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2011年 18卷 11期
刊出日期：2011-11-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
ZHANG Jian-liang,CHEN Yong-xing,FAN Zheng-yun,HU Zheng-wen,YANG Tian-jun,Tatsuro Ariyama
Influence of Profile of Blast Furnace on Motion and Stress of Burden by 3D-DEM
The objective of the present investigation is to analyze the influence of profile of blast furnace on the burden motion and stress field through 3D-DEM (three-dimensional discrete element method). It is clarified that the decrease of shaft angle speeds up the velocity of burden descending and decreases normal stress between particles or particle and wall. This change is good for the smooth operation of blast furnace. However, ore and coke would be mixed for the too small shaft angle (75°), which would influence the permeability in blast furnace. Thus, the appropriate shaft angle is around 80°. Decrease of bosh angle prevents the burden descending motion and increases normal stress between particles and bosh wall. Meanwhile, maximum normal stress acting on the wall moves from belly wall to bosh wall in the case of 68° bosh angle, which accelerates abrasion of refractory in bosh by friction force between particles and wall. Although burden descends smoothly in the case of 88° bosh angle, room is not enough for the ascending heated gas flow. Thus, the appropriate bosh angle is about 78°.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 1-6 [
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SUN Li-yuan,,LI Jing-she,ZHANG Li-feng,YANG Shu-feng,,CHEN Yong-feng,
Production of Nitrogen-Bearing Stainless Steel by Injecting Nitrogen Gas
To replace nickel-based stainless steel, a nitrogen-bearing stainless steel was produced to lower the production cost stemming from the shortage of nickel recourses. Thermodynamic model to calculate the saturated nitrogen content in the stainless steel was developed and the model was validated by experimental measurements performed with a high temperature induction furnace. Nitrogen gas under constant pressure was injected into the molten steel with a top lance. Thus, the nitrogen was transferred to the molten stainless steel. The effects of chemical composition, temperature, superficial active elements and nitrogen flow rate on the transfer of nitrogen to the steel were investigated and discussed. The results showed that the dissolution rate of nitrogen in the molten steel increases with a higher temperature and larger nitrogen flow rate but decreases significantly with an increase in the content of surface-active elements. Alloying elements such as chromium and manganese having a negative interaction coefficient can increase the dissolution of nitrogen in the molten steel. It was also proposed that the primary factor affecting the final saturated nitrogen content is temperature rather than the dissolved oxygen content.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 7-11 [
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12
WANG Ming-lin,L Ying-hua,YANG Wen-yuan,LI Shu-gui,XU Xiao-wei
Selection of Oxygen Pressure in BOF Steelmaking
Based on the on-site investigation and the principle of compressible flow, the working oxygen pressure should be matched to the Mach-number at the nozzle in designing nozzle and oxygen supply schedule so that the higher penetration depth and the more blending energy can be obtained for reducing energy loss by shock wave in the ultrasonic oxygen jet in the normal BOF steelmaking. For some special BOF blowing technologies, such as steelmaking with high phosphorus hot metal, post combustion oxygen lance, hot metal pretreatment, etc, the difference between working oxygen pressure and designed diffusion pressure which is related to Mach-number is necessary, so that the velocity of the oxygen jet will be decreased because of shock wave for expected metallurgical results.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 12-16 [
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WANG Nan,LIANG Zhi-gang,CHEN Min,ZOU Zong-shu
Phosphorous Enrichment in Molten Adjusted Converter Slag:Part I Effect of Adjusting Technological Conditions
The effects of adjusting technological conditions on the phosphorous enrichment of adjusted converter slag were investigated. The results showed that the phosphorus could be effectively enriched to 2CaO·SiO2 and 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution (SS, namely phosphorus-rich phase) to be formed with the decreasing of basicity and cooling rate. Moreover, the morphology of the phosphorus-rich phase changed from granular for the original converter slag with higher basicity to the coexistence of granular shape and rod-like for the adjusted slag with lower basicity. P2O5 content in phosphorus-rich phase exceeded 30% while the basicity was 13 at the cooling rate of 10 ℃/min.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 17-19 [
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20
LI Yan,MAO Zhi-zhong,WANG Yan,YUAN Ping,JIA Ming-xing
