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2020年 27卷 11期
刊出日期：2020-11-25
1247
Wen-chao He, Xue-wei Lv, Zhi-ming Yan, Gang-qiang Fan
Ferrosilicon alloy granules prepared through centrifugal granulation process
A novel granulation process that involved the use of a rotary multi-nozzles cup atomizer and water cooling was proposed for ferroalloy manufacturing. The effects of rotating speed and nozzle diameter on the properties of FeSi75 alloy (containing 75 wt.% Si) granules were investigated. Results indicated that median granule diameter decreased as rotating speed increased, and initially increased and then decreased as nozzle diameter increased. The optimal conditions for the granulation of FeSi75 alloy were a rotating speed of 150 r/min and nozzle diameter of 10 or 12 mm. The phase composition, micromorphology, and elemental distribution of the FeSi75 alloy granules were also studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. In order to provide guidance for the layout and water depth of the tank, the solidification behavior of ferrosilicon alloy droplet was numerically studied. A simplified model was established to elucidate the traveling trajectory and heat transfer of alloy droplet in air and cooling water during the atomization process. The solidification time of droplet with different thicknesses of solidification layer increased with the increase in alloy droplet diameter.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1247-1258 [
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1259
Bing-long Zhang, Guang-sheng Wei, Run-zao Liu, Rong Zhu, Rong-fang Su
Simulation and analysis of O
2
–CaO jet behavior with different shrouding fuel mediums in electric arc furnace steelmaking
The O
2
–CaO jet with shrouding combustion flame demonstrates some advantages in quick melting and effective slag foaming by delivering lime powder deeply into the molten bath. Combining the discrete particle model and the eddy dissipation concept model with the detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms (GRI-Mech 3.0), computational fluid dynamics models of the O
2
–CaO jet with different shrouding fuel mediums injection were developed. Firstly, the results of the numerical simulation were validated by the measured data of cold test for O
2
–CaO injection. Then, the interaction between the particles and the gas jet of the O
2
–CaO jet and the effect of shrouding fuel medium species on the fluid flow characteristics of the O
2
–CaO jet were analyzed. Results show that the CaO particles can be effectively heated by the shrouding high-temperature combustion flame and compared with the O
2
–CaO jet without shrouding gas, the potential core length was increased about 2.5, 3.3 and 4.3 times by the shrouding flame generated from CO, CH
4
and C
3
H
8
. And with shrouding CH
4
and C
3
H
8
injection, the CaO particles can be clustered together in a long distance, which would be helpful to improve the utilization efficiency of CaO particles.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1259-1269 [
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1270
Li-dong Ma, Yu-kang Du, Zhi-juan Meng, Li-feng Ma, Zi-jian Liu, Pei-yu Liu
Effect of process parameters on steel tube roundness in straightening process
The inclined six-roll tube straightener is an important equipment for the finishing line. It can not only straighten the steel pipe, but also finish the ovality of the cross section. In the actual straightening process, the cross section of the tube is prone to deform, that is, the roundness is not good. The flattening displacement is an important parameter to control cross-section forming of tube. According to the established mechanical model, the analytical calculation equations of the flattening force and the flattening displacement were derived using the energy method. Based on the finite element simulation data, the ratios of the finite element results of the flattening force to the analytical ones were fitted. The correlation coefficient after fitting is greater than 99%, and the fitting effect is excellent. The flattening experiment was carried out on tubes of different materials and different specifications, and the setting method of the optimal flattening displacement during straightening process was obtained. In the actual straightening process, using this flattening displacement, the ovality of straightened steel tube is less than 0.3%. Therefore, the proposed method can provide a reference for the flattening displacement in the actual straightening process.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1270-1283 [
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1284
Feng-qiang Xiao, Dong-po Wang, Wen-bin Hu, Lei Cui, Zhi-ming Gao, Lan-ju Zhou
Influence of pass reduction ratio on microstructure and properties of 2205/Q235B clad steel plate
2205/Q235B clad steel plates were fabricated using a thermal simulator. The metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer, shear test, electrochemical corrosion test and acid immersion test were used to study the influence of the pass reduction ratio on the microstructure and properties of 2205/Q235B clad steel plate. The results show that the clad steel plates had a good bonding surface when the pass reduction ratios were between 16.3% and 36.0%. There existed the mutual diffusion effect of elements near the bonding surface, which caused the long austenite strip on the side of 2205 stainless steel and the decarburization layer on the side of Q235B low-carbon steel. The transformation of δ ferrite to γ austenite and the generation of the decarburization layer were promoted because of the lower pass reduction ratio. The corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex-phases stainless steel worsened by the decrease in δ ferrite content. The increase in the decarburization layer thickness made the shear strength of the clad steel plates reduce from 453 to 390 MPa. The potential of the decarburization layer was lower than that of 2205 stainless steel and Q235B low-carbon steel, which was easily corroded in the corrosive medium.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1284-1293 [
