钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2016年 23卷 3期
刊出日期：2016-03-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
185
Hua-wei ZHANG,Xiang-hua LIU,Li-zhong LIU,Ping HU,Jia-lu WU
Forming Limit and Thickness Transition Zone Movement for Tailor Rolled Blank during Drawing Process
The process of automobile lightweight can be promoted by the application of tailor rolled blank (TRB) in the automobile industry. Therefore, research on the formability of TRB is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight. Aiming at the present condition of lack of researches on the influence of characteristic parameters on TRB drawing process, the drawing formability of TRB was studied with a combination method of simulation and experiment by taking square box as the research object. Firstly, drawing simulation and experiment of TRB were carried out. Then, effects of thickness transition zone (TTZ) position and blank size on the drawing formability of TRB were analyzed. Forming limit and TTZ movement for TRB square box during the drawing process were respectively discussed, when transition zones of TRB were located at different positions and blanks were of different sizes. The results indicate that lubrication condition exerts greater influence on TRB forming limit in comparison with TTZ movement, and the smaller blank size and TTZ being located at the blank center or slightly offset to the thinner side are preferable for acquiring greater forming limit and smaller TTZ movement.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 185-189 [
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190
Ying-ying YUE,Cheng-jun LIU,Pei-yang SHI,Mao-fa JIANG,Li-yan QIN,Guang-wei FAN
Descaling Behavior of 430 Hot-rolled Stainless Steel in HCl-based Solution
Descaling of hot-rolled stainless steel is generally implemented through pickling process in HNO3-HF mixed acids, which induces severe environmental concerns of nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases and nitrites. According to the electrochemical measurement, the mass loss test and the appearance analysis, a new pickling process which employed HCl-based solution was proposed and evaluated to provide theoretical basis for the development of environment-friendly and highly effective pickling process. Under the experimental condition, the HCl-based solution can compete with ordinary HNO3-HF mixed acids in terms of pickling efficiency, surface integrity and the removal of Cr-depleted layer. The descaling process of 430 hot-rolled stainless steel in the HCl-based solution consisted of three steps. The descaling solution penetrated the oxide scales into the underlying metal, dissolving the Cr-depleted layer and part of substrates. The oxide scales peeled off from the stainless steel and a polished and smooth surface was exposed. The descaled stainless steel was dissolved uniformly in the HCl-based solution; therefore, the pickling duration was vital for desired surface integrity. Under the static condition, the appropriate descaling time of 430 hot-rolled stainless steel in HCl-based solution was 400 s.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 190-196 [
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197
Xiu-li HAN,Yi-fei ZHANG,Lei LIU,Li-na LIU,Han ZHANG
Effect of Soda Ash on Properties of Mold Flux and Mineralogical Structures of Flux Film
During continuous casting, properties of mold flux and mineralogical structures of flux film play important roles in controlling steel quality. The effect of soda ash on the physical properties and crystallization characteristics of mold flux was investigated using process mineralogy, including polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe, etc. Mold flux was mainly prepared using cement clinker and industrial mineral materials under laboratory conditions, and the mineralogical structures of the flux film were systematically identified and quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that, by increasing the soda ash content from 10 mass% to 18 mass%, the crystallization temperature, critical cooling rate and crystallization ratio of the flux film decreased, but the crystallization ratio still reached 75% after adding soda ash, and the mineral compositions and microstructures of the flux film changed slightly. When the soda ash content exceeded 14 mass%, the critical cooling rate and the crystallization ratio decreased slightly, whereas the mineral content of the flux film changed evidently, with a large amount of cuspidine precipitation and a significant decrease in the wollastonite content until it reached zero, which resulted in deterioration of the lubrication of the flux film.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 197-202 [
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203
Lin SHI,You-bin WEN,Guang-sheng ZHAO,Tao YU
Recognition of Blast Furnace Gas Flow Center Distribution Based on Infrared Image Processing
To address the problems about the difficulty in accurate recognition of distribution features of gas flow center at blast furnace throat and determine the relationship between gas flow center distribution and gas utilization rate, a method for recognizing distribution features of blast furnace gas flow center was proposed based on infrared image processing, and distribution features of blast furnace gas flow center and corresponding gas utilization rates were categorized by using fuzzy C-means clustering and statistical methods. A concept of gas flow center offset was introduced. The results showed that, when the percentage of gas flow center without offset exceeded 85%, the average blast furnace gas utilization rate was as high as 41%; when the percentage of gas flow center without offset exceeded 50%, the gas utilization rate was primarily the center gas utilization rate, and exhibited a positive correlation with no center offset degree; when the percentage of gas flow center without offset was below 50% but the sum of the percentage of gas flow center without offset and that of gas flow center with small offset exceeded 86%, the gas utilization rate depended on both the center and the edges, and was primarily the edge gas utilization rate. The method proposed was able to accurately and effectively recognize gas flow center distribution state and the relationship between it and gas utilization rate, providing evidence in favor of on-line blast furnace control.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 203-209 [
