钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2022年 29卷 2期
刊出日期：2022-02-25
综述
论著
简讯
综述
187
Zhi-ming Yan, Xue-wei Lv, Zu-shu Li
Physicochemical properties and structure of titania-containing metallurgical slags: a review
Hot!
The titanium industry can hardly bypass the titania-containing slags, and the slag physicochemical properties are essential in the metallurgical reactor design and process control. The TiO
2
–FeO-based slags and TiO
2
–SiO
2
–CaO-based slags are the main metallurgical slag systems in the titanium resource utilization processes. To elaborate the role of TiO
2
in the physicochemical properties of titania-containing metallurgical slags, the physicochemical properties including titanium redox ratio, liquidus temperature, viscosity, electrical conductivity, density, surface tension, thermal conductivity, and sulfide capacity were critically reviewed. Moreover, the property prediction models were briefly introduced with regards to the limitations of the existing models. The property prediction models are still required to evolve since not all properties of titania-containing slags can be well modeled. As the slag structure has an intimate relationship with slag properties, the structural details of the titania-containing slag were investigated by using a combination of spectroscopic technologies, but the knowledge of the slag structure was not fully ascertained. The potential research fields related to the physicochemical properties and structure of the titania-containing slags were also suggested.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 187-206 [
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207
Zhen-bao Liu, Zhe Yang, Jian-xiong Liang, Zhi-yong Yang, Guang-min Sheng
Atomic-scale characterization of multiple precipitating species in a precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel
Multiple precipitating species in a 2.2 GPa grade precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel with balanced ductility were characterized at atomic scale by atom probe tomography. The results indicated that the clustering of solute atoms was promoted with progressive aging treatments. (Cr, Mo)-rich carbide (M2C) precipitated at the linear dislocations in the asaged steels. Obvious segregation of Cr, Mo, and C at phase boundaries favored the precipitation of carbide and caused the formation of Cr-lean domains. Spinodal decomposition of martensitic matrix during aging led to the substantial precipitation of fine Cr-rich (a0Cr) phase. Compared with the first aging treated samples, a synergistic enhancement of both strength and ductility of the secondary aging treated (SAT) samples was primarily ascribed to the enhanced precipitation of Cr-rich phase. Additionally, Ni-rich filmy reversed austenite precipitated at the lath boundary, which was beneficial to the ductility of SAT samples.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 207-214 [
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论著
215
Min Gan, Wang Shu, Zhi-yun Ji, Zhi-an Zhou, Xiao-hui Fan, Bing Hu, Guo-jing Wang, Yuan Zhu, Ya-fei Sun
Control of nitrogen oxides emission by selective non-catalytic reduction in preheating section during iron ore pellets production
Reducing the NOx emission from pelletizing process is of great importance to the green development of iron and steel industry. The flue gas temperature of preheating (PH) section during grate-kiln iron ore pelletizing process typically ranges within 850–1050 °C, which meets the temperature requirements of selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) for NOx. The in-bed SNCR behavior of NO
x
in the PH section was investigated, and the influence of relevant parameters was revealed. Results show that with the flue gas temperature rising, the denitration rate reached a peak value and then declined, where the appropriate temperature range was 950–1000 °C. Increasing the NH
3
/NO ratio (NSR) contributed to improving the denitration rate, and the appropriate NSR was 1.0. Oxygen content in the flue gas also showed an important influence on denitration rate, which reached a peak value and then dropped with the oxygen content rising. Under the condition of 18 vol.% oxygen content, the denitration reaction mainly occurred in the form of 4NO + 4NH
3
+ O
2
= 4N
2
+ 6H
2
O. For restricting the competitive reaction of NH
3
oxidation, the oxygen content in flue gas of PH section should be kept at an appropriate range. In general, the denitration rate reached about 25% in the PH section through spraying ammonia.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 215-222 [
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223
Pin Shao, Shi-xu Liu, Xin-cheng Miao
CFD-PBM simulation of bubble coalescence and breakup in top blown-rotary agitated reactor
Gas–liquid flow and bubble coalescence and breakup behavior were studied in a top blown-rotary agitated reactor for steelmaking. Several important models of bubble coalescence and breakup mechanisms were considered and compared, and water model experiment was carried out to verify and optimize the mathematical models. The influence of different operating parameters including paddle arrangement, stirring speed and top blowing flow rate on the bubble size and distribution was revealed. The results show that the predicted bubble size and distribution present a good agreement with the experimental results using the improved Luo–Laakkonen combination model. As the position of the stirring paddle moves from the center to the side wall, the bubble distribution in the reactor becomes more uniform, and the bubble size gradually decreases. With the increase in the paddle rotation speed, the bubble size decreases. However, this effect begins to weaken when the paddle rotation speed exceeds 150 r/min. Increasing the top blowing flow rate will increase the bubble size in the reactor, but it has a weak effect on bubble dispersion. When the top blowing rate exceeds 2.0 m
