钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2016年 23卷 12期
刊出日期：2016-12-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
1243
Shu-guo ZHENG,Miao-yong ZHU
Modelling Effect of Circulation Flow Rate on Inclusion Removal in RH Degasser
Based on the similarity principles, a 1∶7 scale physical model was established to study the behavior of molten steel flow and inclusion removal in a 145 t Rheinsahl-Heraeus (RH) degasser. On the basis of the quantitative measurements of the circulation flow rate and inclusion removal under various lifting gas flow rates, the effect of circulation flow rate on inclusion removal was investigated in the RH degasser. The inclusion removal rate shows the trend of first increase and then decrease twice with increasing the circulation flow rate when the circulation flow rates are smaller than 104.7 L/min. Whereas, the inclusion removal rate increases again with the further increase in circulation flow rate when the circulation flow rate is larger than 104.7 L/min. At lower circulation flow rates, inclusions are mainly removed by Stokes flotation to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow. At higher circulation flow rates, the collision and aggregation of inclusions improves the inclusion removal efficiency. With the further increase in the circulation flow rate, inclusions are mainly removed by following the turbulent fluctuation (turbulent diffusion) to the slag/steel interface after inclusions are transferred near the slag/steel interface by the circulation flow.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1243-1248 [
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1249
Hua-wei ZHANG,,Ying-ping GUAN,Jia-lu WU,Xiang-hua LIU
Transverse Bending Characteristics in U-channel Forming of Tailor Rolled Blank
Research on the formability of tailor rolled blank (TRB) is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight. However, the forming of TRB is problematic because of the varying properties; especially, springback is a main challenge. The transverse bending (bending axis is perpendicular to the rolling direction) of TRB U-channel was studied through simulation and experiment. The forming characteristics of TRB U-channel during transverse bending were analyzed. The mechanisms of forming defects, including bending springback and thickness transition zone (TTZ) movement, were revealed. On this basis, effects of blank geometric parameters on springback and TTZ movement were discussed. The results indicate that springback and TTZ movement happen during transverse bending of TRB U-channel. Nonuniform stress distribution is the most fundamental reason for the occurrence of springback of TRB during transverse bending. Annealing can eliminate nonuniform stress distribution, and thus diminish springback of TRB, especially springback on the thinner side. Therefore, springback of the whole TRB becomes more uniform. However, annealing can increase the TTZ movement. Blank thickness and TTZ position are the main factors affecting the formability of TRB U-channel during transverse bending.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1249-1254 [
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315
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1255
Ying-yi ZHANG,,Yuan-hong QI,Zong-shu ZOU
Recycling of High Ferrous Bauxite Reducing Slag for Synthesis of CaAl2Si2O8-Al2O3-CaAl12O19 Composite
CaAl2Si2O8-Al2O3-CaAl12O19 (CAS2-Al2O3-CA6) composite was synthesized through reaction sintering alumina and bauxite reducing slag. The CAS2-Al2O3-CA6 composite was mainly composed of α-Al2O3, CAS2, and CA6. Gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7, C2AS) phase was effectively transformed to CAS2 and CA6 through high-temperature reaction sintering under weak oxidizing atmosphere at 1400 ℃ for 4 h. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) analysis indicated that black and needle-shaped Al2O3, rhombic or irregular polygonal-shaped FeAl2O4, and glassy phase Ca2Al2SiO7 disappeared after the reaction sintering. The light gray and flaky hexagon crystals of CaAl12O19 (10 μm) and the grainy particles of Al2O3 (2-7 μm) were observed in the CAS2-Al2O3-CA6 composite. The gray crystals of CAS2 act as the binding phase and are distributed around CA6 and Al2O3. CAS2-Al2O3-CA6 composite exhibits high refractoriness and service temperature, which are 1650 ℃ and 1450 ℃, respectively. Reaction sintering of alumina and bauxite reducing slag is a feasible method for the synthesis of CAS2-Al2O3-CA6 composite.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1255-1261 [
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1262
Bang-fu HUANG,,Nai-yuan TIAN,Zhi-wei MA,,Zhe SHI,,Xiao-lei ZHOU,
Control Model of Multifunctional Hot Metal Ladles
