
Red mud is the solid waste residue generated during alumina production from bauxite， which contains considerable amount of alumina， ferric oxide and other valuable metals. In order to recovery alumina and iron from red mud， the process of pig iron produced by direct reduction-smelting of carbon-containing red mud pellets， and alumina leaching from self-disintegrating slag was developed. The effects of different process parameters on extraction of iron and alumina from red mud were researched. The optimum reaction parameters were obtained as the following： the ratio of carbon to oxygen is 1.8， the time of direct reduction at 1 250 ℃ is 60 min， the time of smelting at 1 500 ℃ is 20 min， slag cooling rate must be less than 20 ℃/min， the ratio of calcium oxide to alumina is 1.6. With these optimum parameters， the phosphorus and sulfur content in the pig iron were 0.047% and 0.017% respectively， the ferrous oxide content in the slag was 1.26%， the slag can disintegrate completely， and the alumina leaching ratio can reach 86.65%.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 11-16 [
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17
LI Wen-bo，，BAO Yan-ping，，WANG Min，，LIN Lu，
Analysis of factors for Si-Ca-Ba alloy+CaF2 dearsenication of molten steel
To make full use of domestic iron ore containing arsenic， the dearsenication agent of Si-Ca-Ba alloy＋CaF2 were researched in laboratory. It has been shown that the ratio of Si-Ca-Ba alloy， temperature， the amount of dearsenicatior and initial sulfur content in molten steel can affect the results of dearsenication. The present results indicate that the ratio of Si-Ca-Ba alloy which is in the range of 65%-75% has the most obvious dearsenication effect. Simultaneously， elevating temperature of molten steel， increasing the amount of dearsenication agent and reducing the initial sulfur content can improve the rate of dearsenication..
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 17-22 [
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23
ZHAO Yong，，WU Keng，SHEN Wei，YU Ying-chang，YAN Guang，LIU Qi-hang
Guiding sintering ore matching based on a new evaluation method about sintering basic characteristics
10 kinds of common foreign iron ore powder were studied， and the sintering basic characteristics were seriously tested. Considering that the previous evaluation index ignoring process information to evaluate sintering basic characteristics， and single factor index of simulating sintering process were used to quantitatively descript sintering basic characteristics， this experiment adopted a new evaluation index which contains the information of sintering process， thus fully evaluated the Yixing powder sintering basic characteristics. Based on the new method， the results of sinter pot test were predicted， the sinter pot test results proved the effectiveness of the proposed prediction， the experiment concluded that Barca powder and Yixing powder can be replaced for each other under small ratio.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 23-27 [
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LUO Lin-gen， ，WANG Lei，，GUO Pei-min，ZHAO Zhi-min，LIN Yin-he，LI Zheng-bang
Thermodynamic analysis for developing W-Mo complex alloy by using low quality tungsten molybdenum ore
An effective method for comprehensive and high-efficient utilization of low-quality tungsten and molybdenum ore is developed to obtain composite alloy of tungsten and molybdenum. The thermodynamics of reduction reactions of the ores were calculated with different reducing agents： C＋SiO2， Si， SiC， and CaC2. The starting temperatures of reduction reactions are 1 552，1 403，1 613 and 2 002 K， respectively. Calcium fluophosphate Ca5(PO4)3F is the most difficult component in the ore to be reduced in the reduction process because of its compact structure and large bond energy. Thus the key to develop high quality composite alloy of tungsten and molybdenum is reducing the content of impurity elements P， F.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 28-33 [
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34
YANG Wen-yuan，LI Lin，PENG Xiao-yan，WANG Ming-lin，GAO Fei，WU Hong-zuo
Water model experimental of dephosphorization pretreatment in converter
Mixing time in bath， top blowing jet penetrating depth and emulsification rate between slag and molten steel were measured under different blowing conditions in 1/9 plexiglass model. Scrap movement status in dephosphorization pretreatment bath was studied. Suspension energy of different weight scrap in the bath was measured. To better understand the characteristics of dephosphorization pretreatment process， all the values were compared with normal steelmaking converter correspondingly. A and B two kinds of dephosphorization pretreatment conditions were compared according to the measurement results of water model. From the overall situation， the operation of A convert is more reasonable， phosphorus content after pretreatment in hot metal can be reduced to 0.010%-0.015%， be equivalent to the level of Japan’s Wakayama Steel Plant.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 34-40 [
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41
LI Xing，GENG Xin，JIANG Zhou-hua，LI Hua-bing，XU Fang-hong，WANG Li-xin
Influences of slag system on metallurgical quality for high temperature alloy by electroslag remelting