Model Predictive Control Synthesis Approach of Electrode Regulator System for Electric Arc Furnace
In electric arc furnace smelting, electrode regulator system is a key link. A good electrode control algorithm will reduce energy consumption effectively and shorten smelting time greatly. The offline design online synthesis model predictive control algorithm is proposed for electrode regulator system with input and output constraints. On the offline computation, the continuum of terminal constraint sets will be constructed. On the online synthesis, the time-varying terminal constraint sets will be adopted and at least one free control variable will be introduced to solve the min-max optimization control problem. Then Lyapunov method will be adopted to analyze closed-loop system stability. Simulation and field trial results show that the proposed offline design online synthesis model predictive control method is effective.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 20-25 [
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26
ZHAO Yang,YANG Quan,HE An-rui,WANG Xiao-chen,ZHANG Yun
Precision Plate Plan View Pattern Predictive Model
According to the rolling features of plate mill, a 3D elastic-plastic FEM(finite element model) based on full restart method of ANSYS/LS-DYNA was established to study the inhomogeneous plastic deformation of multi-pass plate rolling. By analyzing the simulation results, the difference of head and tail ends predictive models was found and modified. According to the numerical simulation results of 120 different kinds of conditions, precision plate plan view pattern predictive model was established. Based on these models, the sizing MAS (mizushima automatic plan view pattern control system) method was designed and used on a 2800 mm plate mill. Comparing the rolled plates with and without PVPP (plan view pattern predictive) model, the reduced width deviation indicates that the plate plan view pattern predictive model is precise.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 26-30 [
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材料
31
Havva Kazdal Zeytin,Hakan Yildirim,Banu Berme,Selim Duduolu,Gürkan Kazdal,Adem Deniz
Effect of Boron and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of White Cast Iron for Mining Application
Heat treatment methods were applied to white cast iron for improving the impact and wear resistance. Additionally, chemical composition optimization was made. Furthermore, the effect of boron addition on such applications was investigated. Samples were investigated by using optical and electron microscope methods. Hardness, wear and impact tests were conducted. The results showed that the secondary carbides in the standard alloy were iron-enriched, needle-like carbides M3C when the boron-added alloy contained Fe23(C,B)6 type, globular secondary carbides. It was concluded that heat treatment B provided higher wear and hardness properties, compared to the standard heat treatment. Optimum mechanical properties were obtained by lower destabilisation temperatures and increasing temperature reduced the wear resistance and hardness.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 31-39 [
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40
HOU Xiao-ying,XU Yun-bo,ZHAO Yan-feng,WU Di
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled Low Silicon TRIP Steel Containing Phosphorus and Vanadium
The microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of a low-silicon TRIP steel containing phosphorus and vanadium at different finish rolling temperatures were studied by laboratory hot rolling experiments. Different ratios of multiphase microstructure (ferrite, granular bainite and retained austenite) are obtained. With a decrease in finish rolling temperature, the volume fractions of ferrite and retained austenite increase. EBSD analysis reveals that most of the ferrite grains are fine, and decreasing of finish rolling temperature leads to an increase in low angle boundaries. Under the joint effects of fine grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening, higher strength is obtained. When the finish rolling temperature is decreased to 800 ℃, the steel has excellent mechanical properties: Rp02=470 MPa; Rm=960 MPa; Rp02/Rm=049; A50=197%; n=025.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 40-45 [
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FANG Xiu-hui,YANG Ping,LU Fa-yun,MENG Li
Dependence of Deformation Twinning on Grain Orientation and Texture Evolution of High Manganese TWIP Steels at Different Deformation Temperatures
Mechanical properties, microstructure and texture evolution were studied in two tensile-deformed high manganese TWIP steels at different temperatures. Special attention was paid to the effects of deformation temperature and grain orientation on twinning behavior. The results showed that, at -70 ℃ and at room temperature, both twins and hexagonal martensite were found in a lower manganese steel of 26Mn. With deformation temperature rising, twins became less and they disappeared at 500 ℃. Strong <111> texture appeared at 300 ℃, while it weakened at 500 ℃ due to the low strain rate and higher stacking fault energy. EBSD measurement revealed the dependence of deformation twinning on grain orientation at all test temperatures.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 46-52 [
