钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2021年 28卷 06期
刊出日期：2021-06-25
论著
论著
641
Sheng‑li Wu, Wei‑li Zhang, Zhong‑jie Hu
Properties change of activated coke for sintering flue gas purification in cyclic removal of SO
2
and NO
x
The properties of activated coke (AC) for sintering flue gas purification greatly affect the efficiency of desulfurization and denitration, but they gradually change during cycles. The change in properties of coal-based AC during cycles was studied to clarify the change law and AC optimization index. The AC oxygen content rapidly increases 13.49 to 17.87 wt.% in the early cycles to form phenol, which promotes the denitration rate 55.63% to 78.20%. The denitration performance slowly increases in subsequent cycles becaof the generation of quinone AC slow oxidation. However, the oxygen-containing groups are not conducive to adsorption capacity of AC for NO. The adsorbed NO species which can be replaced SO
2
is the main NO species on AC, and its amount decreases with the decrease in CC content of AC. The AC chemical loss leads to the opening of closed pores, expansion of original pores and formation of new pores, causing micropore volume to increase 0.085% to 0.152%, compressive strength to decrease 472 to 336 N, and abrasive resistance to decrease 97.87% to 94.16% during cycles. The low oxygen content and high micropore volume are favorable to the initial desulfurization performance, and the former is more decisive. After a while, the desulfurization rate is linearly positively correlated with the micropore volume regardless of the chemistry. 4-h desulfurization rate increased 69.03% to 85.91% during 25 cycles due to the increasing micropore volume. The AC properties change in cycles will greatly affect the desulfurization and denitration rate in the height direction of the flue gas purification system. Selecting the coal-based AC with moderate micropore volume, easy oxidation surface and less original oxygen-containing groups facilitates the better purification efficiency at lower cost for sintering plants.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 641-650 [
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96
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651
Ai-min Yang, Yun-xi Zhuansun,
Prediction of compressive strength based on visualization of pellet microstructure data
Hot!
In recent years, with the wide application of image data visual extraction technology in the field of industrial engineering, the development of industrial economy has reached a new situation. To explore the interaction between the pellet microstructure and compressive strength, firstly, the pellet microstructure needed for the experiment was obtained using a Leica DM4500P microscope. The area proportions of hematite, calcium ferrite, magnetite, calcium silicate and pore in pellet microstructure were extracted by visual extraction technology of image data. Moreover, the relationship between the area proportions of mineral components and compressive strength was established by backpropagation neural network (BPNN), generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and beetle antennae search-generalized regression neural network (BAS-GRNN) algorithms, which proves that the pellet microstructure can be used as the prediction standard of compressive strength. The errors of BPNN and BAS-GRNN are 5.13% and 3.37%, respectively, both of which are less than 5.5%. Therefore, through data visualization, we are able to discuss the connection between various components of pellet microstructure and compressive strength and provide new research ideas for improving the compressive strength and metallurgical performance of pellet.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 651-660 [
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73
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218
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661
Ao-ping He, Jian-min Zeng, Shi-hong Liu
Influence of laterite nickel ore on extracting iron from Bayer red mud by carbothermal smelting reduction
Hot!
