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	2019 Vol. 54 No. 12
	Published: 2019-12-15



	Technical Reviews Raw Material and Ironmaking Steelmaking Metal Forming Materials Environmental Protection and Energy Technology Exchange

Technical Reviews

	1	HAN Yi, XIAO Yao, YU En-lin, WANG Li-min, ZHAO Yu-qian, LI Hong-bin
		Research status and development trend of precision and targeting electromagnetic induction heating technology in iron and steel industry
		As a pillar industry of the national economy with huge energy consumption,the green development of the iron and steel industry gradually becomes the intrinsic demand. The induction heating (IH) technique in the metallurgical field is in a cross-cutting,multidisciplinary rapid development stage,and the trend is that the heating process is becoming more precise and more controllable. The development status of precision and targeting electromagnetic induction heating in the field of iron and steel processing such as electromagnetic metallurgy,induction welding and surface heat treatment were analyzed. The intelligence and frequency conversion adaptive of the IH power supply provides a reliable basic equipment for the rapid development of IH precision technology in the future. The development trend of induction heating technology in this field was discussed. The IH precision technology in the field of iron and steel research will play a positive role in the production of fine steel. Improving the targeting and pre-control ability of the IH technology to the heating target and accurately obtaining the reasonable gradient temperature distribution are issues that will be faced and solved in the development of the thermal processing which was in the iron and steel industry.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 443 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3351KB] ( 5799 )

Raw Material and Ironmaking

	10	PENG Zheng-fu, ZHANG Jian-liang, BI Chuan-guang, NING Xiao-jun, TAN Pei-long, WANG Guang-wei
		Effect of coke powder and semi-coke on combustion characteristics of blast furnace blended coal
		In order to explore the effect of injection of coke and semi-coke instead of anthracite on the combustion of blended coal,using the new blast furnace coal injection combustion simulation experimental device and thermogravimetric analysis equipment, the effects of coke powder, semi-coke and coal blending particle size on the combustion of blended coal were studied. The appearance of unburned coal powder was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The mechanism and influencing factors of coal blending combustion were analyzed from the perspective of the coal powder combustion process and coal structure. The results show that the particle size reduction has a promoting effect on combustion. The particle size of coke powder used for injection should be less than 0.074 mm. Semi-coke and coke powder have different effects on coal blending, semi-coke has no obvious effect on the replacement of anthracite, but the effect of coke powder is obvious. When the amount of coke powder added exceeds 15%, the combustion performance of the blended coal decreases sharply. The effect of semi-coke and coke breeze on the combustibility of blended coal is different, mainly because of the different chemical properties and structures of semi-coke and coke. Considering the combustion performance of blended coal, it is acceptable to use a small amount of coke powder instead of anthracite for the blast furnace injection.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 10-18 [Abstract] ( 393 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3416KB] ( 823 )

	19	LIU Xin-liang, HONEYANDS Tom, O′DEA Damien, MITRA Subhasish, CHEN Jeff, QIU Guang-jun
		Interaction between sinter and lump during softening and melting process
		The main purpose is to better understand the softening and melting (S&M) behaviour of lump in the blast furnace (BF) and how to optimise its use with sinter. As the only ferrous burden material that can be directly charged into the BF, the lump is more environmentally friendly and economically effective than sinters or pellets. Despite this, the lump utilisation in China is lower than that in other countries such as Japan. One of the main concerns is the perception that the S&M properties of individual lump samples are not as good as those of sinter or pellet. However, it has been shown that the high temperature interaction between sinter and lump can largely improve the S&M behaviour of a mixed burden composed of sinter and lump. Both the chemical and physical interaction between a basic sinter and the Newman Blend Lump (NBLL) from Australia were studied using the S&M under load test and the tablet analogue test. The physical interaction was examined using Neutron Computed Tomography scanning on the samples from interrupted S&M under load tests. The void fraction in the ferrous layer of the sinter-NBLL mixture at 1 450 ℃ was found to be higher than that for either the sinter or NBLL only burdens. The chemical interaction was studied using SEM and EPMA, which showed that the Ca and Mg diffused from the basic sinter to neighbouring lump ore particles during the S&M process in the temperature range from 1 200 to 1 300 ℃. Significant improvements were found in the S&M behaviour of a mixed burden with about 20% NBLL because of the changes in the bed structure by the physical interaction and the changes in the melt composition caused by the chemical interaction. The mixed burden performed better or at least no worse than a sinter only burden with the same total basicity. The BF modelling indicates that mixing lump with the sinter burden forms a narrower CZ with higher permeability and lower position in the blast furnace.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 19-26 [Abstract] ( 351 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 21410KB] ( 665 )

