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2018 Vol. 53 No. 10
Published: 2018-10-15
1
WANG Hai-dong，YU Hai-zhao，FAN Xiao-hui，LI Hai-liang，JING Tao，，GUO Hui
Progress in research on mathematical model of energy consumption of iron ore sintering process
Research developments of mathematical models of the energy consumption of iron ore sintering process were summarized. The energy consumption analysis and the energy management， including the evaluation model of energy efficiency such as the heat balance model， the solid consumption prediction model， the carbon efficiency model， the exergy analysis model in sintering process， and the optimization of sintering process parameters were introduced. At the same time， the future research direction in the area was predicted： innovate methods of the evaluation of energy efficiency， finding the energy weak link in the sintering process， building the mathematical model to evaluate the energy consumption of the sintering process scientifically， optimizing the process parameters under the constraints of certain parameters and state parameters. The ultimate goal is to increase the energy efficiency of the sintering process and achieve green production.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 1-7 [
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ZHAO Jun-xue，ZHAO Zhong-yu，SHANG Nan，LU Liang，WANG Ze，LI Xiao-ming
Analysis on influence of fluoride in mold powder of continuous casting
In order to explore the volatilization mechanism of fluoride and its influence on the performance of protective slag，the related research results of various aspects at home and abroad including the composition and properties of the mold powder，the application of the mold powder，the mechanism of the effect of fluoride on the mold powder and environmental problems caused by fluoride volatilization were summarized. Further，the current problems and the direction of the next research were analyzed in the current paper. Based on the understanding of the effect of fluoride in mold powder and its high-temperature volatilization characteristics，the importance of fluoride volatilization on the determination of slag properties and problems in the current slag performance testing were pointed，and improved measurement methods were proposed to obtain better mold powder performance parameters. It was pointed out that the mechanism and regulation of the volatilization of fluoride can be used to determine and control the slag performance and play a role of supporting the metallurgical environment.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 8-15 [
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16
ZHU De-qing，YANG Cong-cong，PAN Jian，GUO Zheng-qi
Preparation of chromium-bearing agglomerates for stainless steel master alloy production in blast furnace
The utilization of low grade chromite concentrates or fines is an effective way to improve the competiveness of stainless steel products in the market.Preliminary agglomeration of these concentrates or fines is an essential step to improve the reduction efficiency and reduce the coke ratio of the smelting process. Earlier researches and experiences of Central South University in producing high quality feedstocks from low grade chromite concentrates for alternative production of stainless steel master alloys in blast furnaces were summarized. Pilot-scale tests showed that both high strength oxidized pellets （over 2 500 N/pellet） and sinters could be manufactured from any proportion of chromite concentrate. High pressure grinding rollers （HPGR） pretreatment is a key technique to strengthen the agglomeration of chromite concent rates. To achieve a desirable metallurgical performance of agglomerates in blast furnaces， the proportion of chromite concentrate should be less than 60%. Pellet-sintering technique is an effective and economic method for the agglomeration offine chromite concentrates. It is feasible to use the chromium-bearing sinter as the charging material for stainless steel master alloys production in blast furnaces.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 16-23 [
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XU Wen-xuan，CHENG Shu-sen，NIU Qun，DONG Zhi-bao，CHEN Yan-bo
Optimization measures of segregation during charging process of bell-less top blast furnace with two parallel hoppers
Based on an 5 500 m3 blast furnace in China， a three dimensional geometrical model of bell-less top system with two parallel hoppers was established， and the motion process of burdens from the bunker to the stock surface was analyzed by the discrete element method， and the calculated results were verified by a 1：1 scale model experiment. In addition， the effect of chute structures， including the smooth semicircular chute， the rough semicircular chute， the smooth rectangular chute and the rough rectangular chute， and the central throat tube diameter， such as 600， 650 and 730 mm， on the flux segregation and the falling point segregation were also investigated. The calculated results show a well agreement with the experimental results. The rectangular chute is benefit to improve the falling point segregation and the flux segregation during the charging process of the blast furnace with two parallel hoppers. Meanwhile， the rock box structure in the chute is also favor to improve the segregation further. Using the 600 mm central throat tube is helpful to improve the falling point segregation and the flux segregation during the charging process of blast furnace with two parallel hoppers. In the case of unplugging in the throat， it is helpful to improve the segregation by using the smallest tube.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 24-31 [