In view of the difficulty of extracting iron from Bayer red mud, a new idea of adding laterite nickel ore into red mud was proposed to prepare a high value-added product. Toward this, the influences of laterite nickel ore on thermodynamic reaction, slagging and smelting reduction of extracting iron from red mud were studied. The results indicated that the product of extracting iron from red mud (R100) was changed with the addition of laterite nickel ore (R70L30). The slag of R100 was strongly basic, while the R70L30 was weakly acidic with composition closer to the ideal blast furnace slag. The metal recovery of R100 was 75.16% and that of R70L30 was 94.05%. At the same temperature, the slag viscosity of R70L30 was significantly lower than that of R100, which proved that laterite nickel ore can adjust the basicity, reduce melting point of slag and improve metal recovery. Because Fe, Ni and Cr in red mud and laterite nickel ore can be reduced sufficiently, a low Ni–Cr alloy cast iron can be directly prepared.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 661-668 [
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73
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180
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669
Yan-yan Zhang, Ke-qin Feng, Yue Shui, Si-tan Chen, Yan-fang Liu
Influence of phosphorus on iron-based friction material prepared directly vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates
In situ selective carbothermic reactions and vacuum sintering were used to prepare iron-based friction material directly vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates. Effects of phosphorus addition (0.05–0.20 wt.%) on the microstructure and properties of iron-based friction material were investigated. The results show that the addition of phosphorus improves the microstructure and properties of the material significantly. When phosphorus addition increases to 0.15 wt.%, the sintering densification is promoted and the number of lamellar pearlites increases. Therefore, the relative density, hardness and tribological properties of the material are greatly enhanced. Particularly, the friction coefficient decreases 0.58 to 0.43, and the wear rate reduces 1.829*10<sup>–7 </sup>to 0.694*10<sup>–7</sup> cm<sup>3</sup> J<sup>-1</sup>. The dominant wear mechanism of the material changes severe abrasive wear to mild oxidation wear accordingly. However, when phosphorus addition exceeds 0.15 wt.%, the matrix continuity and tribological properties of the material are deteriorated. Comprehensively, the optimal addition of phosphorus in the iron-based friction material is 0.15 wt.%.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 669-678 [
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59
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172
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679
Guang-zong Zhang, Nan Wang, Min Chen, Yan-qing Cheng
Viscosity prediction on iron-bearing slags during pyrometallurgical recycling: structure-based modeling of CaO
2
-‘FeO’-2MgO-2Al
2
O
3
-2SiO
2
system and its subsystems
A structure-based modeling of the CaO-‘FeO’-MgO-Al
2
O
3
-SiO
2
system and its subsystems was investigated based on iron extraction nickel slagaluminum dross. Parameters optimization in the present model indicated that the coefficient of free O
2-
in FeO,
a
O2-
FeO
, on the lengths of network linkage had the largest value and O
2
FeO
(free O
2-
in FeO) had the largest mobility. The coefficients of bridging oxygen (
a
Si-O-Al
and
a
Al-O-Al
) were lower than those of nonbridging oxygen and free oxygen (O
2-
). Viscosity prediction for the CaO-‘FeO’-(8 wt.%) MgO-Al
2
O
3
-SiO
2
system was conducted at a fixed slag basicity, which indicated that the predicted viscosity changed monotonously with the FeO content. However, the non-monotonous evolution with Al
2
O
3
content reflected the amphoteric behavior of Al
2
O
3
. In addition, the performances of the present model in predicting viscosity binary (‘FeO’-SiO
2
) to quinary (CaO-‘FeO’-MgO-Al
2
O
3
-SiO
2
) system were analyzed and a comparison with the established models was made.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 679-692 [
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72
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693
Hong-qiang Liu, Zhi-cheng Cheng, Wei Yu, Zhao-yuan Zhou, Lei Cheng, Qing-wu Cai
Effect of high-temperature reduction pretreatment on internal quality of 42CrMo casting billet
Hot!
Comparative analysis was conducted to illustrate the effect of high-temperature reduction pretreatment on the internal quality of 42CrMo casting billet. Analysis of macrostructure clarifies that reduction pretreatment could reduce the size of central cavities and equiaxed crystals and improve the segregation degree and porosity on statistics. Lath bainite matrix and granular structure on segregation bands mainly dominate the microstructure of original billet, while pro-eutectoid ferrite and its accompanying troostite are added due to the application of reduction pretreatment. Additionally, C, Mn, and Mo are suggested to be enriched in segregation bands where pores and inclusions tend to be generated. By clarifying the microstructure evolution during cooling process, physical compression and multiplication of prior austenite grain boundaries caused by recrystallization are regarded as the main reasons in improving the internal quality of 42CrMo billet.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 693-702 [
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69
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179
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703
Qian Zhang, Da Ren, Zhi-pu Liu, Chen-chong Wang, Jian Huang, Wei Xu
Composition and processing of direct-quench hot rolled steels with ultrahigh strength exceeding GPa
Hot!