Steelmaking

	27	ZHANG Xue-wei, YANG Cai-fu, CHAI Feng, LUO Xiao-bing, ZHANG Li-feng, DONG Yuan-chi
		Precipitation and control of MnS inclusions by thermodynamic analysis
		To study and control the large size MnS inclusion in heavy rail steel. Aiming at the problems that the thermodynamic calculation of MnS is complex and difficult to be solved. It needs to be selected according to the actual conditions in a practical calculation, the main current thermodynamic parameters were compared and discussed, and then the piecewise calculation was established on the basis of the generated process of MnS inclusions in U75V steel. It is shown that the effective temperature of MnS precipitation is 1 631 K using the commercial software FactSage 6.4, this is 63 K gap by the thermodynamics parameter calculation results of 1 694 K. It can accurately forecast the precipitation behavior of MnS inclusions and decrease the difficulty of the thermodynamic analysis of MnS inclusions by the CSC method. The amounts of solid solution sulfur in steel were 0.000 67%, 0.001 67% and 0.010 8% at 1 473, 1 573 and 1 673 K, respectively. The conclusion is that the effective control MnS inclusions are more reasonable and effective by decreasing the mass percent of S less than 0.001 67% before the casting rolling and under the heating temperature of 1 563 K.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 27-34 [Abstract] ( 537 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1022KB] ( 964 )

	35	BAI Xu-xu, YANG Shu-feng, LIU Wei, LI Jing-she, LIANG Xue
		Effect of tellurium treatment on modification of MnS inclusion in 20CrMnTi gear steel
		In order to study the influence of tellurium treatment on the morphology of MnS inclusions in steel, the modification effect of high purity tellurium powder added to 20CrMnTi steel was studied by SEM-EDS scanning electron microscope. The results show that the average aspect ratio of inclusions in the steel decreases from 3.17 to 1.83, and the spheroidization effect is obvious. When the tellurium-sulfur ratio was controlled at 0.33, the inclusions in steels with different mass percent of sulfur had obvious differences in morphology. In steels with the mass percent of sulfur of 0.21%, large inclusions embedded in tellurides were formed in MnS, while in steels with the mass percent sulfur of 0.11%, complex inclusions encrusted with tellurides were formed. When the tellurium-sulfur ratio was 3.21, it was found that there was a single high tellurium phase in the steel, the tellurium layer on the outer layer of MnS was also thicker, and the modification rate was only 8.75%, which indicated that the high tellurium-sulfur ratio could not increase the amount of sulfide modification.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 35-41 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5238KB] ( 714 )

	42	DONG Wen-liang, LUO Lei, DENG Xiao-xuan, JI Chen-xi, LI Hai-bo, TIAN Zhi-hong
		Application of ISPC index for performance of semisteel in dephorization furnace
		In order to establish an index for evaluating the semi-steel metallurgical effect of dephosphorization furnace. In the analysis of the metallurgical effect of the conventional converter, the ISCO(Index for Selective Carbon Oxidation) index and the BOC (Balance of Oxygen and Carbon feeding rate)index have a good correspondence with the TFe of slag and the dephosphorization. The w(C)× w(O) value at the end of the converter can comprehensively consider the mass percent of carbon and the mass percent of oxygen. All three indexes above can be used to measure the metallurgical properties of converters. However, in the dephosphorization furnace, there is no comprehensive index for measuring the effect of semi-steel. the selective dephosphorization and decarburization index ISPC were established, and applies the ISPC index to industrial productions, which can be used to reflect the semi-steel metallurgy effect. When the ISPC index is higher, the dephosphorization is higher and the decarburization is lower. The carbon content of semi-steel increases with the increasing of the ISPC index. The phosphorus content of semi-steel decreases with the increasing of the ISPC index. The temperature and the bottom blowing intensity are the main factors affecting the ISPC index. The ISPC index increases with the decreasing of the temperature of the semi-steel. The low temperature makes the oxygen in equilibrium with phosphorus lower than that of carbon, and the degree of dephosphorization and carbon preservation is higher. The ISPC index increases with the increasing of the bottom blowing intensity, and can better reflect the bottom tuyere state and dynamic conditions.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 42-47 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 1374KB] ( 313 )

