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2011年 18卷 7期
刊出日期：2011-07-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
FAN Jian-jun,,QIU Guan-zhou,JIANG Tao,GUO Yu-feng,CAI Mei-xia
Roasting Properties of Pellets With Iron Concentrate of Complex Mineral Composition
Investigation was conducted on roasting properties of pellets with an iron concentrate of complex mineral composition. The results indicated that the pellets of complex mineral composition concentrate required higher preheating temperature and longer preheating time than that of single magnetite concentrate. Therefore, it is difficult for preheated pellets to withstand the mechanical collision in the roasting process in rotary kiln. It was found that after the iron concentrate being subjected to high pressure roll grinding, the specific surface area reached 2029.1 cm2/g. Consequently, the preheating and roasting temperature of pellets were decreased by 70 and 50 ℃ and preheating and roasting time were decreased by 2 and 4 min, respectively. Meanwhile, the compression strength of preheated and roasted pellets were increased by 200 N for a pellet and 220 N for a pellet, respectively. The mechanism lied in that the increase of specific surface area activated thermal reaction and promoted formation of iter-grain bridge.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 1-7 [
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8
YANG Jun,WANG Xin-hua,JIANG Min,WANG Wan-jun
Effect of Calcium Treatment on Non-Metallic Inclusions in Ultra-Low Oxygen Steel Refined by High Basicity High Al2O3 Slag
The influence of calcium treatment on non-metallic inclusions had been studied when control technology of refining top slag in ladle furnace was used in ultra-low oxygen steelmaking. A sufficient amount aluminium was added to experimental heats for final deoxidizing during BOF tapping, and the refining top slag with strong reducibility, high basicity and high Al2O3 in ladle furnace was used to produce ultra-low oxygen steel and the transformation of non-metallic inclusions in molten steel was compared by calcium treatment and no calcium treatment. The results show that the transformation of Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3 spinel→CaO-MgO-Al2O3 complex inclusions has been completed for aluminum deoxidation products and calcium treatment to molten steel is unnecessary when using the control technology of ladle furnace refining top slag to produce ultra-low oxygen steel, and the complex inclusions are liquid at the temperature of steelmaking and easily removable to obtain very high cleanliness steel by flotation. Furthermore, the problems of nozzle clogging in casting operations do not happen and the remaining oxide inclusions in steel are the relatively lower melting point complex inclusions.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 8-14 [
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15
HE Sheng-ping,HUANG Qing-yun,ZHANG Guo-xing,LU Yong-jian,WANG Qian
Solidification Properties of CaO-SiO2-TiO2 Based Mold Fluxes
In continuous casting of peritectic steel grades sensitive to longitudinal cracking, the solidification properties of mold fluxes play an important role in keeping smooth running of continuous casting process and achieving high surface quality of casting strands. To reduce fluorine pollution in molten slag, types of CaO-SiO2-TiO2 (CTS) based mold fluxes were investigated. The solidification and crystallization properties, including viscosity η at 1573 K, break temperature Tbr, crystallization ratio Rc and solidification mineragraphy were measured, which were compared with those of CaO-SiO2-CaF2 based mold fluxes. The experiments show that there are unstable viscosity-high temperature properties and high Tbr in part of CTS slag system, which are bad for lubrication between liquid flux film and strand. And when temperature is below Tbr, the viscosities change slowly during cooling in some part of this slag system, which imply that liquid mold fluxes solidify slowly and it is easy to cause surface longitudinal cracks on strand. Major mineragraphy of the CaO-SiO2-TiO2 based mold fluxes are CaO·TiO2 or CaO·TiO2 and CaO·SiO2·TiO2. TiN and Ti(C,N) can be formed in mold fluxes bearing high TiO2 during the continuous casting.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 15-19 [
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ZHANG Jin-ling,CUI Zhen-shan
Prediction of Velocity and Deformation Fields During Multipass Plate Hot Rolling by Novel Mixed Analytical-Numerical Method