The design of high-strength steel has long been discussed in the field of metal structural materials. To further increase the strength of common high-strength steel and further decrease the cost for production, three direct-quench hot rolled steels were designed and fabricated. The rolling and coiling processes were set based on continuous cooling transformation curves. In addition, the effect of the coiling temperature on the tensile properties was discussed to further guide the optimization of the process. It was found that compared with granular bainite, lower bainite probably has more advantages for both the strength and low temperature impact toughness of direct-quench hot rolled steels. Through a process of tailoring the morphology of bainite and controlling the grain boundary precipitation, the newly designed direct-quench hot rolled steels showed greatly improved strength and acceptable ductility/toughness compared with traditional quenched and tempered steels.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 703-712 [
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71
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161
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713
Jia-xin Liang, Ying-chun Wang, Xing-wang Cheng, Zhuang Li, Jin-ke Du, Shu-kui Li
Microstructure and mechanical properties of a Cr-Ni-W-Mo steel processedthermo-mechanical controlled processing
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the microstructure and tensile properties of a medium carbon Cr-Ni-W-Mo steel processedthermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) with cooling at different conditions in water, oil, air or lime followedlow tempering. Compared to normal heat-treatment processing, TMCP with water-cooling after deformation enhances the yield strength and tensile strength of the steelabout 323 MPa and about 251 MPa, respectively, due to higher dislocation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening. Meanwhile, it increases the elongation by about 1.76% attributed to the increase in volume percentage of the retained austenite and the refined laths of tempered martensite. Slowing the cooling rate after deformation during TMCP leads to a decrease in the strength. This results the coupling effectsthe reduction in dislocation density and volume fraction of tempered martensite together with the coarseness in martensite sizes. However, cooling rate decreasing has less influences on ductility becathe improved elongation the increase in the volume fractions of both retained austenite and lower bainite together with dislocation density decreasing is compensatedthe reduced elongation coarsened grains.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 713-721 [
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102
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188
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722
Jia-long Tian, Guang Hu, Wei Wang, Yi-yin Shan, Zhou-hua Jiang
Torsional deformation-induced gradient hierarchical structure in a 304 stainless steel
Hot!
After applying torsion to cylindrical 304 stainless steel samples, a gradient structure along the radial direction was obtained. It was found that the volume fraction of a0-martensite increased gradually from the center to the surface of samples. The possibility of deformation-induced martensitic transformation was analyzed theoretically, whose conclusions were consistent with the experimental results. It was found that torsional deformation could produce abundant deformation twin and deformation-induced martensite, which could affect the tensile property of steel distinctly. The existence of deformation and martensite during torsion could increase the strength but deteriorate the ductility dramatically during the tensile test, which should be attributed to the weakening of work hardening ability. As a result of severe deformation, both strain-induced and stress-induced martensite have been observed. Also, two types of martensitic transformation mechanisms during torsional deformation were discussed.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 722-728 [
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216
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729
M.I. Da´vila-Pe´rez, H.J. Vergara-Herna´ndez, O. Va´zquez-Go´mez, F. Reyes-Caldero´n, E. Lo´pez-Martı´nez, J.M. Salgado-Lo´pez
Application of a new reagent for analysis of oxygen presence in a lowcarbon steel wire rod
Hot!
A microstructural analysis was performed to determine the presence of oxygen in a wire rod section of AISI 1008 steel with a surface mechanical failure produced during wire drawing. The failure zone was analyzed by comparison using three different attack reagents: alkaline sodium chromate (ASC), ASC with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol, and a solution of nitric acid in ethyl alcohol. The reagents were applied in samples in the failure zone, showing different types of zones in regions with internal and superficial defects such as carbides, pores, cracks, deformation, and detachment zones, indicating the possible presence of oxygen. The areas identified were observed by means of an optical microscope and were correlated with the content of elements that were present in the region using a scanning electron microscope and a scattered X-ray energy spectrometer, which determined that the areas identified by chromate sodium correspond to regions with a high concentration of oxygen and slag-forming elements such as silicon, aluminum, and iron; this is associated with the presence of oxygen in the oxide form. It was also observed that the ASC and the modified ASC solution with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol could identify areas with a high presence of oxides, while the nitric acid solution only identified the steel microstructure. The modified ASC solution is an alternative to identify the presence of chemical variants of oxygen because the conventional formulation is unstable and has a too short shelf life, and therefore, its application must be carried out at the time of preparation.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 729-738 [