Metal Forming

	48	BAI Zhen-hua, XU Peng, WANG Xiao-lei, HE Zhao-long, WANG Yun-xiang
		Development of comprehensive optimum setting technology for roll profile curve of continuous annealing unit
		Aiming at the problem that the design process of roll profile curve optimization of continuous annealing units in the past only considers the stability of the through plate, not the shape control,and only adopts the separate optimization of process sections without considering the coordinated setting of the whole furnace section. On the basis of a large number of field tests and theoretical studies,considering not only the stability of the through plate of the continuous annealing unit but also the shape control,but also the organic relationship between the upstream and downstream process sections in the furnace,the corresponding objective function of roll profile optimization is constructed,and a set of comprehensive optimum setting technology for roll profile curve of whole furnace section suitable for continuous annealing unit is put forward,which is applied to the production practice of a 1 550 continuous annealing unit and achieved good results. It has effectively improved the stability of the through plate and the quality of the exit plate of the unit. It has created greater economic benefits for the site and has the value of further popularization and application.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 48-54 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 1006KB] ( 583 )

	55	TANG Wei, DU Feng-shan, WEN Jie, LIN Hai-hai
		Research and application of warping control strategy on tinplate
		Aiming at problems of the warping control on tinplate,considering the heredity and evolution of the warping height and the direction on tinplate substrate and tinplate,the warping control strategy of the single cold rolled and double cold rolled tinplate substrate was researched,the influence of the coiling process on the warping height of the tinplate with different steel grades and specifications was analyzed,and the warping control characteristics of tension leveler in electrolytic tinning line was studied. On this basis,the warping control strategy of the tinplate during the temper rolling/double cold rolling,tension leveling and coiling process was put forward. It had been applied in a tinplate manufacturing plant,the accuracy of the warping height control of tinplate products had been greatly improved.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 55-61 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 1061KB] ( 552 )

Materials

	62	JIN He-rong, HAN Min-feng, DUAN Chang-xin
		Effect of reduction rates on interfacial microstructure morphologies of 316L/EH40 clad plate
		In order to determine the reduction rate required for the preparation of 316L/EH40 clad plate, MSC.Marc software was applied to simulate the hot rolling process of 316L/EH40 under different reduction rates. Based on the contrastive analysis of the stress and strain fields at the interface of the deformation zone,the minimum reduction rate of effective bonding of stainless steel clad plates is 55%. Based on the analysis results,the Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation test machine was used to prepare composite samples with different reduction rates. The interface structure of the sample was observed and analyzed,and conclusions are as follow: when the deformation of the sample reaches 30%,the pores near the interface are basically closed,but some inclusions and micropores still exist;when the deformation is more than 50%,the micropores at the interface disappear completely and the number of inclusions decreases and the size decreases;the microstructure of low alloy steel side is ferrite and pearlite,the decarbonization layer is distributed near the bonding surface and with the increase of reduction rate,the thickness of decarbonizing layer decreases gradually;the side of stainless steel consists of austenite structure,the grain size of austenite is refined with the increase of reduction rate and the microhardness value increases with the increase of reduction rate.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 62-69 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7286KB] ( 830 )

	70	MO Zhi-ying, FANG Yuan, LIU Wei, WU Zhi-guo, WANG Ya-qing, SUN Chao-fan
		Effect of secondary cold rolling reduction rate on microstructure and properties of tinplate
		In order to develop high-hardness secondary cold-rolled tinplate, effects of the secondary cold rolling reduction on the microstructure and properties of the tinplate were studied by the hardness tester,tensile tester,optical microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The results showed that as the secondary cold rolling reduction rate increasing,the hardness and strength of the test steel increased,the anisotropy increases,and the elongation decreased. When the secondary cold rolling reduction rate was 44%,the DR-9M can be achieved. At the same time, the use of high carbon and nitrogen fortification system combined with low temperature annealing is not conducive to the formation of favorable texture {111}. The peak of texture orientation density appears in {001}<110>~{114}<110>,{223}<110 >~{445}<110> and {554}<225>,it is easy to produce ears in the 45° direction during stamping deformation.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 70-74 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 4463KB] ( 309 )

	75	ZHOU Feng-luan, WANG Cun-yu, LEI Zhi-guo, CAO Wen-quan, DONG Han
		Crack propagation behavior of medium manganese automobile steel in 0.13C-5Mn
		In order to study the crack propagation characteristics of medium manganese steel in 0.13C-5Mn whose matrix is ferrite and metastable austenite,the crack propagation test was carried out by load control,and the crack propagation behavior was characterized by SEM and EBSD. The results show that the crack propagation mechanism is a double mechanism of slip and accumulation damage. In the plastic zone of crack tip,the transition of metastable austenite to martensite is much smaller than that of plastic zone at crack tip,and the fatigue crack propagation rate is reduced due to the absorption of energy by phase change and crack closure effect.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 75-80 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 5519KB] ( 384 )

