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2020 Vol. 55 No. 10
Published: 2020-10-15
Technical Reviews
Raw Material and Ironmaking
Steelmaking
Metal Forming
Materials
Environmental Protection and Energy
Technology Exchange
Technical Reviews
1
ZHU Guo-hai
A review on hydrogen-enriched reduction in blast furnace
In order to explore the feasibility of hydrogen enrichment in blast furnace, the source and cost of hydrogen was presented firstly, then summarizes the impact of hydrogen-rich gas reduction on the operation of BF (the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen reduction) from the theoretical and practical aspects, the reasonable selection of operating parameters of hydrogen-enriched BF such as raceway adiabatic flame temperature(RAFT), bosh gas total heat and chemical energy (TCE) and top gas temperature (TGT), the determination of the size of the BF raceway and the relationship between the raceway size and the BF permeability index and pressure drop were discussed. At the same time, the effect of increasing production and reducing coke by selecting different operating parameters for hydrogen-rich reduction was analyzed. Some issues to be studied in the hydrogen-rich BF, the effects of hydrogen enrichment on the use of BF off-gas, and the safety of hydrogen use were also introduced. The main contribution is to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of hydrogen enrichment on BF operation and the selection of operating parameters. Moreover, the connection between the determination of the raceway size and the Ergun equation was clarified.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 1-14 [
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Raw Material and Ironmaking
15
HU Xiang-yu, ZHANG Jian-liang, LIU Zheng-jian, JIAO Ke-xin, FAN Xiao-yue
Effect of slag composition on holdup rate of deadman in blast furnace hearth
In order to investigate the influence of blast furnace slag composition on the static holdup rate of slag in the deadman, a self-designed slag penetration coke experimental device was used to simulate the process of blast furnace slag flowing through the deadman in the hearth. The effect of basicity (
w
(CaO)/
w
(SiO
2
)) and
w
(MgO)/
w
(Al
2
O
3
) on the static holdup rate of slag were also studied. The results show that as the basicity increasing, the ability of the slag dripping through the packed coke beds increases and the static holdup rate decreases. When the
w
(MgO)/
w
(Al
2
O
3
) is relatively low, the static holdup rate is high. When the
w
(MgO)/
w
(Al
2
O
3
) ranges from 0.5 to 0.55, the static holdup rate reaches its minimum. When the
w
(MgO)/
w
(Al
2
O
3
) is relatively high, the static holdup of "liquid bridges" becomes larger due to the better wettability between slag and coke, and the static holdup rate increases to a certain extent. The process of slag passing through the coke layer is mainly a physical transmission process due to the poor wettability between coke and slag. However, the SiC phase produced on the coke/slag interface as a result of the penetration of slag through the pores of the coke can improve the wettability.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 15-20 [
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21
LU Jian-guang, LIU Xiao-jie, LÜ Qing
Selection of PMC ore size, preheating and roasting process parameters for pelletizing
In order to promote the efficient utilization of PMC ore powder, the effects of particle size, preheating, and roasting temperature of PMC ore powder on the compressive strength, reduction index, reduction degradation index, swelling rate, drum strength, porosity, and softening-melting properties of pellets were studied. The results indicate that, with the increase of preheating and roasting temperature, the compressive strength, reduction index, drum strength and softening-melting properties of pellets are improved, and the change of reduction degradation index is small; with the increase of roasting temperature, the swelling rate increases first and then decreases, and the porosity decreases; with the increase of preheating temperature, the swelling rate of No.1 pellets decreases, while the
swelling rate
of No.2 pellets increases slightly; with the increase of preheating temperature, the porosity of two kinds of PMC pellets first decreases and then increases, and the porosity is the lowest when preheating temperature is 950 ℃. According to the above research results, the best process parameters are determined by the weighted grey correlation method: the particle size of No.1 PMC, the preheating temperature is 925 ℃, and the roasting temperature is 1 300 ℃.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 21-28 [
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Steelmaking
29
WANG Wei-sheng, ZHU Hang-yu, SONG Ming-ming, LI Jian-li, HAN Yun, XUE Zheng-liang
Formation mechanism of non-metallic inclusions in Fe-23Mn-
x
Al-0.7C lightweight steels
The morphology and composition of inclusions were observed by SEM-EDS, and particle size distribution, number density, and area ratio of inclusions were analyzed by INCA Feature Analysis System. The results indicate that inclusions with the size from 1 to 5 μm were preponderant. When
w
([Al]) was 0.87%, there were mainly MnS, MnO, Al
2
O
3
, and Al
2
O
3
-MnS complex inclusions with an average size of 3.45 μm. Although the percentage of inclusions over 7 μm was higher, the total number of inclusions was smaller. When
w
([Al]) was 3.28%, there were mainly AlN, Al
