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2018年 25卷 11期
刊出日期：2018-11-15
1105
Qing-min Meng . Jia-xin Li, . Ru-fei Wei . Hong-ming Long, . Tie-jun Chun . Ping Wan . Zhan-xia Di . Luana Dessbesell . Chunbao Xu
Effects of gangue compositions on reduction process of carbon-bearing iron ore pellets
The influence of gangue compositions (mainly composed of SiO2, CaO, MgO and Al2O3) on the reduction kinetics of carbon-bearing iron ore pellets was estimated at 1373–1473 K in N2 atmosphere. The results showed that gangue content and each component distribution affected the pellets reduction process. The reduction rate was found to follow a linear correlation with quaternary basicity R4 [mass ratio of (CaO+MgO) to (SiO2+Al2O3)] of the carbon-bearing iron ore pellets; also, the content of SiO2 solid solution in iron oxide had a significant impact on the reduction rate. At the same reduction temperature, a higher R4 resulted in a lower SiO2 free content, weakening its inhibitory effect on the Boudouard reaction. The reduction temperature of Fe2SiO4 could be reduced by increasing the contents of CaO and MgO, improving the iron oxide reduction as well as the precipitation and growth of the iron grains. The gangue content and component distribution showed no effect on the rate-controlling step of the reduction; however, the apparent activation energy of reaction decreased with increasing quaternary basicity. When R4 increased from 0.15 to 0.67, the apparent activation energy decreased from 228.51 to 193.66 kJ/mol.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1105-1112 [
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1113
Meng Yan . Jing-na Sun . Hua-gui Huang . Lei Chen . Ke Dong . Zhen-ye Chen
Effect of hot rolling process microstructure properties 2205/Q235 plate
The 2205/Q235 clad plate was fabricated by vacuum hot rolling with symmetrical assembling pattern of Q235/2205/2205/ Q235. The flow stress behavior and processing map of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) were investigated by hot compressive tests on a Gleeble-3800 simulator. Then, thermal–mechanical coupled nonlinear finite element models of vacuum hot rolling and subsequent cooling process were established. From the simulation results, the influence of rolling reduction and rolling speed on hot deformation state of 2205 DSS in the assembled slab was disclosed and the optimal rolling parameters were presented. Meanwhile, the cooling rate of 2205 DSS under different cooling conditions and thicknesses of the clad plate was obtained. According to the numerical simulation results, pilot experiments were successfully carried out on a laboratory scale. The material universal testing machine, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectrometer were used to evaluate the mechanical properties and microstructure of bonding interface and 2205 DSS matrix for different rolling reduction and cooling processes. The results showed that with symmetrical assembling pattern, the approximate thermodynamic conditions can be established for 2205 DSS to avoid cracks in hot rolling process. When the rolling reduction increased from 10 to 40%, the shear strength of the bonding interface is increased from 120 to 530 MPa, and the uniform two-phase microstructure of 2205 DSS and satisfactory mechanical properties can be obtained with cooling rate higher than 10 C/s between 1050 and 500 C after rolling.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1113-1122 [
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1123
Long Guo , . Yun-huan Sui . Xing-zhong Zhang
High-temperature creep constitutional model ofQ460E steel and effect of creep on bulging deformation of continuous casting slab
Mechanical properties and creep behavior of Q460E continuous casting slab were studied by means of uniaxial tensile tests on a Gleeble-3800 thermomechanical simulator from 1000 to 1100 C. The high-temperature creep constitutional equation was derived based on experimental data. The parameters in the equation were calculated by using the regression analysis inverse-estimation method. The experimental curves in the primary and secondary creep stages are fitted well. A three-dimensional elastic–plastic and creep finite element model was proposed in order to investigate the bulging deformation of slab and the bulging deformation at the beginning position of bending segment on the slab continuous casting machine was computed accurately. The results indicate that the maximum bulging deformation appears at the geometric center of the slab. The maximum value of the bulging deformation obtained by the elastic–plastic analysis is 1.301 mm. Considering the creep effect, the deformation increases to 1.827 mm which is about 1.4 times the value obtained by the elastic–plastic analysis. The calculation of bulging deformation using the elastic–plastic creep model is more reliable and accurate.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1123-1130 [
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1131
Long-hu Cao , . Cheng-jun Liu , . Qing Zhao , . Mao-fa Jiang ,
Growth behavior of spinel in stainless steel slag during cooling process
Spinel is an appropriate phase for sequestrating chromium in stainless steel slag to prevent chromium from polluting, and the crystal size of spinel has a significant effect on the stability of chromium and the extraction efficiency of spinel. The enrichment behavior of chromium in spinel during cooling process was investigated, and the growth process of spinel was studied based on the crystal size distribution theory. The results showed that the enrichment degree of chromium in spinel increased from 88.5% to nearly 100% during the cooling process from 1773 to 1573 K at a rate of 5 K/min. The mean diameter of spinel in stainless steel slag had an obvious growth in the cooling process, and a rapid growth of spinel occurred during the cooling process from 1623 to 1523 K. Leaching results indicated that the leaching amount of chromium could reduce to less than 0.01 mg/L by controlling the cooling condition. The growth mechanism of spinel was investigated and proposed to consist of two stages: in the first stage, the spinel was in the surface-controlled growth with a decaying nucleation rate from 1773 to 1573 K, and in the second stage, the growth mechanism was transformed to supply-controlled Ostwald ripening below 1573 K.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1131-1139 [