3
/h, the bubble size in the bath is basically not less than 5 mm.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 223-236 [
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237
Ya-dong Wang, Li-feng Zhang, Wen Yang, Ying Ren
Effect of nozzle type on fluid flow, solidification, and solute transport in mold with mold electromagnetic stirring
The mathematical model of coupling fluid flow, heat transfer, solidification, solute transport, and the electromagnetic field of the bloom in the upper part of the strand was established with three nozzle types. Then, the flow field, distribution of the temperature, solidification, and macrosegregation of carbon were investigated and compared by numerical modeling. In the case of the straight submerged entry nozzle (SEN), the molten steel flows down deep into the liquid pool, and the depth of the jet flow reaches about 1.0 m beneath the meniscus. The jetting zone is the high-temperature zone. In the case of twoport SEN and four-port SEN, the flow patterns and distribution of temperature in the central longitudinal section are similar. The jet flow impinges directly on the initially solidified shell and then it is divided into two longitudinal circulations. The heat of molten steel is dissipated along with the longitudinal circulations. The negative segregation band was generated near the bloom surface due to the washing effect by the rotating flow at the solidification front with three nozzle types. The negative segregation deteriorates gradually with the number of ports decreasing.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 237-246 [
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247
Yan-bin Yin, Jiong-ming Zhang
Large eddy simulation of transient transport and entrapment of particle during slab continuous casting
To investigate the transient transport and entrapment of argon bubbles and inclusions simultaneously during continuous casting, a 3D large eddy simulation model coupling molten steel flow, solidification and particle motion was constructed. In this model, momentum transfer between molten steel and argon bubbles was performed by two-way coupling. The predicted results indicate that argon bubble injection changed the flow pattern of molten steel and the inclusion motion in the liquid pool. Consequently, the inclusion capture near the solidifying front was changed. In addition, measurements of bubbles and inclusions in the obtained samples were performed by methods of optical microscope examination and galvanostatic electrolysis. The results show a favorable agreement between the model predictions and the measured results, which validate the mathematical model. Furthermore, the predicted results of the inclusion entrapment in the case with argon bubble injection are more compatible with the measurements than those in the case without argon bubble injection.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 247-262 [
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263
Zhen-nan Liu, Chun-ling Yao, Cong Liu, Song-yuan Zhang, Hui Huang, Yong Cheng
A thermodynamic model of solid solutions and its application in solid alloys
Based on the free volume theory, lattice model, the Scatchard–Hildebrand theory, novel expressions of configuration partition function and excessive Gibbs free energy and component activity coefficients of solid solutions were developed using configuration partition function and statistical thermodynamics of molecular interaction volume model (MIVM). Herein, the separation of the volume and energy parameters was achieved. The proposed model can reflect the contributions from both the molecular configuration micro-state number (entropy) and molecular interactions (enthalpy) toward excessive Gibbs free energy. The proposed equations are more consistent with the practical solid solutions. This model can use either the relevant binary infinite dilution activity coefficients or binary activity to describe and predict the thermodynamic properties of the multi-component solid solutions. Applications of the proposed model in some typical binary and ternary solid solution alloys revealed that the thermodynamic properties predicted by the proposed model were consistent with the experimental data and the proposed model was found to be superior to MIVM in terms of the prediction performance. Hence, it can be concluded that the proposed model exhibits good physical basis, applicability, stability and reliability.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 263-280 [
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281
Guang-hui Zhao, Jian Zhang, Juan Li, Hua-ying Li, Hai-tao Liu, Li-feng Ma
Effect of copper on edge cracking behavior and microstructure of rolled austenitic stainless steel plate
Cu is known to affect the edge cracking characteristics of austenitic stainless steel as it causes embrittlement. The hot rolling test of four kinds of austenitic stainless steel with different copper content (0, 2.42, 3.60 and 4.35 wt.%) was carried out to examine the effect of hot rolling cracks on steel containing different copper contents. The evolution of crack and microstructure was analyzed using the scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer, electron back scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscope. Experimental results showed an upward trend in edge cracking degree when Cu content was 4.35%, and the crack extended from the edge of the steel plate to the middle by about 14 mm. Besides, severe oxidation was observed inside the crack by fractography. With the increase in copper content at 1250 °C, the content of {110}<112> brass and {112}<111> copper textures decreased. When the content of copper was 4.35%, the decrease was most significant, and {112}<111> copper texture content decreased to only 0.5%. Generally, the textures of 2.42%Cu and 3.60%Cu 304L steel changed little, while a large change in the texture of 4.35%Cu 304L steel was observed. To conclude, the increase in rolling temperature can prevent edge crack and its propagation effectively.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 281-294 [