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210
Wei WU,Jian-jun GAO,Jia-qing ZENG,Yuan-hong QI,Jian-chang WANG,Xi-dong ZHANG
Reduction of Carbon-bearing Pellets of Oolitic Hematite in a Shaft Furnace
When carbon-bearing pellets of oolitic hematite are treated in a shaft furnace, some problems are typically encountered: the metallization ratio of the metal pellets is low; the carbon-bearing pellets bond with each other at high temperatures; and the separation of phosphorus from iron is difficult. To solve these problems, experiments were conducted on oolitic hematite reduction in a resistance furnace and semi-industrial test shaft furnace. The results showed that the metallization rate reached 90% or greater under the conditions of a reduction temperature of 1150 ℃, an atmosphere of simulated flue gas, and a reduction time between 1.5 and 2.0 h. The problem of high-temperature bonding among pellets can be solved by increasing the strength of the pellets, coating their surface with a surface transfer agent and maintaining an even temperature inside the shaft furnace. The basicity of the ore blend exerted no obvious effect on the magnetic concentrate and phosphorus content. The phosphorus content in the magnetic concentrate can be further reduced by improving the grinding capacity of the ball mills used in the experiments. On the basis of the experimental results related to oolitic hematite reduction with carbon-bearing pellets in a shaft furnace, the experimental requirements were satisfied with an average 88.27% total Fe content and 0.581% P content in the pellets.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 210-219 [
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Material
220
Shen-gen ZHANG,Jian YANG,Bo LIU,De-an PAN,Chun-li WU,Alex A. VOLINSKY
One-step Crystallization Kinetic Parameters of the Glass-ceramics Prepared from Stainless Steel Slag and Pickling Sludge
One-step crystallization is one of the most energy conserving methods for glass-ceramics preparation. However, only a few kinetics studies focused on the glass-ceramics prepared by the one-step crystallization. The one-step crystallization kinetic parameters were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The activation energy (Ea) and the Avrami parameter (n) were calculated as 152.79 kJ·mol-1 and 4.39, respectively. These parameters indicate that continuous nucleation and three-dimensional crystal growth are the dominating mechanisms in the one-step crystallization process of the parent glass. The properties of the obtained glass-ceramics can be compared to the glass-ceramics prepared by the two-stage heat treatment and sintering method. This crystallization kinetics research can be used to evaluate the one-step crystallization potential of a parent glass.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 220-224 [
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225
Hua-dong FU,Yuan-ke MO,Long-chao ZHUO,Zhi-hao ZHANG,Jian-xin XIE,
Effect of Warm Rolling on Micro-deformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Columnar-grained Fe-6.5 mass%Si Alloy
Micro-deformation behavior and mechanical properties of columnar-grained Fe-6.5 mass%Si alloy before and after warm rolling were investigated by means of micro-indentation and three-point bending tests. The results show that the columnar-grained Fe-6.5 mass%Si alloy before warm rolling presents sink-in mode of micro-indentation, while pile-up mode with a number of arc-shaped deformation bands exists in the warm-rolled alloy. Compared with that of the alloy before warm rolling, the maximum bending fracture stress and maximum bending fracture deflection of the warm-rolled alloy are increased by 96% and 50%, respectively. The different micro-deformation behavior and mechanical properties of the columnar-grained Fe-6.5 mass%Si alloy are ascribed to the changes of dislocation density, dislocation configuration and long-range order degree, which significantly improve the room temperature plasticity of the alloy after warm rolling.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 225-230 [
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231
Hui-bin WU,Di WANG,Peng-cheng ZHANG,Jin-ming LIANG,Sheng LIU,Di TANG
Influences of Alloying Elements on Oxidation Behavior of Steels and Microstructure of Oxide Scales
In order to figure out the oxidation behavior of steels during heating, five micro-alloyed steels were subjected to continuous and isothermal oxidation using the thermo gravimetric analyzer and the Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. The microstructure of oxide scales, especially the thickness fractions of Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO layers, was analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The micro-alloyed steels containing alloying elements (Si, Cr, Ni and Cu) show a higher oxidation resistance compared with the low carbon steel. It is found that alloying elements accumulated at scale/substrate interface during high temperature oxidation. Alloying elements function in two ways in the oxidation of steels: one is enhancing the scale/substrate interface and consequently suppressing the blister of scales; and the other is impeding the outward diffusion of iron cations from substrate to scales, resulting in the decrease of oxidation rate. As the diffusion of iron cations is impeded, the thickness fractions of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 of micro-alloyed steels are more than those of low carbon steels.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 231-237 [