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1140
Hui Zheng, . Wei Li , . Yu Gong, . Li Wang . Xue-jun Jin,
Microstructure-based finite element modeling of effect of metastable austenite on mechanical properties of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) 980 steel
The microstructure-based finite element modeling was conducted to study the mechanical properties of Q&P 980 steel at the microscopic level. The two-dimensional representative volume elements of real microstructure were obtained from electron backscattered diffraction mapping. Mecking–Kocks equation was used to predict the constitutive strain–stress relationships of individual phases. Mechanical-induced martensitic transformation takes place when the driving force exceeds the critical driving force according to a stress-invariant-based model. The macroscopic stress–strain curves and the work-hardening rate curves obtained from modeling .t well with the experimental results. The simulation results also indicate that the local distributions of stress and strain in constituent phases are dependent on their strength. Soft ferrite carries the highest strain, while hard mechanical-induced martensite carries the highest stress. By comparing the modeling results of the microstructures with and without austenite, it shows that the transformation of retained austenite to hard martensite can increase the work-hardening ability and hence improve the strength and ductility of the steel. The detailed finite element modeling methods and results are presented and discussed.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1140-1148 [
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1149
Ping Li . Ting-ju Li . Jie Zhao . Sheng-jiao Pang
Hot corrosion behaviors of Super 304H austenitic stainless steel precoated in Na2SO4–25%NaCl mixture salt film
Hot corrosion rates of Super 304H austenitic stainless steel pre-coated in Na2SO4–25%NaCl mixture salt .lm in air at 650 C and 750 C have been investigated by corrosion kinetics curves. The corrosion products are examined by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometer, and electron probe micro-analyzer to analyze the scale structure and element distribution of the cross section. The results indicate that the kinetics curves are similar and display parabolic growth, and the mass gain obviously increases with the increasing temperature. A two-layer oxide scale composed of Fe oxides containing CuFe2O4 and Cr2O3 forms on the surface of the alloy and easily exfoliates with extending corrosion time or with improving corrosion temperature. Moreover, a corrosion-affected zone with micropores and micro-cracks appears beneath the oxide scale. It is concluded that the selective oxidation occurs and a protective oxide scale forms at the early corrosion stage. The melt salts destroy the integrity of the oxide scale and accelerate hot corrosion of the alloy by the cyclical oxidation–chlorination during the further corrosion processing. In addition, internal sulfidation also contributes to the corrosion of the alloy.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1149-1155 [
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1156
Yong Yang . Tian-rui Li . Tao Jia . Zhao-dong Wang
A simple calculation model for thermodynamic equilibrium information between precipitation and matrix
A simple theoretical model was developed to predict equilibrium between precipitate and matrix in a multicomponent microalloyed steel. The solute concentration in the matrix, the composition and the volume fraction of the precipitated second phases, and the reduction in critical precipitation temperature of AlN induced by carbonitride were quantified by the proposed thermodynamic model. The results predicted by the developed model and those by other approaches are in a good agreement. The main advantages of this model over the existing models are that the process of formulation derivation is simple and the model can be easily solved by a personal program.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1156-1162 [
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1163
De-qiang Ma, · Xiao-zhao Ma · Hong-yuan Zhang · Ming-zhen Ma · Xin-yu Zhang · Ri-ping Liu
Evaluation of casting fluidity and filling capacity of Zr-based amorphous metal melts
Understanding the flow characteristics of amorphous metal melts is important for casting and molding processes. Fluidity of Zr-based amorphous metal melts was determined by using a self-designed apparatus. Phase analysis demonstrated that the fluidity test samples were fully amorphous structure. The onset crystallization temperature significantly moved toward high temperature with the increases of casting temperature, which improved the glass-forming ability and thermal stability of Zr-based amorphous metal. Fluidity test results demonstrated that the fluidity length increased monotonically with the increases of temperature, pressure, and runner diameter. By identifying the types and quantities of the defect in castings, it could conclude that smooth filling processes occurred under appropriate conditions. Experimental results indicated that the flow behavior of the Zr-based amorphous metal melts strongly depended on the casting temperature and equivalent thickness. Constitutive equation based on Newton’s law of heat exchange and Rayleigh rule was established to evaluate the fluidity of Zr-based amorphous metal melts. Theoretical calculations and experimental tests were basically coincided with each other. The determined optimal casting temperatures and equivalent thicknesses were adopted to successfully fabricate a series of fully shaped castings through gravity casting.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1163-1171 [