	81	CAO Jian-chun, YE Ya-ping, YIN Shu-biao, ZHANG Wei-qiang, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Yong-qing
		Deformed austenite continuous cooling transformation in Nb microalloyed anti-seismic rebar
		In order to study the effect of niobium on the microstructure transformation of high strength anti-seismic rebar,the microstructure and phase transformation of deformed austenite in Nb-free carbon steel bars and niobium microalloyed steel bars (0.03% niobium) at different cooling rates were studied by thermal simulator and dynamic continuous cooling curves,CCT of the tested steel were obtained. The results show that the addition of 0.03% Nb causes a significant change in the continuous cooling transformation of austenite in tested steels. It can be seen from CCT that after the addition of Nb,the cooling rate range of ferrite and pearlite phase transformation decreases,the ferrite and pearlite transformation temperature decreases. Cooling rate interval for the bainite transformation is shifted to the right as a whole. The addition of Nb can refine the microstructure,and the hardness of the niobium containing steel is greater than that of the Nb-free steel. The TEM was used to observe the precipitates in the niobium containing steel at different cooling rates. It was found that Nb(C,N) was dispersed in the steel. With the increase of cooling rate,the precipitation of Nb(C,N) gradually decreased,and the size of the precipitated phase decrease first and then increase. Size of precipitates obtained is finer and the number of precipitates is larger at cooling rate of 2 ℃/s.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 81-88 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 14031KB] ( 371 )

	89	GAO Pei, CHENG Xiao-nong, LUO Rui
		Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and tensile strength of N06230 alloy seamless tube
		In order to provide reference for heat treatment of alloy seamless tubes,the effects of heat treatment process on the micostructure and tensile strength of cold-rolled N06230 alloy seamless tubes was studied by means of optical microscopy (OM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile test at room temperature. By OM and SEM characterization,the area percentage of M₆C carbides and grain size in the range of 1 200-1 300 ℃ and holding for 0.5-5.0 h were analyzed,and the kinetic model of grain size growth was established. The results show that there are a lot of W-rich M₆C carbides in the alloy,which have the characteristics of granular and dispersive distribution in the transverse direction,distributed in the chain along the rolling direction. Some M₆C carbides show elliptical characteristics,and the area percentage is about 1.97%. The tensile strength of seamless tube decreases with the increase of heat treatment temperature and the prolongation of holding time.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 89-95 [Abstract] ( 400 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 10104KB] ( 272 )

	96	CHEN Hui, YU Yi-shuang, WU Bin-bin, SHANG Cheng-jia
		Metallurgical design and high strength-toughness mechanism of ultrahigh strength-toughness oil pipeline steel
		To reveal the high strength-toughness mechanism of 1 000 MPa low carbon plus Nb,V,Ti oil pipeline steel,the relationship between chemical composition-process-microstructure and performance of two carbon content (S1(w(C)=0.09%) and S2(w(C)=0.17%)) oil pipeline steel was studied. Experiments showed that microstructure of S1 and S2 steel after water quenched were a mixture of lath bainite with a little martensite and martensite with a little lath bainite respectively. After tempered at 450-600 ℃ for 30 min,carbides precipitated in the microstructure of both steels. The yield strength of S1 steel after tempered remain unchanged and tensile strength declined slightly for about 70 MPa. Both the yield strength and tensile strength of S2 steel after tempered increased for 170 MPa. The calculation using solubility product formula showed that alloy elements Nb and Ti were completely precipitated in both steels after quenching,and the volume percent of Nb and Ti precipitations were very low. Therefore precipitation strengthening of VC in ferrite matrix after tempering played an important role in the maintaining of yield strength for S1 steel and the increasing of yield strength and tensile strength for S2 steel.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 96-103 [Abstract] ( 432 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 10989KB] ( 551 )