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295
Fan Zhao, Guo-ning He, Ya-zheng Liu, Zhi-hao Zhang, Jian-xin Xie
Effect of titanium microalloying on microstructure and mechanical properties of vanadium microalloyed steels for hot forging
Effect of titanium microalloying on the microstructure and mechanical properties of vanadium microalloyed steels for hot forging was studied. Titanium microalloying improves the mechanical properties mainly through refining the austenite grains. When the heating temperature is in the range of 1050–1300 °C, the austenite grain diameter is decreased from 77–133 to 26–68 μm by titanium microalloying. With the decrease in austenite grain diameter, the final microstructure is refined significantly, and the high misorientation boundaries are increased. After the steel is heated at 1200 °C (the common hot forging temperature) and cooled slowly, titanium microalloying decreases the yield strength from 548.4 to 519.4 MPa, and the tensile strength decreases from 842.7 to 808.7 MPa. However, the elongation increases from 19.0% to 21.4%, and the impact energy increases from 9.8 to 38.2 J. V–Ti steel has a better combination of strength, plasticity and toughness than V steel. In addition, the nucleation of intragranular ferrite idiomorphs is promoted by titanium microalloying, which may have a beneficial effect on the property of steels with coarse microstructure caused by the critical deformation in hot die forging.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 295-306 [
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307
Peng-fei Gao, Ju-hua Liang, Wei-jian Chen, Feng Li, Zheng-zhi Zhao
Prediction and evaluation of optimum quenching temperature and microstructure in a 1300 MPa ultra-high-strength Q&P steel
The quenching and partitioning steel is the representative of the third generation of advanced high-strength steel. The effect of quenching temperature on the microstructure and mechanical property of ferrite-containing quenching and partitioning steel was studied by intercritical annealing quenching and partitioning processes. When preparing a test steel with a tensile strength of 1300 MPa and total elongation of 19%, it is found that the actual optimum quenching temperature was lower than that calculated according to the constrained carbon equilibrium. The results indicate that the martensite start temperature of the austenite was overestimated when considering the diffusion of carbon only. Austenite grain size which is affected by low temperature and the existence of ferrite during intercritical annealing influenced the optimum quenching temperature. A scheme considering the diffusion of various alloying elements and austenite grain size was proposed and verified. Using this scheme, the optimum quenching temperature of intercritically annealed quenching and partitioning steel with complex microstructures was well predicted.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 307-315 [
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316
Yong-gang Yang, Wang-zhong Mu, Xiao-qing Li, Hai-tao Jiang, Mai Wang, Zhen-li Mi, Xin-ping Mao
Effects of strain rate on austenite stability and mechanical properties in a 5Mn steel
The austenite stability and the mechanical properties in a typical medium Mn grade steel, i.e., 5Mn steel, were investigated under a wide range of strain rates through the combination of experimental and theoretical methodologies. The obtained results indicate that austenite is more stable at a high strain rate, which is due to the suppression of the austenite to martensite transformation. This suppression is attributed to the increased stacking fault energy and the high deformation energy barrier. Moreover, the suppression of martensitic transformation also leads to the decrease in the ultimate tensile strength and the uniform elongation. Owing to the increase in an adiabatic heating temperature, an increase in the uniform elongation is acquired at a high strain rate. The obtained fundamental study results shed light on a wide application of the medium Mn steel under different strain rate conditions.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 316-326 [
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327
Zhong-yi Chen, Zheng-zong Chen, Dong-xu Kou, Yong-qing Li, Yong-lin Ma, Yi-ming Li
Evolution of microstructure in reheated coarse-grained zone of G115 novel martensitic heat-resistant steel
Based on the thermal simulation method, a systematical analysis was conducted on the effect of welding peak temperature and the cooling time that takes place from 800 to 500 °C on microstructure, precipitates, substructure and microhardness of the reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of G115 novel martensitic heat-resistant steel. As revealed from the results, the microstructure of un-altered CGHAZ (UACGHAZ) and supercritically CGHAZ (SCCGHAZ) was lath martensite, and structural heredity occurred. Intercritically reheated CGHAZ (IRCGHAZ) exhibited martensite and overtempered martensite, and subcritical CGHAZ (SCGHAZ) displayed martensite and under-tempered martensite. The austenite in UACGHAZ and SCCGHAZ was transformed with the diffusion mechanism during the first thermal cycle, but with the non-diffusion mechanism during the second thermal cycle. For this reason,