The composition of electroslag remelting （ESR） slag system is directly related to smelting quality and surface quality of high temperature alloy. This study analyzed basic requirements and composition characteristics of ESR slag system for high temperature alloy. Basic types of ESR slag system for high temperature alloy were determined. Through the research on the influences of ESR slag system for high temperature alloy on metallurgical quality， it can be known that slag system with high alkalinity is beneficial to desulfurization. In order to reduce unstable oxide， fluorite should be purified before using. Changing slag system composition and adding aluminum powder can reduce the burning of Al， Ti and other active elements. The application of slag system with low melting point can reduce or avoid surface slag runners， waist defects and shunt holes in the ESR process for high temperature alloy with Ti. The slag system composition proposed in this article for high temperature alloy with high Ti content and low Al content is that[CaF2]65%～70%、[A12O3]12%-15%、[CaO]12%-15%、[MgO]3%-8%、[TiO2]2%-5%. The slag system composition proposed in this article for high temperature alloy with low Ti content and high Al content is that[CaF2]60%-65%、[A12O3]15%-20%、[CaO]15%-20%、[MgO]0%-5%、[TiO2]0%-2%.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 41-46 [
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REN Xue-ping，DING Teng-fei，SI Zhen-jiu，YANG Jun-ning
Simulation and analysis of factors affecting the curve of crystallizer vibration displacement
How to improve the surface quality of slab to meet the requirements of continuous casting production is an important topic in the development of current continuous casting technology. And the shape of crystallizer displacement curve is one of the important factors that effects the casting machines and casting adobes. The scene?of?the?crystallizer?vibration can’t avoid clearance and friction These nonlinear factors which effect the crystallizer displacement are worthy of discussing in theory and in practice. Based on the simulation and analysis software ADAMS，creating the crystallizer drive mechanism，virtual simulation the crystallizer vibration displacement curve in ideal circumstances and involves the situation of clearance and fiction. The results show that the clearance is the main factor that effects the vibration displacement curve. However the friction of movement and resistance of slab hardly effect the vibration displacement curve in the ideal condition. But in the mechanism involving clearance，friction effects the shape of vibration curve in the different degree.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 47-52 [
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ZHANG Xing-zhong，REN Su-bo，ZHOU Chao，，LIU Jing-jing，BAI Ming-hua
Numerical simulation of flow and temperature fields in a new mold
A mould technology with an inner cooling apparatus was proposed，which was aimed to reduce the continuous casting machine?height of 700 mm×700 mm?super-large billet and ensure the?production?of bloom smoothly. Flow and temperature fields in the inner of crystallizer was simulated using the FLUENT of computational fluid dynamics software，including deflection nozzles without an inner cooling apparatus，four nozzles without an inner cooling apparatus and deflection nozzles with an inner cooling apparatus. The result shows that the crystallizer with an inner cooling apparatus could form level swirling flow，uniform steel component and growing of the shell，reduce the liquid steel rushing depth and partly achieve the metallurgical effect of M-EMS. The temperature field study indicates that the shell thickness reaches 49 mm in exit and meets the requirement of industry.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 53-57 [
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DAI Hua-yun，GUO Hua，LI Hong-guang，LIU Jian-hua，CHEN Xiao-long
Mechanical properties and quality control of railway axle steel produced by continuous casting
The axle steel produced by continuous casting technology has some characteristics such as high efficiency，good economy and superior quality. In order to meet the requirements of high quality billets of axle steel by the ministry of railway，the production of axle steel for railway by bloom continuous casting technology was studied. According to the technical conditions of axle steels produced by continuous casting，the action effect of microelement vanadium in axle steel was investigated. The mechanical performance index of axle steel was significantly improved by the precipitation strengthening of vanadium. The strength stability increased by 10%. Moreover，the axle steel exhibited good plastic toughness. The mechanical property and the quality of manufactured axles were good，which could meet the technical conditions of continuous casting and the development demand of railroad transportation.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 58-63 [
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64
SUN Jian-liang，PENG Yan，ZHANG Yong-zhen，CHEN Su-wen，HAN Hui
Prediction model of hot rolling force in heavy cylinder rolling
A prediction model of hot rolling force in heavy cylinder rolling was established. According to the geometric relationship of heavy cylinder and rolls in the rolling process，the geometric equation of asymmetric contact arc lengths of up roll and down roll were obtained. According to the field data and finite element method，the deformation equation of contact arc lengths of up roll and down roll was obtained. Based on the geometric equation and deformation equation，the contact arc lengths of up roll and down roll can be calculated. Because the ratio of contact arc length and average thickness is very small，the influence of cylinder outer end is bigger than that of the contact friction，based on field data and optimization algorithm，the stress influence coefficient of cylinder outer end was obtained. Further， the prediction model of hot rolling force in heavy cylinder rolling was established. Calculated results show that：The contact arc lengths of up roll and down roll are not equal， the contact arc length of up roll is bigger than that of down roll，the ratio of contact arc lengths of up roll and down roll is about 1.3，at the same time，the reduction of up roll is bigger than that of the down roll；Applied the model proposed in the heavy cylinder rolling，the error of calculated rolling force and measured rolling force is 9.2%，the calculation accuracy can meet the requirements of industrial application.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 64-70 [