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32
LI Yang，DU Peng-fei，JIANG Zhou-hua，YAO Cong-lin，QIN Guo-qing，YANG Guang
Effect of rare earth on nonmetallic inclusions in copper-tin-bearing ferritic stainless steel
Based on the principle of minimum Gibbs free energy of FactSage thermodynamic software，the transformation rules of the inclusions in the steel were simulated under different amount of the rare earth，and the effect of rare earth elements on the non-metallic inclusions and the purification of molten steel were studied in copper-tin-bearing ferritic stainless steel. Through the laboratory experiment of the small crucible thermal simulation，it was found that the inclusions such as Al2O3 transformed into lower-hardness CeAlO3，MnS gradually transformed into CeS with the increase of rare earth content. The inclusions of the steel gradually transformed into spherical inclusions contained rare earth and the size of inclusions were between 1-3 μm. The total amount of inclusions began to decrease in the steel. Moreover，when the mass percent of rare earth increased to 0.057%，CeAlO3 transformed into Ce2O3，MnS also completely transformed into CeS. But the size and the number of inclusions began to increase，the steel liquid was further contaminated. From the point of inclusions controlling，the best addition of rare earth in this experiment was 0.035%.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 32-37 [
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38
CHEN Wei-ben，，REN Ying，XU Hai-kun，WANG Wen-bo，ZHANG Li-feng
Evolution of inclusions in solid stainless steels during heat treatment process
The evolution of inclusions in Si-Mn-killed 18Cr-8Ni stainless steels during the heat treatment was analyzed using Aspex inclusions analyzer and Field Emission SEM. During the heat treatment at 1 200 ℃ under an argon atmosphere，the [Cr] in the solid steel matrix reduces the SiO2 and MnO in MnO-SiO2-rich inclusions，and formed MnO·Cr2O3 spinel on the surface of MnO-SiO2-rich core phase. Finally，MnO-SiO2-rich inclusions were fully modified to pure MnO·Cr2O3 spinel in Si-Mn-killed stainless steels. Moreover，the formation and evolution of inclusions were calculated using FactSage，which can provide a theoretical explanation for the experimental results.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 38-45 [
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46
JIN He-rong，，DAI Chao，DUAN Chang-xin，WANG Zhi-yong
Deformation behavior and initial thickness ratio design of 316L/EH40 stainless steel clad plate
A three dimensional thermal mechanical coupled the finite element model was established through MSC.MARC software， and the slab hot rolling process was simulated using the current numerical model. The effects of the pass reduction， the deforming temperature and the initial thickness ratio on the thickness ratio variation of the EH40 layer and the 316L layer in the roll bonding deformation region were investigated. Moreover， the distribution of the bimetallic delamination thickness and the thickness ratio variation were obtained. Based on the numerical simulation results， the equation between the element deformation and the pass reduction， the equation between the element deformation and the pass reduction， and experiential formulas of the initial thickness ratio were obtained. Comparing the experiment result and the formula calculation result， the error was controlled within 10%， and the accuracy of the composite slab thickness ratio was effectively controlled.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 46-53 [
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54
LI Wei-gang，，XU Wen-sheng，MA Wei，LIU Ao，
Optimization for steel grade family of model based on measured data during hot continuous rolling
The steel grade family is one of the most important basic configuration data for the process control during hot continuous rolling. It has an important influence on the setting precision of rolling models. The existing divisions of the steel grade family are mainly based on the artificial experience， mainly relying on the carbon equivalent， which is unreasonable and difficult to meet the actual production needs. In view of this， a new line clustering algorithm to optimize the classification of steel grade family is proposed. First， collect a large number of rolling historical data from a certain steel grade family. Then， draw a scatter diagram of the strip steel about the deformation rate and the deformation resistance， and observe the distribution characteristics of the data. Finally， use the linear clustering algorithm to optimize the classification of the steel grade family， and select the steel with larger separation degree to an new steel group. At present， the technology has been used in the commissioning of several hot rolling models such as Baosteel 1 880， which has played an important role in the standard production and the product verification of the hot rolling engineering.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 54-60 [