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238
Xin-gang LIU,Li-ge ZHANG,Rong-sheng QI,Lei CHEN,Miao JIN,Bao-feng GUO
Prediction of Critical Conditions for Dynamic Recrystallization in 316LN Austenitic Steel
Hot compression experiments conducted on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator and metallographic observation tests were employed to study the critical conditions of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of 316LN austenitic stainless steel. The true stress-true strain curves of 316LN were obtained at deformation temperatures ranging from 900 ℃ to 1200 ℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.001 s-1 to 10 s-1. Based on the above tests, the critical conditions of DRX were determined and compared with those obtained from work-hardening theory and the Cingara-McQueen flow stress model. Furthermore, the microstructure was observed to validate the calculated results. The ratio of critical strain to peak strain (εc/εp) for 316LN was determined, and the quantitative relationship between the critical strain and the deformation parameters of 316LN was elucidated. The results demonstrated that the onset of DRX corresponds to the constant normalized strain hardening rate (Γ), namely, the critical strain hardening rate Γc for 316LN is equal to 0.65.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 238-243 [
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244
Ming MA,Hua DING,Zheng-you TANG,Jing-wei ZHAO,Zhou-hua JIANG,Guang-wei FAN
Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate on Flow Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Super Duplex Stainless Steel under Hot Deformation
duplex stainless steel; hot deformation behavior; dynamic recovery; dynamic recrystallization; strain partition
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 244-252 [
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614
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253
Yao HUANG,Xue-li ZHANG,Wei-ning LIU,Xu-min WANG,Jun-ke HAN
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of NANOBAIN Steel
The microstructure and mechanical properties of NANOBAIN steel treated at different isothermal temperatures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), uniaxial tensile tests and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that bainitic ferrite (BF) plate was made of basic shear transformation units arranged in the same direction of subunits. The existence of defects, such as nanoscale twinning and dislocation, suggested that the growth of transformation units was controlled by the surrounding defect plane with dislocation, which was consistent with the moving direction of BF/austenite interface parallel to the twinning plane. The behavior of work hardening indicated that mechanical stability of microstructures obtained at 250 ℃ and 300 ℃ was much more stable than that obtained at 210 ℃. The evolution of carbon partitioning in retained austenite and bainitic ferrite also indicated that austenite was enriched in carbon at the initial stage step by step; after the formation of BF, the austenite did not seem to be greatly enriched in carbon and the carbon content showed a little decrease instead; subsequently, a phenomenon of little decarburization of supersaturated bainitic ferrite has also been found.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 253-260 [
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511
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261
Nancy M. LOPEZ GRANADOS,Armando SALINAS RODRIGUEZ
EBSD Investigation on Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Transformation Textures of High Strength Hot-rolled Steel Plates
The effect of cooling rate on the microstructure and transformation textures of high strength hot-rolled steels was investigated. Heat treated samples subjected to different cooling conditions were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopes using orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The experimental results demonstrate that there is a significant effect of cooling rate on microstructures and textures resulting from phase transformation. Slow cooling rates lead to the appearance of the cube (001)［010］, rotated cube (001)［110］/(001)［110］, Goss (110)［001］ and rotated Goss (110)［110］ components. In contrast, textures developed at rapid cooling rates are preferably of Cu (112)［111］, Br (110)［112］, transformed Cu (113)［110］ and transformed Br (332)［113］/(112)［131］. These texture changes are attributed to the selective character of the phase transformation. The OIM technique was used to have a better understanding of the formation of phases and their relationship between microstructure and processing conditions. The volume fraction of micro-constituents resulting from phase transformation such as bainite, martensite and different types of ferrite, can be measured satisfactorily by this technique correlating image quality of EBSD patterns to specific phases.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 261-269 [
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270
Jie ZHANG,,She-ming JIANG,Qi-fu ZHANG,Chang-sheng LIU
Effect of Temperature on Microstructure and Formability of Al-10 mass% Si Coatings