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1294
Xiang Wang, Ren‑guo Guan, Yuan‑dong Li, Ti‑jun Chen
Comparison of contribution of sub-rapid cooling and shear deformation to refinement of Fe-rich phase in hypereutectic Al–Fe alloy during rheo-extrusion
A hypereutectic Al–3Fe (wt.%) alloy was subjected by rheo-extrusion, and the effect of sub-rapid cooling and shear deformation on the refinement of Fe-rich phase was investigated. The results showed that both the primary Fe-rich phase and eutectic Fe-rich phase in the solidified Al–Fe alloy were finer than the platelike Fe-rich phase in the as-cast Al–Fe alloy with the same content of Fe. The solidified Al–Fe alloy was subjected to three stages of shear deformation, and both the primary Fe-rich phase and eutectic Fe-rich phase were fractured and the average length was refined to 400 nm, while Fe-rich phase in the as-cast Al–3Fe (wt.%) alloy was platelike and its average length was 40 μm. The tensile strength and elongation of the hypereutectic Al–3Fe (wt.%) alloy containing nanosized Fe-rich phase were 162 MPa and 25.78% while those of the as-cast Al–3Fe (wt.%) alloy containing coarse platelike Fe-rich phase were 102 MPa and 16.84%, respectively. In the refinement of Fe-rich phase in hypereutectic Al–Fe alloy during rheo-extrusion, the three stages of shear deformation contributed more than sub-rapid cooling.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1294-1302 [
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1303
Ya-nan Zeng, Qian-qian Ren, Bao Liu, Jun-guo Li
Kinetic model of chromium release from argon oxygen decarburisation (AOD) slag in a neutral leachate
Valorisation of argon oxygen decarburisation (AOD) slag, a suitable recycling resource, is limited by the release of a notable amount of heavy metals, such as chromium. The mineralogical component of AOD slag was characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. To explore the release kinetics of chromium from AOD slag, neutral leaching tests were performed at various temperatures. The results indicated the existence of two leaching stages: quick and slow leaching stages. In 2 h, the chromium release fraction increased sharply as the leaching time increased. As the leaching time increased, the chromium release rate gradually decreased. Based on the shrinking core model, chromium release kinetic models for the quick and slow leaching stages from the AOD slag were independently determined. The chromium release was controlled by solid product diffusion during the quick leaching stage and a complicated process in the slow leaching stage. The activation energy of chromium leaching was calculated based on the Arrhenius equation. Solid product diffusion was the velocity-determining step during the 2 h leaching process. In the slow leaching stage, chromium release was controlled by complicated hybrid control dominated by solid product diffusion.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1303-1310 [
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1311
Xiao-ming Li, Hai-bo Yang, Jin-bang Ruan, Yi Li, Zhen-yu Wen, Xiang-dong Xing
Effect of mechanical activation on enhancement of carbothermal reduction of nickel slag
The effects of mechanical activation on particle size distribution, crystalline phase, morphology, and mechanical energy storage of nickel slag were studied. Then, the direct reduction experiments of mechanically activated nickel slag mixed with reducing agent graphite powder were performed under conditions of 873–1273 K and reduction for 30–70 min. The results show that after 12 h of activation, 90% of the nickel slag has a particle diameter less than 1.05 μm, and the total energy storage is 1790.4 kJ mol
−1
. With the extension of the mechanical activation duration, the intensity of the diffraction peaks of the main crystalline phases Fe
2
SiO
4
and Mg
2
SiO
4
in the nickel slag decreases. Mechanical activation is also an effective means to enhance the reduction of nickel slag. With the extension of the activation time, the reduction effect of the nickel slag and metallization degree increase. After 12 h of mechanical activation, the nickel slag was reduced at 1273 K for 70 min, and the metallization degree of the reduced product could reach 83.12%.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1311-1321 [
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189
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1322
Tian-yang Li, Zhe Wang, Lei Guo, Zhan-cheng Guo
Recovery of zinc from Zn–Al–Fe alloys by gas pressure filtration
The recovery of zinc from galvanizing dross and the removal of iron contained dross particles by gas pressure filtration were investigated using the model of Zn–Fe–Al alloys. The majority of molten zinc was separated after filtration, and the residue intercepted by the filter consisting mostly of dross particles. The effects of the pressure differential (
p
), separation temperature (
T
) and alloy composition on the zinc recovery and iron removal were investigated. At
p
= 0.30 MPa and
T
= 723 K, 86.2 wt.% zinc was recovered from the Zn–4Al–2Fe alloy, and up to 99.9 wt.% of the iron was concentrated in the residue. Applying a higher pressure differential led to the improved filtration efficiency, and the desired separation temperature was about 723 K. The aluminum content in the Zn–Al–Fe alloy had little effect on separation efficiency, whereas increasing the iron content led to a decrease in the separation efficiency. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the gas pressure filtration method for the recovery of zinc from galvanizing dross.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1322-1330 [
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1331
C. Ferreira-Palma, J.A. Rosas-Barrios, V.M. López-Hirata, D.I. Rivas-López, H.J. Dorantes-Rosales