For further research on the control model of multifunctional hot metal ladles between the ironmaking and steelmaking interface, the hot metal ladles of K steel plant were taken as the object to analyze the operation process. The factors of blast furnace supply and basic oxygen furnace demand were proposed. According to the principle of supply and demand balance, the control model of hot metal was researched under the following factor conditions: equal to, greater than, and less than 1, respectively. The distribution model of the blast furnace, steelmaking works, and online buffering was proposed. When the supply and demand factor is equal to 1, the turnover number of hot metal ladles equals 16 and the turnover cycle of hot metal ladles equals 512 min. When the factor is greater than 1, the total number of hot metal ladles is equal to the normal turnover number plus the turnover number of the cast iron machine. When the factor is less than 1, the total number of hot metal ladles is equal to the normal turnover number plus the accumulating number. Satisfactory effects were obtained by applying the control model in production. The numbers of turnover ladles and accumulating ladles were reduced.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1262-1267 [
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1268
Wei-gang LI,Chao LIU,Ning FENG,Xi CHEN,Xiang-hua LIU
Friction Estimation and Roll Force Prediction during Hot Strip Rolling
A mathematical model of friction coefficient was proposed for the roll force calculation of hot-rolled strips. The online numerical solving method of the roll force calculation formula based on the proposed friction model was developed and illustrated by the practical calculation case. Then, the friction coefficient during hot strip rolling was estimated from the measured roll force by force model inversion. And then, the expression of friction model was proposed by analyzing the calculation process of stress state coefficient, and the model parameters were determined by the shared parameter multi-model nonlinear optimization method. Finally, the industrial experiments demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the related models. The accuracy of the new roll force model based on the built friction model was much higher than that of the traditional Sims model, and it could be applied in the online hot rolling process control.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1268-1276 [
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Material
1277
Jie LIN,Xi-nan LUO,Xiao-yan ZHONG,Hui-hua ZHOU,Cun-yu WANG,Jie SHI,Han DONG
Dislocation Pipe Diffusion of Mn during Annealing of 5Mn Steel
The dislocation pipe diffusion of Mn during annealing of 5Mn steel was experimentally investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Many dislocations existed inside the ferrite and terminated at the α/γ interface of the sample after intercritical annealing at 650 ℃ for 1 min. Line scans of Mn distribution demonstrated a high Mn concentration in austenite and Mn enrichment at dislocations, indicating that the dislocation pipe diffusion of Mn during intercritical annealing occurred in addition to the γ/α interface diffusion. In-situ TEM observations at 500 ℃ revealed that due to Ostwald ripening, large cementite precipitates grew while small cementite precipitates dissolved via Mn diffusion along the dislocations between them.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1277-1280 [
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1281
Zhao-jun CHENG,Dan SONG,,,Jin-yang JIANG,Jing-hua JIANG,Xiao-long MA,Kai YOU,Ai-bin MA,
Microstructure Characteristic and Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Surface Nano-crystallization Modified Carbon Steel
The surface nano-crystallization (SNC) of carbon steel was achieved via a high-speed rotating wire-brushing process. Microstructure characteristics of SNC steel were systematically studied. The SNC steel surface exhibited marked deformed plastic flows and high surface roughness. Due to the accumulated strains, a deformed gradient layer with thickness of 40-50 μm was produced, and the grain size of the topmost zone was about 50-100 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that enhanced Fe oxides and Cr oxides were generated. Electrochemical corrosion tests, including open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and potentiostatic polarization (PP) were conducted to study the corrosion behavior of SNC steel in 3.5 mass% NaCl solution, where an improved corrosion resistance was observed. The resulted improvement resulted from the dominated positive effects (the attached Cr alloying element and enhanced oxide film) against the negative effects (the higher roughness and the improved corrosion activity of surface microstructure).