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HUANG Yuan-sheng，，YANG Mao-sheng，LI Jing-she，MENG Wen-jia，
Simulation of?grain size evolution in the die forging process of gear and bearing steel
The deformation?parameters in different parts of the gear?and bearing billet during forging?process are different， and the evolution of grain size is very complex. In this paper， material parameters were obtained through the Gleeble isothermal compression test， the secondary developments?of the finite element software?DEFORM-3D were carried based on the YLJ?recrystallization model. The evolution of grain size in different parts?of gear and bearing steel was simulated. The results show that the grain size of gear?and bearing steel changes in pulse during forging?stage， the growth?amplitude of the?grain in different parts during the recrystallization is complicated， the grain size in the bottom edge and the lower part are easy to grow up and the grain size in the center?and the upper part are fine. The simulated grain morphology and grain size in the center and the bottom?edge corresponds well to the actual one. The complex?evolution of grain size during the die forging process can be well predicted with the simulation method proposed in this paper.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 71-75 [
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76
TIAN Fei，WANG Zi-rong，LI Zhao-dong，
Strengthening mechanism of batch annealed Nb microalloyed steel for automobile
Two series of cold rolled low-alloy and high-strength automotive steel， i.e. Mn-Si series and Nb microalloyed series， have been investigated to study the microstructure and mechanical properties through industrial trial with the same process， including batch annealing. The strengthening mechanism of the Nb microalloyed steel has been investigated by comparing with Mn-Si series cold rolled batch annealed low-alloy and high-strength steel. The microstructures of the hot-rolled and cold-rolled annealed sheets of those two kinds of steels were characterized by means of OM， SEM and TEM. The mechanical properties were also measured by tensile testing machine. The results were compared and showed that the sizes of the ferrite grains and nano precipitates of the two kinds of cold rolled annealed sheets were larger than those of the hot rolled sheets，which led to the reduction of the strength. Comparing with the Mn-Si steel， the sizes of ferrite grains and nano precipitates of hot-rolled and cold-rolled annealed sheets of Nb microalloyed steel were smaller， and the amount of the nano precipitates was larger. Thus the strength of the Nb microalloyed steel was higher with similar elongation. The strengthening mechanism analysis of cold rolled batch annealed sheet indicates that， the main strengthening method for Nb microalloyed low-alloy and high-strength steel is grain refinement strengthening and NbC precipitation strengthening. In the present study， grain refinement strengthening is stronger under 0.025% Nb microalloying.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 76-80 [
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81
QIN Huai-peng，，CHEN Hai-tao，LANG Yu-ping，CHEN Qing-ming
Mechanism of induced pitting corrosion in 439M ferritic stainless steel
439M ferritic stainless steel is widely used in automobile muffler of exhaust system and the pitting corrosion damage is the main failure form. The pitting corrosion test， the initiation pH of depassivation and micro-electrochemical test were applied to study the morphology of the pitting corrosion and inclusions combined with the analysis ofscanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). Also the variation of inclusions was researched at the start of pitting corrosion occurrence. The results indicated that the pitting corrosion was found to be initiated at the interface between the round oxide inclusion complex and the matrix， while little pitting corrosion occurred arround the TiN inclusion. The composite oxide inclusions containing Ca-oxides part can be preferential dissolved when inclusions induced pitting corrosion. Finally， the model of the initiation process of the composite oxide inclusion-induced pitting corrosion in 439M ferritic stainless steel exposed to chloride ions environments was established.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 81-86 [
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CHEN Huan-de，LIU Dong-sheng
Microstructure and properties of simulated heat affected zone of TMCP processed E500 heavy plate steel for offshore platform
Heavy steel plates (max thickness， 80 mm) for offshore platform with yield-strength greater than 500 MPa have been produced by thermomechanically controlled process (TMCP). Continuous cooling transformation in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) was investigated. The influence of heat input[E]on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the CGHAZ with and without second reheating peak temperature[(t2p)]was studied by means of metallographic analysis， hardness testing， instrumented impact testing and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure of the CGHAZ changes from lath-like Bainite (LB) to granular Bainite (GB) as[E]increases， resulting in decreased hardness， impact energy， and the fraction of large-angle grain boundaries (＞15°). The predominant microstructure of the CGHAZ is refined LB when[E]is lower than 50 kJ/cm. Coarsened martensite-anstenite constituents (MA) are formed in the intercritically (reheatedCGHAZ) with[t2p]at 750 ℃. This leads to decreased impact toughness showing brittle fracture regardless off the variation of heat input. When[E]is smaller than 50 kJ/cm and[t2p]is higher than 850 ℃， the fraction of high angle grain boundaries increases and the impact toughness is largely improved showing ductile fracture.
2015 Vol. 50 (9): 87-91 [
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