2
O
3
, MnS, and AlN-MnS, AlN-Al
2
O
3
-MnS complex inclusions, and the wrapped MnS size was relatively small. There were more small size inclusions in Fe-23Mn-3.28Al-0.7C steel with an average size of 2.63 μm. When
w
([Al]) was up to 6.76%, the main inclusions were AlN and AlN-MnS with an average size of 2.93 μm, and the morphology of AlN inclusion was agglomeration. Besides, the precipitation behavior and transformation process of inclusions in Fe-23Mn-
x
Al-0.7C lightweight steels were studied by FactSage 7.3 thermodynamic calculation, and the calculation results provided a theoretical explanation for understanding experimental results.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 29-36 [
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) [
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37
HAO Guang-yu, YUAN Kang, GAO Jing, DENG Zhi-yin, ZHU Miao-yong
Formation mechanism of CaO-Al
2
O
3
-TiO
x
+TiN system inclusions in Ti-bearing gear steel
Industrial and laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the formation mechanism of a special kind of complex inclusions (TiN surrounded by CaO-Al
2
O
3
-TiO
x
) in 20CrMnTi gear steel, and thermodynamic calculations were also conducted to check the possibility of the formation of TiN by the dissolved elements in the liquid steel. It is found that Ti-Fe alloy has poor cleanliness and contains many Al
2
O
3
and TiN inclusions. At the steelmaking temperature, the reaction of dissolved Ti and N in steel to form TiN is thermodynamically impossible. The TiN core of the complex inclusions cannot be generated by the direct reaction between dissolved Ti and N in the steel but should be sourced from the Ti-Fe alloy. When the liquid CaO-Al
2
O
3
-TiO
x
inclusions collide with the undissolved TiN, TiN inclusions would be wrapped by the liquid inclusions, thus forming larger CaO-Al
2
O
3
-TiO
x
inclusions with a TiN core inside. Ti-Fe alloys with lower nitrogen content are suggested to control these inclusions.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 37-42 [
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43
ZUO Xiao-tan, ZHAO Li, ZHANG Hong-biao, TAO Qun-nan, CHEN Yong-feng, WANG Qiang-qiang
Effect of SEN structure on slag-scratch defect of 82B strand surface during continuous casting
To solve the problem of slag-scratch defect on the surface of the 82B steel strand,a three-dimensional mathematical model of 180 mm×180 mm billet mold was built in the light of a continuous casting site. The study was based on the thought of increasing the temperature on the steel-slag interface and improving the melting and lubrication of mold slag. Under the use of mold electromagnetic stirring(M-EMS) process,the distribution of flow field and temperature in mold were compared with different straight bore type submerged entry nozzle. The results showed that,as the SEN internal-external diameter changed from 40/100 mm to 30/70 mm,the flow field zone with speed bigger than 0.15 m/s was enlarged near both sides of SEN,the impact of flow on the wall was weakened as the maximum speed on the horizontal section circumfluence decreased from 0.44 m/s to 0.42 m/s,and the maximum speed of molten steel on the mold surface increased from 0.12 m/s to 0.15 m/s,the area with high temperature was expanded. Comprehensive effects indicated that with the decrease of the inner-outer diameter of SEN,the temperature of molten steel near the slag-steel interface increased while the flow field in the mold has a relatively small impact. According to the field measured data,after decreasing the inner-outer diameter of SEN,the consumption of mold slag increased from 0.189 kg/t to 0.228 kg/t and the occurrence of slag-scratch defect on billet surface decreased obviously. It indicated that the slag melting at the molten steel surface was good and the lubrication effect was improved. The mathematical model can provide a good guide for optimizing the production process.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 43-49 [
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258
) [
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Metal Forming
50
LÜ Qing-gong, XU Wen-jing, QIN Zi
Analysis on wall thickness eccentricity of three-roll rolled hollows of seamless steel tube
The wall thickness eccentricity control of hollows rolled by a three-roll tube mill is an important part of the wall thickness precision control of seamless steel tubes. Based on production trials,this paper analyzes the characteristics of the wall thickness eccentricity of hollows,establishes the theoretical calculation model of the wall thickness eccentricity of three-roll rolled hollows using analytical methods,carries out the prediction calculation and comparison according to the actual production conditions,analyzes the influence characteristics of the three-roll rolling process factors on the wall thickness eccentricity of hollows,and further discusses the methods to improve the wall thickness eccentricity of hollows. The results show that the basic characteristics of the wall thickness eccentricity of hollows are "eccentric screw type",accounting for more than 80% of the uneven wall thickness of hollows. The eccentricity of the wall thickness and temperature in shells are the most important factors affecting the wall thickness eccentricity of the three-roll rolled hollows. Increasing the reduction of the three-roll rolling,reducing the temperature of shells,increasing the height of the roll shoulder,and increasing the rotation speed of the rolls are conducive to reduce the wall thickness eccentricity of hollows.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 50-55 [