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1172
Yi Yin . Bo Li . Ze-ming Yuan, . Yan Qi . Yang-huan Zhang ,
Microstructure and hydrogen storage properties of Mg-based Mg85Zn5Ni10 alloy powders
Mg85Zn5Ni10 ternary alloy was synthesized through vacuum induction melting for the first time. Phase compositions and microstructures of Mg85Zn5Ni10 alloy powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By utilizing a Sieverts apparatus, the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation properties of Mg85Zn5Ni10 powders were measured systematically. XRD and SEM results indicated that the Mg85Zn5Ni10 alloy powders contained the major phase Mg, the eutectic Mg–Mg2Ni and Mg–MgZn2 mixtures. The possible reaction pathway can be inferred as follows: Mg+Mg2Ni+MgZn2+H2 $MgH2+Mg2NiH4+MgZn2, indicating that MgZn2 did not react with H2. After activation, the Mg85Zn5Ni10 alloy powders could absorb 5.4 wt.% hydrogen reversibly and held an excellent hydrogenation kinetics at a relatively low temperature. At 360 .C, the alloy powders desorbed 5.351 wt.% hydrogen in 264 s. However, it only had fast dehydrogenation kinetics above 300 .C. The existence of MgZn2 contributed to improving the kinetic properties. During the hydriding and dehydriding, the formed cracks and defects promoted the kinetics and thermodynamic properties. The activation energy for dehydrogenation was 75.514 kJ/mol. The enthalpy change values of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation were calculated to be -73.064 kJ/mol and 76.674 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that melting with Ni and Zn could improve the thermodynamic property of Mg slightly.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1172-1178 [
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1179
Yong-xing Jiao . Yue Xu . Jian-sheng Liu . Jing-dan . Xiu-zhi Zhang
Mathematical model of coupled thermo-mechanical behavior during plane strain compression of 06Cr19Ni9NbN steel
The process of plane strain compression of 06Cr19Ni9NbN steel was carried out in the temperature range of 1000–1200 C and the reduction ratio range of 10–50%. Combining the finite element numerical simulation, a new constitutive model of thermal deformation was established, which provides the theoretical basis to optimize the plane strain compression process of the steel. The temperature and grain size at different regions were achieved by experiment and simulation, respectively. According to the results, the mathematical models of stress and temperature during the plane strain compression were established by mathematical analysis method. The new temperature models were established in three regions, respectively, and the stress models took account of the variation of temperature and strain rate. Finally, by comparing the results of calculation, numerical simulation and experiment, the accuracy and validity of these mathematical models were verified.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1179-1188 [
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1189
Zhi-qiang Yang . Zheng-dong Liu . Xi-kou He . Shi-bin Qiao . Chang-sheng Xie ,
ConstitutivemodelingandcriticalstrainofdynamicrecrystallizationinSA508Gr.4Nsteelforadvancedpressurevesselmaterials
Using a Gleeble–1500D thermal–mechanical simulator, the hot-deformation behavior and critical strain in the dynamic recrystallization of SA508Gr.4N steel were investigated by compression tests from 1050 to 1250 C with strain rates from 0.001 to 0.1 s -1. Stress–strain curves were fitted by a nonlinear fitting method. Based on these tests, the flow stress constitutive equations of the work-hardening dynamical recovery period and dynamical recrystallization period were established for SA508Gr.4N steel. The stress–strain curves of SA508Gr.4N steel predicted by the established models are in a good agreement with the experimental ones. Curves of ln? -? and -q(ln?)/q? -? (where his the work-hardening rate and e is true strain) were plotted from experimental data. A critical strain (?c) and a peak strain (?p) of dynamic recrystallization were obtained and exhibited a linear relationship, i.e., ?c = 0.386ep. The predicted model of ?c could be described by the equation of ?c = 1.604?10 -3Z0.127.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1189-1197 [
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1198
Jiang-long Lian . Li-jing Zheng . Fang-fang Wang . Hu Zhang
Evolution of carbides on surface of carburized M50NiL bearing steel
The dissolution and precipitation behaviors of the carbides in carburized M50NiL steel were derived from different solution and tempering treatments. Totally four kinds of carbides of (V, Cr)-rich MC, (Mo, Fe)-rich M2C, Fe-rich M3C and (Fe, Cr)-rich M7C3 were obtained from the carburized M50NiL steel after different heat treatments. The key carbides of carburized M50NiL steel were proved to be tough V-rich MC and Cr-rich M7C3. The highest hardness (634 HV) and the optimal surface structure with 1.0% volume fraction of uniformly distributed MC carbides were obtained after the carburized M50NiL steel was solution-treated at 1150 .C and tempered at 500 .C. The quantitative statistics show that 63% of the MC carbides were less than 200 nm under that heat treatment. The variety of carbides changed with solution and tempering conditions. When the solution temperature increased from 1050 to 1150 .C, the undissolved carbides were proved to be Fe-rich M7C3, Mo-rich MC and (Mo, Fe)-rich M2C. Besides, the equivalent content of V-rich MC was found increased when the tempering temperature changed from 500 to 550 .C. The combination of high-temperature solution and low-temperature tempering is recommendable heat treatment for the high hardness as well as the tiny and uniformly distributed carbides.
2018 Vol. 25 (11): 1198-1212 [
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