An integrated mathematical model is proposed to predict the velocity field and strain distribution during multi-pass plate hot rolling. This model is a part of the mixed analytical-numerical method (ANM) aiming at prediction of deformation variables, temperature and microstructure evolution for plate hot rolling. First a velocity field with undetermined coefficients is developed according to the principle of volume constancy and characteristics of metal flow during rolling, and then it is solved by minimizing the total energy consumption rate. Meanwhile a thermal model coupling with the plastic deformation is exploited through series function solution to determine temperature distribution and calculate the flow stress. After that, strain rate field is calculated through geometric equations and strain field is derived by means of difference method. This model is employed in simulation of an industrial seven-pass plate hot rolling process. The velocity field result and strain field result are in good agreement with that from FEM simulation. Furthermore, the rolling force and temperature agree well with the measured ones. The comparisons verify the validity of the presented method. The calculation of temperature, strain and strain rate are helpful in predicting microstructure. Above all, the greatest advantage of the presented method is the high efficiency, it only takes 12 s to simulate a seven-pass schedule, so it is more efficient than other numerical methods such as FEM.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 20-27 [
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28
YANG Li-po,YU Bing-qiang,YU Hua-xin
Online Shape Dynamic Wrapping Angle Compensation Model of Cold Strip
In specific condition, when wrapping angle of cold rolling strip covering surface of shape detecting roll dynamically changes, online radial compression of the shape detecting roll is changed too, and it seriously affects online shape detecting precision of cold strip. Based on the latest intelligent shape meter developed by Yanshan University, using PSO-BP neural network and actual working condition datum, the cold strip online dynamic wrapping angle compensation model is established, and successfully applied in 1250 mm 6-high cold mill, remarkable results are achieved. The error between calculated values and measured values of total tensions is within 3%.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 28-32 [
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33
CHEN Bo,YANG Jian-xin,OUYANG Zhi-yun
Life Cycle Assessment of Internal Recycling Options of Steel Slag in Chinese Iron and Steel Industry
The internal recycling process of BOF slag which is one of the huge solid wastes from iron and steel industry was emphasized. Based on the four scenarios of different internal recycling strategies for BOF slag, life cycle assessment (LCA) as a valuable tool for industrial solid waste management was applied to analyze the contribution to reducing environmental impacts and resources burdens for each scenario. The global warming potential (GWP) results of the four scenarios show that the scenario which performs best in carbon reduction cuts off 14.2% of GWP impacts of the worst scenario. The results of this study show that the optimized internal recycling process of BOF slag can improve the environmental performance of crude steel. It is important to assess and choose an appropriate strategy to recycle BOF slag from LCA perspective to reduce the environmental impacts and resource burdens as much as possible.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 33-40 [
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材料
41
B Eghbali,M Shaban
Warm Deformation Microstructure of a Plain Carbon Steel
Grain refinement in a plain carbon steel under intercritical warm deformation was studied by torsion testing. Based on the experimental results, the warm flow behaviour and microstructural evolution of ferrite were researched with particular emphasis on the effect of the strain rate in controlling the grain refinement mechanism of ferrite. The deformed microstructures were investigated at various strain rates using optical microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The EBSD observations indicate that an increase in the strain rate leads to the development of new fine ferrite grains with high angle boundaries. Furthermore, it shows that the annihilation of dislocations occurs more readily at lower strain rate. The elongated ferrite grains continuously dynamically recrystallize to form the equiaxed fine ferrite grains. Thereby, the aspect ratio of elongated grains decreases with increasing the strain rate. Furthermore, the peak stress and steady state stress of ferrite both increase with increasing strain rate. Based on the study, the effect of strain rate on the development of fine ferrite grains during continuous dynamic recrystallization of ferrite was analyzed in detail.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 41-46 [
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LU Lu,,WANG Fu-zhong,WANG Zhao-xu,ZHU Guang-ya4,ZHANG Xing-xiang5
Constitutive Relationship of New Steel 33Mn2V and Its Application in Piercing Process by FEM Simulation
Based on test data from the hot forge experiments on Gleeble 1500, a Kumar type constitutive equation for 33Mn2V steel is established. Applying this constitutive equation in commercial FEM software of MSC/SuperForm 2005, the piercing process of 33Mn2V steel in Mannesmann mill is then simulated. The modeling results visualized the dynamic evolution of equivalent stress, especially inside the workpiece. It is shown that the non-uniform distribution of stress on the internal and external surface of the workpiece is a distinct characteristic of processing tube piercing. The numerical model was verified by comparing the values of calculated force parameters of the piercing process with those measured in laboratory conditions. And it shows that the Kumar-type constitutive relationship meets the practical needs.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 47-52 [