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56
WANG Dong-cheng, XU Yang-huan, YU Hua-xin, LIU Hong-min
Method of eliminating deflection interference signal of whole roll embedded flatness meter
Flatness measurement and control technology is necessary to produce high-end cold rolling strip.A series of new scientific and technological problems have been encountered during the development course of domestic flatness measurement and control system. How to eliminate the interference signal caused by the deflection of the whole roll embedded flatness meter was focused on. First of all, the structure characteristics of the whole roll embedded flatness meter and the particularity of the sensor connection type are analyzed. Then, the ideal waveform and the actual waveform characteristics of the flatness signal are analyzed, according to their characteristics, a new method of eliminating deflection interference signal is proposed. The interference signal phase is determined according to the characteristics of the fixed sensor installation position, while the interference signal amplitude is optimized with the flat waveform between the effective signals. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by examples and industrial applications. The results show that the method can effectively and accurately eliminate the additional deflection waveform, make the radial pressure and flatness distribution smoother, and effectively improve the detection accuracy.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 56-62 [
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Materials
63
JIN He-rong, KONG Yao-jie, ZHANG Yi, CUI Jing-bin, YI Ya-li
Interfacial structure of 316L/EH40 clad plate with iron-cobalt-nickel alloy as interlayer
In order to improve the vacuum degree of stainless steel clad plate with layer. A method for preparing layer from molten metal is proposed. Based on vacuum suction molding principle. With equal atomic ratio Fe-Co-Ni alloy is selected as the layer material. Filling it into the composite billet under the effect of vacuum pressure with a molten state. The hot rolling test is used to perform the hot compression forming test on the filling test,which process parameters is simulated by numerical simulation method. The morphology of the interface of the clad plate is analyzed by optical microscope SEM and other instruments. The results showed that,the layer is completely filled and the filling rate reaches 100%. The tensile strength and shear strength are 490 MPa and 319 MPa. The interface between Fe-Co-Ni alloy and stainless steel and carbon steel is flat,compound well and less oxide. The thickness of the layer after compression is greater than the diffusion distance of carbon and chromium and avoid chromium carbide formation.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 63-68 [
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69
WANG Yi, LI Chang-rong, ZENG Ze-yun, XI Zuo-bing
Crystallization of alumina modified by rare earth elements in SWRS82B steel
In order to further study and control the alumina inclusions in SWRS82B steel,the modification of alumina with rare earth element cerium was studied. The thermodynamics and edge-edge matching model were used to calculate the precipitation conditions of rare earth inclusions and the degree of interatomic mismatch between Al
2
O
3
and rare earth oxygen (sulfide) compounds,and between γ-Fe and rare earth oxygen (sulfide) compounds, which investigate the effectiveness of rare earth cerium inclusions as heterogeneous nucleation of Al
2
O
3
and γ-Fe,and further prove the effectiveness of rare earth cerium elements to modify B-type alumina inclusions and improve the properties of steel. The calculation results show that in the temperature range from 0 to 2 000 K,the Gibbs free energy for the reaction to generate CeAlO
3
inclusions is the lowest,and the possibility of cerium oxide (sulfide) formation is low under the same conditions,and the rare earth cerium oxide (sulfur) compound can be used as the core of heterogeneous nucleation of Al
2
O
3
,and the rare earth cerium oxy (sulfide) compound can be used as the core of heterogeneous nucleation of γ-Fe;Al
2
O
3
can effectively nucleate on the rare earth cerium oxide (sulfide) compound,and Al
2
O
3
is preferentially heterogeneous nucleation occurs on Ce
2
O
2
S;γ-Fe can effectively nucleate on Al
2
O
3
and rare earth cerium (sulfide) compounds,and γ-Fe preferentially nucleates on Al
2
O
3
,causing irregularly shaped alumina inclusions to transform into near-spherical cerium aluminate inclusions,revealing the mechanism of non-metallic inclusions in SWRS82B steel to degenerate. The actual effect of plastic inclusion treatment provides a theoretical basis.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 69-74 [
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75
ZHANG Teng-fei, PAN Hong-bo, SHEN Xiao-hui, LIU Hai-liang, LIU Wei-ming, YAN Jun
Effects of annealing processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Ni deep drawing dual-phase steel
In order to investigate the evolution of microstructure and properties of Cu-Ni alloy deep drawing dual phase steel,continuous cooling transformation behavior and continuous annealing process were studied in the laboratory by using DIL805A/D quenching thermal dilatometer and salt bath furnace. The results show that the phase transformation temperature of
