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2020年 27卷 4期
刊出日期：2020-04-25
综述
论著
综述
367
Wei Wang, Xu‑heng Chen, Run‑sheng Xu, Jun Li, Wen‑jun Shen, Su‑ping Wang
Research progress on multiscale structural characteristics and characterization methods of iron ore sinter
Hot!
At present, blast furnace ironmaking is still the main process for producing molten iron, and sinters are the main raw material for blast furnace ironmaking. A sinter with good metallurgical performance can not only ensure smooth operation of the blast furnace but also reduce the blast furnace fuel ratio and increase the molten iron production. Structure is the most important factor affecting the metallurgical properties of the sinter. Thus, the research progress of sinter pore and mineral phase structures was reviewed and the mechanism by which they influence sinter properties was expounded. Multiscale characterization methods for the sinter and their advantages and disadvantages were introduced, and the future research direction of sinter was discussed.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 367-379 [
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Shi-jian Li, Guo-guang Cheng, Yu Huang, Wei-xing Dai, Zhi-qi Miao
Mathematical model for design of optimized multi component slag for electroslag remelting
Hot!
Slag is the heart of electroslag remelting (ESR) process. A new mathematical model to design the optimized slag for ESR was developed based on slag–metal equilibrium theory, ion and molecule coexistence theory and modified Butler’s equation. It was assumed that an overall thermodynamic equilibrium did exist at electrode tip–slag interface. With this model, the equilibrium slag and its surface tension could be obtained quantitatively when the initial compositions of consumable electrode were given. An industrial experiment with four types of slags was carried out in a special steel plant in China. The variation of Al, Si and Mn corresponded well with the deviation of corresponding oxide from equilibrium, reflecting the reasonability of the model. Besides that, the effects of Al in electrode as well as CaO, CaF2 and MgO in slag on the equilibrium slag, dissolved oxygen and surface tension were discussed in detail.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 380-391 [
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392
Jian-ming Su, Zhi-he Dou, Ting-an Zhang, Yan Liu
Kinetics of hot metal desulfurization by bottom blowing magnesium vapor
Hot!
To solve the technical problems of hot metal desulfurization by injecting magnesium particulate, a new idea of hot metal desulfurization by bottom-blowing magnesium vapor was put forward. The reaction mechanism of hot metal desulfurization with magnesium vapor injection was analyzed, and the kinetic model of the desulfurization rate during the process of hot metal desulfurization with magnesium vapor injection was established. The dimensionless equation of the gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient under the injection conditions was obtained by the dimensional analysis method. And the theoretical calculation results were in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The results show that the diameter of the bubbles and the viscosity of the melt significantly affect the desulfurization rate of hot metal injected with magnesium vapor. When the temperature is 1573 K and the gas flow rate is 3 L/min, the desulfurization rate can reach 79% and the utilization rate of magnesium can reach 83%.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 392-401 [
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402
Yun-qing Ji, Chun-yang Liu, Hui-xiang Yu, Xiao-xuan Deng, Fu-xiang Huang, Xin-hua Wang,
Oxygen transfer phenomenon between slag and molten steel for production of IF steel
Hot!
FeO-containing slag originated from the basic oxygen furnace to the ladle is a major reoxidation source during the following secondary refining. Ladle slag reduction treatment (slag treatment) is one of the common countermeasures adopted to eliminate the steel contamination by FeO reoxidation. The oxygen transfer phenomenon between molten steel and slag was studied during the industrial production of interstitial-free (IF) steel, the measured and calculated oxygen activities in steel were compared, and the Fe–O equilibrium at the slag–molten steel interface was investigated by thermodynamic analysis. With slag treatment, the oxygen potential is higher in the molten steel than in the pre-deoxidation slag; this causes oxygen transfer from the molten steel to the slag, decreasing the efficiency of slag treatment. Based on this, a two-step slag deoxidation process was optimized. The second step further reduced the FeO content. On the other hand, the CaO/Al2O3 (C/A) ratio in the refining slag must be controlled, because it affects the FeO activity and inclusion absorption capacity of the slag. The results suggest that the C/A ratio of 1.2–1.5 and the FeO content of\ 6% are beneficial to refine IF steel.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 402-408 [
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409
Ai‑jun Deng, Ding‑dong Fan, Hai‑chuan Wang, Can‑hua Li
Simulation research on oxygen mass transfer between steel and slag in IF steel refning process
Hot!