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1281-1289 [
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1290
Tian-zhang ZHAO,Guang-liang ZHANG,Shi-hong ZHANG,Ling-yun ZHANG
Influence of Lamellar Direction in Pearlitic Steel Wire on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution
During cold drawing of pearlitic steel wire, the lamellar structure becomes gradually aligned with the drawing axis, which contributes to the ultra-high strength. A direct simulation about the mechanical behaviors and microstructural evolution of pearlitic lamellae was presented. A representative volume element (RVE) containing one pearlitic colony was established based on the real transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation. The deformation of pearlitic colony during tension, shear and wire drawing were successfully simulated. The numerical results show that this metallographic texture leads to a strong anisotropy. The colony has higher yielding stress when the lamellar direction is parallel and perpendicular to the tensile direction. The lamellar evolution is strongly dependent on the initial direction and deformation mode. The formation of typical period shear bands is analyzed. In the wire drawing, the pearlitic colony at the sub-surface experiences a complex strain path: rotation, stretching along the die surface, and rotation back.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1290-1296 [
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272
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1297
Ke-lu WANG,Shi-qiang LU,Xian-juan DONG,Xin LI,De-lai OUYANG
Deformation Behavior of Ti-5.6Al-4.8Sn-2.0Zr-1.0Mo-0.35Si-0.85Nd Alloy in β/Quasi-β Forging Process
The hot deformation behavior of Ti-5.6Al-4.8Sn-2.0Zr-1.0Mo-0.35Si-0.85Nd alloy in β/quasi-β forging process was studied using isothermal compression tests over temperature range from 1040 ℃ to 1100 ℃ and strain rates form 0.001 s-1 to 70 s-1. The results show that the flow stress and microstructure are sensitive to thermomechanical parameters. The processing maps based on the dynamic materials model at strain of 0.3 and 0.7 were established. The optimum deformation thermomechanical parameters at a strain of 0.7 have two regions that exhibit the peak of power dissipation efficiency. One is the region of 1062-1100 ℃ and 10-3-10-1.5 s-1; and another which represents dynamic recrystallization is 1040-1045 ℃ and 10-1.8-10-0.9 s-1. The instable region is located where the strain rate is larger than 1 s-1 which corresponds to the mechanical instability.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1297-1302 [
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379
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1303
Li-min WANG,Cheng-cheng XUE,Gang YANG,Zheng-dong LIU
Laves Phase in 22Cr-27Ni-2Ti-Al Austenitic Valve Steel
The Thermo-Calc software was employed to calculate the equilibrium phase of 22Cr-27Ni-2Ti-Al austenitic valve steel, and the Laves phase in this steel was investigated after solid solution and aging by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that the microstructure of the experimental steel consists of γ, γ′, Laves and NbC. Laves phases mainly precipitate on grain boundaries, with granular and fibrous morphologies. The size of the granular Laves phase is about 50-600 nm, and the fibrous Laves phase is composed of short strip Laves phases which are 300-600 nm in length and 50-150 nm in width. These two morphologies of Laves phase coarsen with increasing aging temperature, and this steel possesses the highest strength and hardness at aging temperature of 760 ℃.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1303-1308 [
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1309
Ya-ping LI,Ren-bo SONG,Yong-jin WANG
Constitutive Modeling for Thixoforming of 9Cr18 Semi-solid Alloy and 3D Forecast Mapping
Thixotropic compression tests were carried out on 9Cr18 semi-solid alloy through Gleeble-1500 thermal simulation machine. According to the experiment analysis, macro separation occurred during thixoforming. The liquid film was extruded outside to the surface and solidified to form eutectic structure. The solid particles were connected with each other and underwent plastic deformation. According to the comparison between Zhou-Guan model and modified Zhou-Guan model, it could be observed that the adding of thixotropic factor played an important role in the regression and the latter one was more credible. The modified Zhou-Guan model could well describe the thixoforming behavior. 3D forecast mapping was built for 9Cr18 semi-solid alloy in thixoforming temperature range. It would provide valuable information for selecting process parameters during thixoforming in the manufacture process.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1309-1315 [
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1316
Yang-bo LIU,,Wei ZHANG,Qian TONG,Qi-song SUN
Effects of Si and Cr on Complete Decarburization Behavior of High Carbon Steels in Atmosphere of 2 vol.% O2