A
c1 and
A
c3 is 821 ℃ and 969 ℃ respectively. The bainite transformation is occurred at a cooling rate of 0.5-60 ℃/s,and the ferrite transformation is occurred at a cooling rate of 0.5-5 ℃/s,however,the pearlite transformation does not occur when the cooling rate is 3 ℃/s. The microstructure of the tested steel is composed of ferrite and island martensite during annealing at 820-880 ℃. With the increase of annealing temperature,the strength and elongation decrease firstly and then increase,while the
r
value shows the opposite trend. The tested steel annealed at 880 ℃ obtains the optimum comprehensive mechanical properties with yield strength of 401.2 MPa,tensile strength of 451.4 MPa,elongation of 18.6%,and
r
value of 1.21.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 75-82 [
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83
LI Chen-qing, HOU Ya-qing, YANG Li, YAN Ai-jun, PAN Tao
Phase diagram calculation research of high temperature steam oxidation of superheater/reheater tube
In order to study the oxidation phenomenon caused by the reaction between the inner wall of the superheater/reheater pipe and the high temperature steam,the oxidation products of several steel pipes in different environments were theoretically analyzed by using the phase diagram calculation software of Thermo-Calc. The result shows that the regulation of high temperature steam environment should be related to the pipe material in practice. The change of composition in heat resistant steel does not affect the macrostructure of oxide layer but the composition of oxide. From T23 to P91 to TP347,with the increase of FeCr
2
O
4
in oxide layer,the antioxidant properties increased gradually. The HiperFer17Cr5 heat resistant steel,recently developed in Germany,can form a dense oxide layer dominated by FeCr
2
O
4
in a wide range of oxygen partial pressure. And due to the excellent high-temperature strength by adding W and Nb,the application is promising.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 83-88 [
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264
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368
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89
FENG Lu-lu, HU Feng, QIAO Wen-wei, LU Xiu-yu
Microstructure and properties of 09MnNiDR steel for -70 ℃ ultra low temperature environment
As a -70 ℃ ultra-low temperature steel,09MnNiDR has attracted a lot of attention due to its low cost and low Ni content. Refining ferrite grains and spheroidizing cementite are the main methods to improve its low temperature impact toughness. In order to investigate the effect of microstructure on its comprehensive mechanical properties,three different heat treatment processes were used. The microstructure of the test steel were observed by optical microscope,scanning microscope,and the mechanical properties of the test steel were test by tensile testing machine and low temperature impact toughness testing machine. The results showed that the ferrite grain size of the test steel was refined after normalizing,the grain size is grade 13,the -70 ℃ low temperature impact toughness no less than 180 J,and the ductile-brittle transition temperature is between -70 ℃ and -80 ℃. The grain size of test steel is further refined after normalizing+accelerated cooling by wind,the grain size is grade 14,both the strength and toughness are improved,and the ductile-brittle transition temperature is between -80 ℃ and -90 ℃. Test steel after normalizing + tempering,the lamellar or short rod cementite formed by normalizing degenerates into granular cementite,the strength is decreased and the low temperature impact toughness is improved,and the ductile-brittle transition temperature is decreased to -100 ℃. Different production enterprises can choose the appropriate heat treatment process to improve the low temperature impact toughness of 09MnNiDR,to meet the special needs of users.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 89-95 [
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291
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430
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96
ZHANG Bo, MENG Li, ZHANG Ning, HE Cheng-xu, YANG Fu-yao, MA Guang
Research progress of ultra-thin grain-oriented silicon steel
With the rapid development of ultrahigh-voltage direct current transmission system and flexible alternating current transmission system,ultra-thin grian-oriented silicon steel plays an irreplaceable role as the core material of anode saturated reactor. At the same time,with the requirement of energy saving and environmental protection,ultra-thin steel has become an important development direction of oriented silicon steel. In recent years,the preparation of ultra-thin grian-oriented silicon steel has become a research hotspot in the field of material metallurgy. In this paper,the preparation methods,research progress,influence factors of magnetic property and development direction of ultra-thin grian-oriented silicon steel were summarized,providing the reference basis for the development of ultra-thin grian-oriented silicon steel in future.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 96-102 [
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549
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780KB] (
690
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Environmental Protection and Energy
103