The type-1 aluminized (Al-10 mass% Si) coating on hot stamped steel is used in commercial applications. The effect of temperature on microstructure and formability of the Al-10 mass% Si coating was investigated. Hot-dip aluminized 22MnB5 steel was heated at 870, 900, 930, and 1050 ℃ for 5 min. After heat treatment at different temperatures, the microstructure of Al-10 mass% Si was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that when the Al-10 mass% Si coating was heated at 870 ℃ for 5 min, three types of intermetallic phases were formed: two ternary Fe-Si-Al phases (Fe2SiAl7+Fe2Si2Al5 and Fe2SiAl2+Fe2Si2Al5) and one binary Fe-Al phase (FeAl3). The phases in the coating became Fe2SiAl2+Fe2Si2Al5 and FeAl3, the binary Fe-Al phase near the interface became Fe2Al5 and the Si-rich layers were decreased with the increase of heating temperature. When the heat treatment was 1050 ℃ for 5 min, the Si-rich layer disappeared, the coating consisted of FeAl and Fe3Al, and the Kirkendall voids were formed. When the heating temperature was increased through 870, 900, and 930 ℃, the coating hardness was reduced and cracks were formed in the coating after hot stamping. The formability of the coating with temperature change was confirmed by a hot stamping test. When heated at 1050 ℃, the coating was formable but continuous Kirkendall voids were observed.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 270-275 [
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276
Hai-yun LIU,Zhi-liang SONG,Qing CAO,Shao-ping CHEN,Qing-sen MENG
Microstructure and Properties of Fe-Cr-C Hardfacing Alloys Reinforced with TiC-NbC
The hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys with different contents of TiB2 and Nb were prepared by self-shielded flux cored arc welding. The microstructure of a series of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys added with various TiB2 and Nb contents was investigated by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, their Rockwell hardness, microhardness and resistance to abrasive wear were tested. The results showed that the microstructure of a series of hypereutectic Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys consisted mainly of martensite, austenite, primary M7C3 carbides and eutectic M7C3 carbides. With the addition of TiB2, a new hard-phase TiC was produced in the hardfacing alloys. And in the alloys added with TiB2 and Nb, a new hard composite phase TiC-NbC was formed. The microhardness of the matrix was improved by adding TiB2 and Nb, but the effect on the Rockwell hardness of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys was insignificant. The addition of TiB2 and Nb can also decrease the size of the primary M7C3 carbides and make the primary M7C3 homogeneous. As a result, the reinforced matrix, the more homogeneous primary M7C3 carbides, and the new hard-phase TiC-NbC all improved the wear resistance of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloys.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 276-280 [
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281
Guang-hong WANG,Sheng-guan QU,Zhi-hua XIONG,Fu-qiang LAI,Xiao-qiang LI,Mao-sheng YANG
Wear Behavior and Mechanism of a Sliding Pair of 0.1C-3Cr-2W-V Nitrided Steel Rubbing against an Aluminum Bronze Alloy
Wear behavior and mechanism of plasma nitrided steel oscillating against a heat-treated and an untreated aluminum bronze alloy were investigated using an Optimol SRV tribometer. The influence of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the alloy was evaluated. Furthermore, the wear debris was also examined to understand the wear mechanisms. The results show that a 220-230 μm nitrided layer, which was harder than the substrate, was obtained on the steel surface. The tensile strength and hardness of the alloy are found to be significantly improved by the heat treatment associated with low impact toughness. The heat treatment of the alloy did not obviously decrease the friction coefficient of the nitrided steel-bronze couple. However, the wear loss of the nitrided steel increased when it mated with the treated bronze by a severe three-body abrasion. The nitrided steel was mainly damaged by fatigue spalling. Under plane contact conditions, the wear debris was mainly generated from the bronze part and can escape from the interface before being oxidized, leading to the phase structure of all the debris being copper rather than copper oxides.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 281-288 [
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Shi-meng ZHOU,,Xing-wang CHENG,,You-jing ZHANG,,Meng WANG,,Wen JIANG,,Hong-nian CAI,
Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high-strength Bainitic Steel Containing W and 0.33 mass% C
A novel ultra-high-strength bainitic steel was designed. The analysis of its mechanical properties by quasi-static testing showed that upper bainitic steel exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 2260 MPa (engineering stress) and an ultimate compressive strength of more than 2700 MPa (true stress). The ultra-high strength of upper bainitic steel was mainly attributed to untempered martensite and upper bainite with a feather-like microstructure. Moreover, lower bainitic steel demonstrated an ultimate tensile strength of 1922 MPa (engineering stress) and an ultimate compressive strength of 2500 MPa (true stress). The ultra-high strength of lower bainitic steel was primarily due to untempered martensite and lower bainite with an acicular microstructure. The untempered martensite in the two kinds of bainitic steels was produced in different ways. The dynamic test results showed that the ultimate compressive strengths of the two bainitic steels were maintained at 1600 MPa (true stress) under high strain rates (1100 and 2200 s-1) at 600 ℃, because of the added tungsten, confirming the satisfactory hot hardness property of the steel. Furthermore, lower bainitic steel showed better comprehensive mechanical properties than upper bainitic steel.
2016 Vol. 23 (3): 289-296 [
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