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53
SHI Ru-xing,LIU Zheng-dong
Hot Deformation Behavior of P92 Steel Used for Ultra-Super-Critical Power Plants
Hot compression tests of P92 steel at temperatures in the range of 1173 to 1523 K and at strain rates in the range of 0.1 to 10 s-1 were carried out on a Gleeble-3500 thermal-mechanical simulator, and the corresponding flow curves were measured. The results showed that the flow stress and the peak strain increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate. The critical Z value, below which the complete dynamic recrystallization may occur, was determined to have 4.61×1018. The hot deformation activation energy of the steel was about 437 kJ/mol. The hot deformation equation and the microstructure diagram of P92 steel were obtained. For the convenience of the practical application, the empirical equation for the peak stress can be described as σP=17.17ln+902499T-524.1.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 53-58 [
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LIU Yun-fei,PENG Yan,LIU Hong-min,ZHANG Jian
Modeling of γ→α Transformation Temperature Ar3 for High-Nb Pipeline Steel During Cooling Process
According to the research on the deformation resistance and the ferrite transformation behavior of X80 pipeline steel by using Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator, a mathematical model of the α-phase start transformation temperature for high-Nb pipeline steel was established, based on the transformation kinetics and thermodynamics. The influence of deformation and cooling rate as well as Nb content on the α-phase starting temperature was thoroughly investigated. The results given by the model were in good agreement with the experimental results, which showed that the model could predict the α-phase starting temperature for high-Nb pipeline steel during cooling process.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 59-63 [
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SONG Zhi-gang,WU Jiu,LIN Xiu-ji,WANG Li-xin,LI Guo-ping,ZHENG Wen-jie
Microstructure Evolution and Dynamic Softening Mechanism of 00Cr22Ni5Mo3N DSS During Hot Compression
Through plane strain compression, hot ductility of 00Cr22Ni5Mo3N DSS is studied under plane strain condition, and the dynamic softening mechanism is investigated through microstructure observation under TEM. The results show that the deformation temperature can markedly influence the peak stress of 00Cr22Ni5Mo3N specimens. And being different from DSS softening mechanism generally reported, ferrite can be softened through dynamic recovery and recrystallization, but austenite can be softened only through dynamic recovery during hot deformation. The unfavourable effect of N on softening capacity of austenite is greater than that of Ni.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 64-68 [
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ZHANG Rui-qian,LI Yan,WANG Xiao-min
Compatibility of Austenitic Steel With Molten Lead-Bismuth-Tin Alloy
The compatibility of the austenitic AISI 304 steel with Pb-Bi-Sn alloy was analyzed. The AISI 304 steels were immersed in stagnant molten Pb-33.3Bi-33.3Sn alloy at 400, 500 and 600 ℃ for different exposure times (100-2000 h) respectively. X-Ray diffraction spectrum (XRD) with a Y-4Q system (CuKα, λ=0.15478 nm) was used to identify the phases on the surface of specimens after exposing to Pb-Bi-Sn liquid metal (LM). The surface and cross section of the specimens were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The result showed that a FeSn alloy layer on the surface of all specimens was formed, and it prevented AISI 304 steel matrix from penetration attack and loss of alloy elements at 400 and 500 ℃.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 69-72 [
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WANG He-feng,TANG Bin,LI Xiu-yan
Microstructure and Wear Resistance of N-Doped TiO2 Coatings Grown on Stainless Steel by Plasma Surface Alloying Technology
N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) coatings were obtained by oxidation of titanium nitride coatings, which were prepared by the plasma surface alloying technique on stainless steel (SS). The microstructure of N-TiO2 coatings was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Ball-on-disc sliding wear was applied to test and compare the tribological behaviors of the coatings and substrate. XRD patterns showed that anatase type TiO2 existed in the coatings after oxidation. GDOES showed that the resultant coatings had a layered structure, comprising of N-TiO2 layer at the top and a diffusion-type interface. Such a hybrid coatings system showed good adhesion with the substrate. According to XPS, residual N atoms partially occupied O atom sites in the TiO2 lattice. Uniform, continuous and compact coatings were observed by SEM images of coatings after oxidation. Under a load of 7.6 N, the coefficient of friction was in the range of 0.27-0.38 for the N-TiO2/Al2O3 systems and the wear rate of the coatings was only one-fourteenth of that for untreated 316L SS. N-TiO2 coatings displayed much better wear resistance and antifriction performance than SS substrate.
2011 Vol. 18 (7): 73-78 [
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