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61
HE Qing-qiang，ZHU Han，GENG Chun-li，CHAI Wan-li，LIU Jian-guo
Simulation and test of ultrasonic vibration effect on low carbon steel hot compression
In order to study the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the recrystallization of austenite in hot deformation of low carbon steel，constitutive equations of Q235 steel undertaken high temperature hot compression deformation were developed based on the results of experiments carried out on the Gleeble-1500，and the austenite grain size evolution models parameters were determined based on the metallographic observation of the original austenite grain boundary. FEM simulations of specimen compressed with and without ultrasonic vibration excitation were performed utilizing the VUMAT subroutine presented in Abaqus/Explicit solver to simulate deformed shape of the specimen and the average austenite grain evolution process. It was shown that the end of specimen excited by ultrasonic vibration toolset formed as an inverted umbrella shape，and the threshold deformation of austenite dynamic recrystallization was significantly decreased. Dynamic recrystallization of austenite occurs first at the end of the specimen contacted with the ultrasonic vibration toolset，and the minimum austenite grain size after deformation is about 20 μm. Experimental results show that the surface microstructure is nanocrystallized and the internal grain is much finer than that of the conventional compression.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 61-66 [
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67
LI Na，，DAI Wei，WANG Yong-qiang，LI Kai-lun，XIANG Li，QIU Sheng-tao
Effect of Ce on recrystallization microstructure and texture in a 2.9%Si-0.8%Al non-oriented silicon steel
The effect of Ce element on the evolution of recrystallization microstructure and texture in a 2.9%Si-0.8%Al non-oriented silicon steel during annealing process was investigated by using OM，SEM/EBSD technology and OIM analysis software. The effect of Ce on the evolution of initial recrystallization texture，recrystallization texture，recrystallization ratio and grain size of recrystallization was researched respectively. The results showed that the recrystallized grains size and recrystallization ratio of specimens containing Ce were coarser and higher than those of specimens without Ce respectively. The fraction of favourable textures in specimens with Ce during recrystallization was also higher than that in specimens without Ce. Moreover，the fraction of unfavorable {111} face texture in specimens with Ce was less. The main reason is that appropriate Ce in non-oriented electrical steel reduced fine MnS，coarsen and modified Al2O3 and spherified AlN inclusions，this results in more favorable textures appearing in non-oriented silicon steel containing Ce.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 67-73 [
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74
LIU Xu-hui，ZENG Bin，LIANG Liang，LI Zhao-dong
Effect of tempering process on microstructure and mechanical properties of 900 MPa grade hot rolled steel
Yield strength 900 MPa grade high strength steel gradually used in the construction machinery，automobiles and other vehicles. Differently from the 900 MPa grade steel by traditional production process and strengthening mechanism，the Ti-V alloyed 900 MPa grade steel produced by TMCP process was used as the raw material. By experiment different heat treatment processes，the effects of microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The results show that the elongation rate of the steel sheet is not changed greatly after the tempering heat treatment，and the impact toughness is obviously improved. The strength and hardness are obviously improved from 550 to 650 ℃，but they decline obviously between 650 and 700 ℃. On the microstructure aspect，there is no significant change was observed，but a part of ferrite grains grew. The solid solution Ti，V，Mo elements in hot rolled materials continue to precipitate in the form of （Ti， Nb， Mo）C，resulting in precipitation hardening，at 700 ℃ high temperature，the coarse carbides were formed.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 74-78 [
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79
HUI Ya-jun，，PAN Hui，XIAO Bao-liang，WU Ke-min，LI Xiao-lin，ZHANG Da-wei
Microstructure and properties of a new 440 MPa grade high strength bake hardening steel