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SONG Ren-bo,XIANG Jian-ying,HOU Dong-po
Characteristics of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure for 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel
A comparative study on mechanical properties and microstructure of 316L austenitic stainless steel between solution treated specimen and hot rolled specimen was conducted. After a specimen was subjected to solution treatment at 1050 ℃ for 6 min, its mechanical properties were determined through tensile and hardness tests. Based on the true stress vs true strain and engineering stress vs engineering strain flow curves, the work hardening rate has been explored. The results show that the solution treated specimen has an excellent combination of strength and elongation, and that this steel is easy to work-hardening during deformation. Optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction examinations were conducted, these reveal that twins in 316L austenitic stainless steel can be divided into suspended twin and transgranular twin which have different formation mechanisms in growth, and that the deformation induced martensite nucleated and grown in the shear band intersections can be observed, and that the fracture surfaces are mainly composed of dimples and exhibit a tough fracture character.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 53-59 [
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LIU Yu-rong,YE Dong,YONG Qi-long,SU Jie,ZHAO Kun-yu,JIANG Wen
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Property of Cr13 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel
The microstructures and mechanical properties of Cr13 super martensitic stainless steel after different heat treatments were studied. The results show that the structures of the steel after quenching are of lath martensite mixed with a small amount of retained austenite. With the raising quenching temperature, the original austenite grain size increases and the lath martensite gradually becomes thicker. The structures of the tempered steel are mixtures of tempered martensite and reversed austenite dispersed in the martensite matrix. The amount of reversed austenite is from 754% to 2249%. After different heat treatments, the tensile strength, the elongation and the HRC hardness of the steel are in the range of 813-1070 MPa, 101%-212% and 2133-3237, respectively. The steel displays the best comprehensive mechanical properties after the sample is quenched at 1050 ℃ followed by tempering at 650 ℃.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 60-66 [
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ZHANG Wei,YU Yan,FANG Yuan,LI Jian-guo
Effect of Coating on Instantaneous Interfacial Heat Transfer During Near-Rapid Solidification
For many rapid or near-rapid solidification processes, the interfacial heat transfer between the melt and the substrate is a key issue on the cooling and solidification rate of castings. For the purpose of controlling and adjusting of the interfacial thermal resistance, the effects of C/BN, Zn and organic coatings on the instantaneous interfacial heat flux and the solidified structure of AISI304 stainless steel solidification on copper substrate have been investigated by using an experimental simulator. The results show that C/BN coatings can improve the uniformity of heat flux and solidified structure; Zn coating can increase the heat flux and solidification rate in the growth stage of the solidified shell; organic coating will decrease the heat flux and the solidification rate and make re-melted structure on the surface of the solidified shell.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 67-73 [
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YANG Ke,ZHANG Zhi-xi,HU Wang-qin,BAO Ye-feng,JIANG Yong-feng
A New Type of Submerged-Arc Flux-Cored Wire Used for Hardfacing Continuous Casting Rolls
It is expected that the welding hardfacing of continuous casting rolls has better welding performance and higher wear resistance. A new type of submerged-arc hardfacing flux-cored wire has been developed through nitrogen replacing part of carbon and addition of the nitrogen-fixing elements of niobium and titanium. And microstructure, degree of hardness and high-temperature wear resistance of its deposited metal samples were also investigated. It is found that the microstructure is martensite, residual austenite and carbonitride precipitates. As a result, the hardfacing metal with homogeneous distribution of very fine carbonitride particles had high hardness and excellent wear-resisting property during high-temperature wear, which could significantly extend the service life of continuous casting rolls.
2011 Vol. 18 (11): 74-79 [
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