The effects of chemical compositions, especially silicon and chromium contents, on the complete decarburization behaviors of steels in atmosphere of 2 vol.% O2 and 98 vol.% N2 were investigated by using a simultaneous thermal analyzer. Complete decarburization was observed at both 750 and 800 ℃ for 60Si2MnA steel, while 750 ℃ only for 92A steel. For GCr15 steel, no decarburization was found at 750 or 800 ℃, and only partial decarburization was observed at 850 ℃. It indicates that silicon promotes while chromium prevents the complete decarburization of steels in atmosphere with 2 vol.% O2. The main reason is that silicon increases while chromium reduces the equilibrium concentration of ferrite at the interface of ferrite and austenite, which results in the complete decarburization.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1316-1322 [
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1323
Gang NIU,Yin-li CHEN,,,Hui-bin WU,,,Xuan WANG,Mao-fang ZUO,,Zhi-jun XU,,
Effects of Chromium, Vanadium and Austenite Deformation on Transformation Behaviors of High-strength Spring Steels
The phase transformation behavior during continuous cooling of high-strength spring steels containing different amounts of Cr was studied. Furthermore, the effects of combining Cr with V as well as austenite deformation on the transformation kinetics were investigated in the method of dilatometry and metallography hardness. The results showed that, with the increase of Cr, the pearlite transformation field was enlarged, the ferrite transformation field was narrowed, and the entire phase field shifted to the right. With the addition of V, the start transformation temperature of undercooling austenite (Ar3) was gradually increased, but the ferrite and pearlite transformation fields were not affected. Besides, the minimum critical cooling rate of martensitic transformation was also reduced. In addition, the dynamic continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curve moves to the top left compared with the static CCT curve. The transformed microstructures showed that the addition of V and the deformation not only refined the overall transformed microstructures but also reduced the lamellar spacing of pearlite. The alloying elements Cr and V promoted the Vickers hardness. However, the effect of Cr on the Vickers hardness of martensite was stronger and the influence of V on that of pearlite was stronger. Moreover, the Vickers hardness affected by the austenite deformation was more complex and strongly depended on the transformed microstructures.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1323-1332 [
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1333
Li-cong AN,Jing CAO,Lin-cai WU,Hong-huan MAO,Yi-tao YANG
Effects of Mo and Mn on Pitting Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steel
Effects of Mo and Mn elements on pitting corrosion resistance of lean duplex stainless steel in Cl- media solution have been studied. Gravimetric tests in 6 mass% FeCl3 at 35 ℃ and potentiodynamic analysis in 3.5 mass% NaCl were carried out. The corrosion potential (Ecoor) and the pitting potential (Epit) are shifted to a more noble potential because of the presence of Mo around the pits. While the presence of Mn could sharply reduce the value of pitting resistance equivalent number (PREn) and the pits can be formed more easily. The pits are found generating at the phase with a lower PREn. The identical tendencies between the Epit and PREn of weaker phase are the same. A corrosion mechanism has been proposed to determinate pitting corrosion behavior based on microstructural observations.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1333-1341 [
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1342
Ning LIU,,Zheng-dong LIU,,Xi-kou HE,Zhi-qiang YANG,Long-teng MA
Hot Deformation Behavior of SA508GR.4N Steel for Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessels
A hot compression experiment (1073-1473 K, strain rates of 0.001-10 s-1) of SA508GR.4N low alloy steel was performed using a Gleeble-3800 thermal-mechanical simulator, and the hot deformation behavior of the steel was investigated by analyzing both the true stress-true strain curves and its microstructures. The thermal deformation equation and hot deformation activation energy (Q) of SA508GR.4N steel were obtained by regression with a classic hyperbolic sine function. The hot processing map of SA508GR.4N steel was also established. An empirical equation for the stress peak was described for practical applications. The SA508GR.4N steel showed a critical Zener-Hollomon parameter (lnZc) for dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of 37.44, below which full DRX may occur. The sensitivity of the SA508GR.4N steel increased linearly with test temperature, such that higher temperatures led to enhanced workability.
2016 Vol. 23 (12): 1342-1348 [
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