The effects of oxidizing slag on oxygen mass transfer and inclusions in different stages of IF (interstitial-free) steel refining were investigated by several heat simulation experiments. The results of the experiments showed that the oxidizability of slag changed considerably during different refining stages. Keeping the content of FeO in the slag within 1 wt.% would narrow the difference of slag oxidizability, stabilize the content of [Al]s in the steel, avoid secondary oxidation of molten steel by the slag, and reduce the inclusions. When the mass transfer of FeO in the slag phase was a limiting step, the secondary oxidation reaction occurred at the steel–slag interface; when the diffusion of oxygen in the molten steel was a limiting step, the secondary oxidation reaction took place inside the molten steel. The oxygen transfer rate was affected by the mass transfer coefficient of oxygen. For every 0.0001?m/s increase in mass transfer coefficient, the oxygen transfer rate increased by about 2.2×10?6 min?1. By changing the mass transfer coefficient, the oxygen transfer rate of the slag to the molten steel can be controlled.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 409-419 [
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420
He ping Liu, Xian hui Wang, Liang ying Si, Jian Gong
Numerical simulation of 3D electromagnetic–thermal phenomena in an induction heated slab
Hot!
A mathematical model was developed to get an insight into 3D electromagnetic–thermal phenomena in an induction heated steel slab with a large width/thickness ratio by solving a fully coupled Maxwell equations and energy conservation equation. The spatial heat radiation between the slab surface and the refractory wall in an induction furnace was considered. The electromagnetic induction and temperature distribution features inside the slab with time evolution were described. The effects of electromagnetic induction parameters, thermal conductivity of the material and process parameters on the induction heating process were theoretically examined. Numerical results show that the spatial distribution of induction heat generation inside the slab is non-uniform. The high work frequency and the low heat conductivity of slab increase the non-uniformity of slab induction heating process. The radiative heat loss and heat transfer between the slab and the metal parts used for holding the slab have an important effect on the slab surface temperature. It is necessary to separately control the current input in the multi-layer coil windings along the height direction of furnace and adopt the multi-step heating strategies with time evolution to improve the homogenization of the slab temperature.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 420-432 [
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433
Le Zhang, Wei Wang, M. Babar Shahzad, Yi yin Shan, Ke Yang
A novel laminated metal composite with superior interfacial bonding composed of ultrahigh strength maraging steel and 316L stainless steel
Hot!
A 5-layer laminated metal composite composed of ultrahigh-strength maraging steel and ductile 316L stainless steel was fabricated by hot pressing in vacuum and post-heat treatment. Microstructure characterization on hierarchical structure of the composite before and after heat treatment was made by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction technique, respectively. Meanwhile, the difference of mechanical performance on both sides of the interface was characterized by nano-hardness testing. Uniaxial tensile test showed that superior interfacial bonding was achieved due to the micro-‘bite’ structure between the two steels without obvious defects or oxides at the interface and with coordinated deformation of the two components. Thus, a laminated metal composite consisting of two different constituents with extreme difference in strength can be well fabricated.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 433-439 [
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440
Chao Wang, Xin Wang, Jian Kang, Guo Yuan, Guo-dong Wang
Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled low-carbon steel containing Ti–Ca oxide particles: a comparison between base metal and HAZ
Hot!
The effect of inclusion-induced nucleation on hot-rolled steel base metal was evaluated in comparison with welding heat[1] affected zone (HAZ). Microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled low-carbon steel containing Ti–Ca oxide particles were studied. The results showed that inclusions in Ti–Ca deoxidized steel distributed dispersely and were effective for intragranular acicular ferrite nucleation. Under hot rolling and controlled cooling conditions, microstructure in steel base metal was significantly refined and mainly consisted of acicular ferrite and intragranular bainite, which exhibited higher strength and excellent toughness. The microstructural evolution behavior followed the process that acicular ferrite plates divided the austenite grain, intragranular bainite packets formed between interlocking acicular ferrite plates, and the remaining austenite decomposed into fine polygonal ferrite grains. The resultant complex microstructure improved the impact toughness significantly. By comparison, in HAZ microstructure, laminar grain boundary ferrite having similar crystallography orientation showed adverse effect on toughness.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 440-450 [
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451
Qi yu Zang, Yang fan Jin, Tuo Zhang, Yi tao Yang
Effect of yttrium addition on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of 20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel
Hot!