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55
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170
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739
Jia-cheng Zhang, Tuo Zhang, Yi-tao Yang
Microstructure and properties evolution of Nb-bearing medium Cr wear-resistant cast steel during heat treatment
The effect of quenching temperature and cooling conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a 0.2%Nb medium chromium wear-resistant cast steel was investigated. The microstructure, carbides and volume fraction of retained austenite were characterized using the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The influence of heat treatment on hardness, impact toughness and tensile properties of test steel was studied. It can be observed that lath martensite can be obtained under the condition of air cooling and oil cooling upon austenitizing in the range of 900–1020 °C. Total carbide content of 0.2–1.1 wt.% under air cooling is more than that under oil cooling due to the lower cooling rate. Nb
6
C
5
, M
23
C
6
and M
7
C
3
were found at lower austenitizing temperature, of which niobium carbide mostly located at grain boundaries, while chromium carbides were uniformly distributed in the matrix with the size of 20–50 nm. The chromium carbides are basically dissolved into the matrix in test steel austenitized at 1020 °C. Meanwhile, the negligible growth of prior austenite grain size is achieved. Specimen austenitized at 1020 °C and cooled in air + tempered at 200 °C has a best combination of hardness, plasticity and tensile strength due to fine grain size and more amount of retained austenite. Under this condition, the hardness is 58 HRC, the impact toughness is 22.92 J/cm
2
, and the tensile strength is 1136.9 MPa.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 739-751 [
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52
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752
Yi Ren, Xian-bo Shi, Zhen-guo Yang, Yi-yin Shan, Wei Ye, Gui-xi Cai, Ke Yang
Strength, strain capacity and toughness of five dual-phase pipeline steels
Hot!
The effect of microstructures on strength, strain capacity and low temperature toughness of a micro-alloyed pipeline steel was elucidated. Five various dual-phase microstructures, namely, acicular ferrite and a small amount of (around 2 vol.%) polygonal ferrite (AF + PF), polygonal ferrite and bainite (PF + B), polygonal ferrite and martensite/austenite islands (PF + M/A), polygonal ferrite and martensite (PF + M) and elongated polygonal ferrite and martensite (ePF + M), have been studied. Experimental results show that AF + PF microstructure has high yield strength and excellent low temperature toughness, whereas its yield ratio is the highest. Polygonal ferrite-based dual-phase steels, PF + B, PF + M/A and PF + M microstructures show better strain capacity and low temperature toughness. The strain capacity and low temperature toughness of ePF + M microstructure are the worst due to its high strength. The relationship between microstructure, strength, strain capacity and toughness has been established. Based on the results, the optimum microstructure for a better combination of strength, strain capacity and toughness is suggested to be the one having appropriate polygonal ferrite as second phase in an acicular ferrite matrix.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 752-761 [
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762
Shuai Wang, Wei-jian Chen, Zheng-zhi Zhao, Xiao-long Zhao, Xiao-yang Luo, Qiang Wang
Effect of microstructure evolution on Luders strain and tensile properties in an intercritical annealing medium-Mn steel
Hot!
The influence of microstructural characteristics on Lu¨ders strain and mechanical properties was explored by means of altering thermo-mechanical circumstances in an intercritical annealing (IA) medium-Mn Fe-11Mn-0.09C-0.25Si (wt.%) steel. By IA of cold-rolled samples with severe plastic deformation, exclusively equiaxed dual phases were obtained because of active recovery and recrystallization. The equiaxed austenite (gamma E) with a larger size and inadequate chemical concentration was more readily transformed into martensite, and subsequent transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect was triggered actively at relatively higher IA temperature, lessening localized deformation. In addition, grown-in dislocations were prone to multiply and migrate around a broad mean free path for coarser equiaxed ferrite (alpha E) due to weakening dynamic recovery; therefore, it was the ensuing increased mobility of dislocations instead of reserving plentiful initial dislocation density that facilitated the propagation velocity of Luders bands and the accumulation of work hardening. In contrast, the bimodal-grained microstructure with lath-like and equiaxed austenite (gamma L+ gamma E) satisfactorily contributed to a smaller yield point elongation (YPE) without compromise of comprehensive mechanical properties on the grounds that austenitic gradient stability gave rise to discontinuous but sustainable TRIP effect and incremental work hardening. Hence, Luders strain is closely related to the absence of work hardening in the region which yields locally. It follows that the decreased stability of retained austenite, favorable mobility of dislocations and the bimodal-grained structure all prominently make up for the insufficiency of work hardening, thereof resulting in a limited YPE.
2021 Vol. 28 (06): 762-772 [
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