Phase separation and coarsening of NiAl (β′) intermetallic in quench-aged Fe–Ni–Al alloys
The coarsening behavior of four quench-aged Fe–Ni–Al alloys with different Ni and Al contents is studied. The alloys were solubilized at 1100 °C for 24 h, water-quenched and aged at 850 °C for periods ranging from 1 to 100 h to promote phase separation and coarsening. The two alloys with the highest combined Ni and Al contents (≥ 35 at.%) showed signs of spinodal decomposition, while the alloys with lower Ni and Al contents followed a classical nucleation process. Higher Ni and Al contents promoted an increase in NiAl (β′) phase fraction in concordance with phase equilibrium diagrams. The alloy with the highest β′ fraction presented a completely interconnected structure. The coarsening of β′ particles in the other three alloys followed the predictions of the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) theory. The general trend was an increase in the coarsening kinetics with higher Ni and Al contents. The highest hardness was found in the alloys with higher β′ fraction albeit these compositions are less resistant to coarsening and have been reported to present a low room-temperature ductility.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1331-1338 [
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1339
Zheng-hua He, Yu-hui Sha, Yong-kuang Gao, Song-tao Chang, Fang Zhang, Liang Zuo
Recrystallization texture development in rare-earth (RE)-doped non-oriented silicon steel
High-grade non-oriented silicon steel with higher permeability and lower core loss has become the pursed target with the rapid development of electrical machines. The effects of rare-earth (RE) element on recrystallization texture in RE-doped Fe-3.1 wt.% Si-1.2 wt.% Al non-oriented silicon steel were investigated by macro- and micro-texture analyses. Nonlinear variation of recrystallization texture with RE element content was observed. In the competition among main recrystallization texture components, favorable {113} <361> and λ fiber (<001>//ND) are strengthened and unfavorable γ fiber is evidently decreased by the addition of RE element, whereas the effect of RE element is reversed by excess RE element. The recrystallization texture development is determined by RE-affected nucleation and grain growth in terms of grain boundary migration related to segregation and inclusion. The properly inhibited grain boundary mobility can promote favorable recrystallization texture by the improved nucleation and efficient grain growth.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1339-1346 [
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1347
Xi-wen Zhang, Yu-ling Tang, Wen-juan Wan, Chun-lei Zhu, Ji Zhang
Effect of carbon addition on creep behavior of cast TiAl alloy with hard-oriented directional lamellar microstructure
Two TiAl alloys, Ti–47.5Al–3.7(Cr, V, Zr) and Ti–47.5Al–3.7(Cr, V, Zr)–0.1C (at.%), were prepared by cold crucible levitation melting to couple the hard-oriented directional lamellar microstructure with carbon microalloying strengthening. The creep behavior and mechanism for the improvement in creep properties by carbon addition were investigated by mechanical tests and electron microscopy characterizations. The results show that obvious improvements on the creep properties at 760 °C and 276 MPa are achieved by 0.1 at.% C addition into TiAl alloy with directional lamellar microstructure, which promotes the creep strain and minimum creep rate decreasing with a large content. The minimum creep rate is reduced from 4.37 × 10
−8
to 3.97 × 10
−9
s
−1
, and the duration entering into creep acceleration is prolonged for more than 10 times. The mechanism for creep property improvement by 0.1% C addition is attributed to two aspects. The first one is that Ti
2
AlC is found to be strong obstacles of 1/2[110] dislocations when moving across the lamellar interface in the carbon containing alloy. The other one is that the interfacial dislocations are effectively impeded and the release process is hindered by dynamic precipitation of Ti
3
AlC, which is proposed to be the special mechanism for creep resistance improvement of this hard-oriented directional lamellar microstructure.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1347-1356 [
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1357
Zhen Cao, Jiong-li Li, Hai-ping Zhang, Wen-bo Li, Xu-dong Wang
Mechanical and tribological properties of graphene nanoplatelets-reinforced titanium composites fabricated by powder metallurgy
Titanium matrix composite reinforced by graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) was fabricated via powder metallurgy route. Hot isostatic pressing and hot extrusion were used to consolidate the mixed powder of GNPs and TC4 titanium (Ti) alloy. The microstructures, mechanical properties and sliding wear performance of Ti/GNPs composite had been researched to evaluate the reinforcing effect of GNPs on titanium matrix. Microstructure observation indicates that GNPs could restrain grain growth slightly in titanium matrix. Titanium matrix and graphene exhibit a clean and firm interface formed by means of metallurgical bonding on atomic scale. Compared with the monolithic titanium alloy, the composite with 1.2 vol.% GNPs exhibits significantly improved elastic modulus and strength. The sliding wear test shows that there is an obvious enhancement in the tribological performance of Ti/GNPs composite with 1.2 vol.% GNPs. The results of this work indicate that GNP is an efficient reinforcement material in titanium matrix. The strengthening mechanism including precipitates strengthening, load transfer and grain refinement mechanism of GNPs in titanium matrix was discussed. A modified shear-lag model was used to analyze the reinforcement contribution of the stress transfer mechanism. The calculation shows that the stress load mechanism constitutes the main strengthening mechanism in Ti/GNPs composite.
2020 Vol. 27 (11): 1357-1362 [
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