The effects of rare-earth yttrium (Y) element on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion properties of 20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile test. Electrochemical experiments were carried out to study the effect of rare-earth element Y addition on corrosion resistance. The results showed that the addition of 0.02 wt.% rare-earth yttrium to martensitic stainless steel could affect the microstructure transformation, and Ac3 temperature was obviously increased. In the stainless steel after heat treatment, there were more pro-eutectoid ferrite in the steel with 0.02 wt.% yttrium. The mechanical test results showed that the addition of 0.02 wt.% yttrium could significantly improve the tensile strength and elongation of the steel, which was related to the influence of yttrium element on inclusions in the test steel. With the quenching temperature of 0.02 wt.% yttrium steel increasing, the content of the ferrite in steel was affected and the corrosion resistance was remarkably improved.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 451-460 [
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461
Xi‑kou He, Zhi‑qiang Yang, Zhen Wang, Shi‑bin Qiao, Zheng‑dong Liu
Effect of Mn content on microstructure, tensile and impact properties of SA508Gr.4N steel for reactor pressure vessel
Hot!
The effect of manganese (Mn) on the microstructure, tensile and impact properties of SA508Gr.4N steel has been experimentally investigated. The influence of Mn content on the substructure of SA508Gr.4N steel was investigated using the scanning electron microscope, electron back-scattered diffractometer and transmission electron microscope. It was found that the increased Mn content had a beneficial effect on both strength and toughness. Examination of microstructure revealed smaller size of block and larger number of high-angle grain boundaries with higher Mn content. The change of the ultimate tensile strength and toughness with increasing Mn content was attributed to the increased hardenability, the number of high-angle grain boundaries and the crack propagation path by the block refining.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 461-470 [
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471
Lei‑qiang Lai, Yan‑hui Li, Feng Bao, Wei Zhang
Effects of Sm content on crystallized structure and magnetic properties of Co
80-x
Sm
x
b
20
amorphous alloys
Hot!
The formation, thermal stability, crystallized structure, and magnetic properties of melt-spun Co
80-x
Sm
x
B
20
(x=0–20) amorphous alloys have been investigated. A single amorphous phase is formed for the alloys with x=0–15. The first crystallization temperature gradually increases from 670 to 955 K as x increases from 0 to 10, and decreases to 836?K when x=15. After optimum annealing, the nanocomposite structure consisting of SmCo
12
B
6
+fcc-Co+Sm
2
Co
17
phases is formed for the alloys with x=5 and 7.5, and SmCo
12
B
6
+Sm
2
Co
17
+SmCo
3
, SmCo
12
B
6
+Sm
2
Co
17
+SmCo
4
B, and SmCo
12
B
6
+SmCo
4
B phases are formed for the alloys with x=10, 12.5, and 15, respectively. The coercivity of the annealed alloys increases remarkably from 103.5 to 1249.4 kA m-1 as x increases from 5 to 15, while the magnetization at the applied field of 2.0?T decreases from 0.51 to 0.16?T. The improved magnetic hardness with rising Sm content is attributed to the formation of the hard magnetic phases with higher magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the increase in their volume fraction.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 471-476 [
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477
Han‑sheng Bao, Gang Yang, Zheng‑zong Chen, Zheng‑dong Liu
Effects of long term aging on microstructure and properties of a tungsten bearing heat resistant alloy
Hot!
The effects of long-term aging at 700 and 750 °C on microstructure and mechanical properties of a new developed tungsten bearing heat-resistant alloy used for advanced ultra-supercritical power plant was investigated both experimentally and thermodynamically. Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties maintained excellent stability after long-term aging at 700?°C for 10,000?h, while the impact absorbing energy decreased sharply after 1000-h aging and then kept constant till 10,000?h. The main precipitates after long-term aging at 700 and 750 °C were M
23
C
6
, MC and homogeneous γ′-phases. The mass fraction of M
23
C
6
carbides increased with increasing aging time, and M
23
C
6
carbides precipitated in shape of chains and lamellas on grain boundaries. The slight decrease in MC carbides during aging may be due to degradation reaction. The weight fraction of γ′-phase increased with the aging time, and then changed little after 5000?h; γ′-phase exhibited excellent microstructure stability and low coarsening rate during long-term aging at 700 °C. However, the coarsening rate of γ′-phase was much higher at 750 °C.
2020 Vol. 27 (4): 477-487 [
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