Environmental Protection and Energy

	104	WANG Xin-dong, LI Jian-xin, HU Qi-chen
		Application practice of source and process sulfur-nitrate reduction technology based on optimization of blast furnace charge structure
		On the premise of achieving ultra-low pollutant emission,HBIS actively carries out research and development of source and process sulfur-nitrate emission reduction technology in order to further reduce the total pollutant emission. Aiming at the characteristics of domestic mineral powder resources and the law of pollutant generation in pellets and sintering process,the fluxed pellet with low-emission and low-energy,which is suitable for high ratio pellet smelting,was developed to reduce the total pollutant emission. The heat absorption and release law of fluxed pellet during the roasting process was clarified,the technical problems such as green ball bursting and rotary kiln ring formation were overcame,the magnesium fluxed pellet with mass percent of SiO₂ above 4.5%,mass percent of MgO about 1.8%,and binary alkalinity (R₂) around 1.0 was developed with long-term continuous production. The roasting temperature and pellet quality control,combustion temperature and sulfur-nitrate production control technology were developed,so that the compressive strength of fluxed pellet was more than 2 200 N,the SO₂ production amount was 20% lower than that of acidic pellet,and the SO₂ and NO_x were reduced by 75% and 53% respectively than that of sinter. The blast furnace smelting integrated technology of high proportion pellet was developed. And the proportion of blast furnace pellet was increased from 20% to 80%,the fuel ratio was decreased by 11 kg/t,and the SO₂ and NO_x emission of per ton iron was reduced by 50% and 26% respectively. Quantitative analysis method of energy saving and emission reduction during the iron-making life cycle and the continuous improvement direction were put forward,and the source and process pollutant reduction was realized. It has been successfully extended to the online 2 000 m³ blast furnace,3 000 m³ blast furnace and 3 000 m³ blast furnace in Laoting plant of HBIS Group. It opens up a new direction for reducing the total pollutant emission of domestic iron and steel industry.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 104-110 [Abstract] ( 367 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 1316KB] ( 408 )

	111	WANG Fei, MAO Rui, MAO Shen-dong
		Utilization of converter sludge by rotary hearth furnace
		To make reasonable use of converter sludge and reduce the concentration of harmful elements in iron making process,the utilization of converter sludge by rotary hearth furnace was studied. Converter sludge had little effect on the quality of green balls,but it could increase the strength of dry balls,which could reduce the cracking and pulverization of pellets during transport and preheating process. The basicity and carbon content of raw materials were the key factors affecting the quality of metallized pellets,which were significantly affected by converter sludge. However the metallization rate and strength can be guaranteed by control the basicity between 0.75-0.85 and the mass percent of carbon between 11%-12%. The proportion of converter sludge was gradually increased from 8% to 24% during the industrial testing. The basicity and carbon content were adjusted by controlling the ratio of each raw material,and metallized pellets could meet the needs.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 111-116 [Abstract] ( 339 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 2008KB] ( 583 )

	117	LUO Yun-fei, QIAN Li-xin, LONG Hong-ming, ZHANG Yu-dong, WEI Ru-fei
		Effect of pretreatment sintering desulfurization ash addition on basic sintering characteristics of iron ore
		The most commonly used stacking disposal method of the sintering flue gas semi-dry desulfurization ash takes up land and is prone to secondary pollution. A technical idea of using the pre-treatment desulfurization ash to add into the sintering raw materials by replacement the CaO flux so as to make full use of the flux components was proposed,expecting to realize the closed-circuit resource utilization of the desulfurization ash in metallurgical enterprises. The thermal decomposition of desulfurized ash with carbon and the effect of the addition of pre-treatment desulfurization on the basic characteristics of the iron ore were studied. The results show that adding 1% coke powder can effectively improve the decomposition rate of desulfurization ash and reduce the generation of CaSO₄. Meanwhile,with the increasing of the addition proportion of pre-treated desulfurized ash,the assimilation temperature and bond phase strength of the iron ore increases first and then decreases, and the liquid phase fluidity increases monotonously. However,when the substitution ratio exceeds 40% the liquid phase fluidity creates the "false appearance" of great fluidity. The phase structure of the binding phase indicates that the suggested substitution ratio is less than 40%,which is beneficial to the formation of calcium ferrite in the quenched sample. Therefore,the best substitution ratio should be less than 40%.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 117-124 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 6730KB] ( 355 )

Technology Exchange

	125	ZHANG Li-guo, ZHANG Hong-yu, ZHU Jian-wei, ZHANG Wei, REN Wei, HU De-shun
		Analysis of radial sampling in tuyere at Chaoyang Iron and Steel blast furnace
		In order to distribute slag and iron in furnace and deteriorate the performance of radial coke. The composition of sampling equipment, the field installation and the radial sampling process in the tuyere at the No.1 BF in Chaoyang Iron and Steel Company were described. The chemical composition, particle size and thermal performance of the tuyere coke were tested, and the microstructure and graphitization degree of the tuyere coke in different parts were analyzed as well. The results showed that the length of the tuyere raceway was 1.7 m, the average particle size of the tuyere coke was 16.12 m, and the strength of the tuyere coke after the thermal reaction was 12.30%. Contrasting with other BFs in Ansteel, some problems exist such as the shorter tuyere raceway, the smaller coke particle size and worse coke thermal properties. The poor performance of the coke is one of the main factors for the deterioration of the blast furnace operation.
		2019 Vol. 54 (12): 125-131 [Abstract] ( 353 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 4195KB] ( 472 )

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