In order to develop a new 440 MPa grade high strength bake hardening steel，the microstructure，properties，strengthening mechanism and bake hardening mechanism were investigated by utilizing optical microscope （OM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results showed that the microstructure was composed of ferrite and a small amount of pearlite. With the increase of mass percent of N and the decrease of coiling temperature，the ferrite would be refined. The ferrite grain sizes of the low N steel were 8.34 and 7.89 μm when coiling at 630 and 600 ℃，respectively. The contribution of fine grain strengthening to yield strength was 190 and 196 MPa，respectively. The ferrite grain sizes of the high N steel were 6.93 and 6.71 μm when coiling at 630 and 600 ℃，respectively. The contribution of fine grain strengthening to yield strength was 209 and 212 MPa，respectively. Both the yield strength and tensile strength exhibited an ascending tendency after bake hardening treatment. The smaller of the grain size and the higher of the mass percent of N was，the larger value of the tensile strength was. The BHT values of the high mass percent of N steel at 10% prestrain were all above 70 MPa and the tensile strength reached over 500 MPa，which mainly because the dislocations introduced by prestrain become firm during the baking treatment and promote dislocation enlargement and reborn during plastic deformation.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 79-84 [
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85
LIN Ren-gan，XU Hui-song
Microstructure and property for 446 wire rod of high chromium ferrite stainless steel
In order to stabilize and optimize industrial production process，the microstructure and mechanical properties of wire rod of high-chromium ferrite stainless steel 446 （/%：0.035C，0.50Mn，0.025P，0.003S，0.49Si，25.25Cr，0.030N） were researched in different annealed processes. The results showed that the optimum mechanical properties were achieved for the 446 wire rod after annealing at 800 ℃ for 4.5 h，with tensile strength of 540 MPa，yield strength of 377 MPa，area reduction of 86.5% and grain size rate of 7.5. As the grain size rate influenced less in trial temperature range of 780-880 ℃，the coarse crystal of high-chromium ferrite stainless steel was hard to be refined by annealing process. However，the grain would be growing extremely when the annealing temperature exceeded 920 ℃. The grain coarsening of 446 wire rod can be restrained effectively and the grain size rate can reach 10.0 with controlling the mass percent of N for 0.08%-0.20%.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 85-89 [
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90
DI Hang，HE Zhi-jun，YAN Li-juan，QIU Shuang，ZHAN Wen-long，ZHANG Jun-hong
Metallurgical property of mixed burden based on a large scale iron ore droplet testing equipment
The shape and location of the cohesive zone in a BF were significantly affected by the softening dropping properties of the iron-bearing burden， which could further influence the BF stable smooth operation. The traditional iron ore droplet testing equipment at home and abroad couldn’t simulate the complicated BF burden in the actual production objectively due to the small crucible size used and few samples taken in the experiment， and the experiment results were fluctuant and poor reproducibility. The metallurgical properties of different BF burdens were detected based on a large scale iron ore droplet testing equipment with independent intellectual property rights. By comparing the large equipment testing results with the traditional testing results， it was found that the[td]value tested by the large equipment was decreased with the lump ore proportion increasing， while the[S]value showed the opposite tendency. The main components of the primary slag were melilite and dicalcium silicate （C2S）. Moreover， the[ΔP]value showed dynamic changes when it reached the peak value and the[ΔH]value increased distinctly， which were much closer to the BF practical production of the iron ore reduction process.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 90-94 [
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LI Hong-fu，WEN Yan-ming
Efficient conversion of coal-based energy in iron and steel process and steel-electric cogeneration mode
Based on the energy composition structure characteristics of the steel manufacturing process and the analysis of the energy conversion process， the concept of coal-based energy system for the steel manufacturing process was proposed， and the coal-based energy and coal-based energy system were defined in the current work. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis， the law of transformation and dissipation of coal-based energy in the steel manufacturing process was studied. Based on the analysis of the system energy flow efficiency， it was pointed out that the cores of energy flow in the steel manufacturing process were the conversion of coal and the recycling of the secondary energy， and the efficient utilization of gas resources and waste heat resources was the key to improve the energy system efficiency of the steel manufacturing process. Under the guidance of "metallurgical process engineering theory"， the main principles for achieving the integrated optimization and the efficient operation of coal-based energy system in the steel manufacturing process were proposed. Through the modeling research and the practice study， the feasibility of the energy flow network optimization and the efficient steel-electric CO production mode construction was explored based on system optimization methods.
2018 Vol. 53 (10): 95-98 [
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