A
c1
and
A
c3
during the second thermal cycle were significantly lower than those during the first thermal cycle, and
A
c1
and
A
c3
were reduced by nearly 14 and 44 °C, respectively. Since the content and stability of the austenite alloy during the second thermal cycle of IRCGHAZ were lower than those during the first thermal cycle, Ms increased by nearly 30 °C. There were considerable precipitates in the over-tempered region of IRCGHAZ, and the Laves phase was contained, which was not conducive to high-temperature creep property. Moreover, the dislocation density and the number of sub-grains in the region were lower, resulting in a sharp decrease in the microhardness, and it was the weak area in the reheated CGHAZ.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 327-338 [
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339
Yu-man Qin, Chang-bo Liu, Chun-sheng Zhang, Xu-biao Wang, Xiao-yan Long, Yan-guo Li, Zhi-nan Yang, Fu-cheng Zhang
Comparison on wear resistance of nanostructured bainitic bearing steel with and without residual cementite
The sliding wear property of high-carbon nanostructured bainitic bearing steel with the equal initial hardness and different microstructures was investigated, and the reasons for the difference of wear resistance between the cementite-bearing (CB) and cementite-free (CF) specimens were analyzed. The results show that CF specimens have lower mass loss and surface roughness and shallower wear depth than CB specimens during wear process. Compared with CB specimen, CF specimen presents superior wear resistance. This is due to two reasons: (1) a lot of retained austenite in CF specimen is easy to produce TRIP effect and be transformed into martensite during wear process, which notably increased the surface hardness of worn specimen; (2) there is a nondestructive oxide layer in the surface of cementite-free worn specimen, which can protect the surface of worn specimen from destruction. Under the combined effect of retained austenite and oxide layer, the loss of matrix is reduced. Thus, CF specimen exhibits high wear resistance. It reveals that the wear mechanism of high-carbon nanostructured bainitic bearing steel with different microstructures can provide a reference for improving the wear resistance in high-carbon nanostructured bainitic bearing steel in future.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 339-349 [
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350
Yan-hui Liu, Zhao-zhao Liu, Miao Wang
Evolution of grain size and grain shape during thermomechanical processing in a powder metallurgical nickel-based superalloy
With a strain rate range of 0.01–10 s
-1
and a deformation temperature range of 1110–1200 °C, the isothermal compression test was performed on one powder metallurgy superalloy which is macroscopic segregation free. Using electron backscatter diffraction, the effect of strain rate and deformation temperature on grain shape and grain size of superalloys during thermal deformation was studied. The results established that exquisite and equiaxed dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains are procured at supernal deformation temperature and high strain rate because of the high dislocation density. At the same time, the interaction between high DRX nucleation rate and low grain growth rate at high strain rate is favorable in making finer DRX grains. The equivalent medial grain size expanded with lowering strain rate and elevating proof temperature. Moreover, the grain shape was researched by the effective method of aspect ratio. Most aspect ratio of original grains is 0.61, and the aspect ratio has important implications for DRX and grain growth process. The average aspect ratio increases slightly when deformation temperature rises from 1110 to 1140 °C, while the average aspect ratio increases memorably as the deformation temperature is higher than 1140 °C.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 350-358 [
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359
Q.N. Song, Y. Tong, H.L. Li, H.N. Zhang, N. Xu, G.Y. Zhang, Y.F. Bao, W. Liu, Z.G. Liu, Y.X. Qiao
Corrosion and cavitation erosion resistance enhancement of cast Ni–Al bronze by laser surface melting
Laser surface melting (LSM) was applied on a cast Ni–Al bronze (NAB), which was a crucial material for marine ship propellers. A 720 μm-thick LSM layer with fine equiaxed and dendritic microstructures was obtained. After immersion for 30 days, the corrosion rate of cast NAB was reduced by 25% after LSM. Preferential corrosion occurred and deep corrosion pits appeared at a+kIII microstructure for the cast NAB. LSM NAB underwent general corrosion, and a much more protective film formed on the surface because of the homogenized microstructure. The mass loss of the cast NAB was approximately 2.1 times larger than that of LSM NAB after cavitation erosion (CE) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 5 h. For the two materials, the mechanical impact effect was dominantly responsible for CE damage. Therefore, the improved hardness and homogenized microstructure contributed to the improved CE resistance of LSM NAB. CE destructed the film, shifted the open circuit potential toward a more negative value, and raised the current density by an order of magnitude. Corrosion at the cast eutectoid microstructure and the dendrites of LSM NAB facilitates the degradation under the cavitation attack. CE-corrosion synergy was largely caused by corrosion-enhanced-CE.
2022 Vol. 29 (2): 359-369 [
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