ZHANG Qi, WANG Xiao-zhuang, XU Li-song, SHEN Jia-lin
Analysis on coupling relationship of resource-energy-carbon emissions in steel production
As the basic industry of national economic construction,the steel industry has brought the problems of large consumption of resources and energy,high CO
2
emission and so on,which has attracted the attention of domestic and foreign countries. Based on a certain iron and steel enterprise in northern China,this paper analyzes the coupling relationship of resources,energy and carbon emission in the iron and steel production process and the related influencing factors with three typical coupling relationships as examples. The result of energy saving supply curve analysis and life cycle water footprint analysis shows that there is a synergistic effect between energy consumption,water resource consumption and carbon emission of the case enterprise. For example,from the perspective of energy saving technology,19 cost-effective energy-saving technologies can reduce energy consumption by 6.01 GJ/t,at the same time,they can also reduce industrial fresh water consumption by 1.35 m
3
/t,water footprint by 4.81 m
3
/t and CO
2
emission by 640.36 kg/t. Furthermore,the main influencing factors of the coupling relationship are analyzed,which are the power consumption structure,scrap input rate and the change of energy-saving technical parameters. This study provides theoretical basis and important reference for the sustainable development of China's iron and steel industry.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 103-114 [
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330
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1926KB] (
609
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Technology Exchange
115
YANG Hong-bo, KANG Jia, GUO Long-chuang, YAO Pei-wen, LIU Huan
Fractal characterization of shear fracture interface of TA2/Q235 explosive composite plate under service environment
In order to quantitatively study the relationship between shear strength and fractal dimension,and multifractal spectrum of TA2/Q235 explosive welded composite plate under service condition,and to identify the best fractal characterization method for TA2/Q235 composite plates,the service processes were simulated by heat treatment,shear experiments of the samples after service were carried out,and the fractal theory was introduced to characterize the shear fracture interface. The purpose of the above study is to establish the relation among shear strength,fractal dimension,and multiple fractal spectrums. The results show that after 200,400 and 600 ℃ service,the shear strength of the sample is negatively correlated with the width of the fracture multiple fractal spectrum. Combining with the analysis of the influence of residual stress elimination and recrystallization growth on shear fracture morphology of TA2/Q235 explosive composite plate,and comparing with fractal dimension,the multifractal spectrum can more accurately describe the mechanics′ information of fracture interface.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 115-119 [
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262
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621
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120
WEN Huai-yu, HAN Yi, ZENG Hui-min, XIAO Yao, WANG Zi-xin, ZHANG Hong-wang
Optimal design in sprocket electromagnetic metallurgy process
Electromagnetic induction heating technology has effectively saved steel manufacturing costs and actively promoted green manufacturing in the steel industry. Optimal design in the sprocket electromagnetic induction heating process is an important branch of producing high-quality sprocket. In the heat treatment of the sprocket,it is difficult to achieve uniform heating of the tooth profile of the ordinary circular coil at a single current frequency,which is easy to lead to uneven distribution of the hardness of the quenching layer,resulting in cracking of the sprocket. The profile coil has a better heating effect than the ordinary circular coil. Considering the actual processing cost and production demand,this paper proposes a kind of induction heating coil with a V-shaped angle at the top of the tooth,and the coil of the heater has a gap whose tooth tip is unequal to that of the tooth root. The electric-magnetic-thermal coupling temperature field model was established for the double sprocket,and experimental verification was conducted. It is found that this kind of coil with a V-shaped angle can improve the magnetic flux distribution in space compared with the circular coil,strengthen the proximity effect between the coil and the tooth root,weaken the proximity effect between the coil and the tooth tip,and improve the temperature uniformity of the sprocket along the tooth profile. A quantitative analysis was conducted to ascertain the effect of different electromagnetic parameters(current frequency and current density)and coil structural parameters(V-shaped angle and distance from the coil to the gear)on the heating rate and temperature uniformity. The V-shape angle structure of the coil is beneficial to improve the quality of electromagnetic heating of gear,which has important production value for promoting practical processing and application and improving the enterprise benefit,and it is conducive to promoting the production of the fine steel.
2020 Vol. 55 (10): 120-127 [
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346
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