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2022年 29卷 5期
刊出日期：2022-05-20
综述
论著
简讯
综述
707
Kai Wang, Chao-jie Yan, Chen-hua Yuan, Xi-chen Yang, Li-jia Zhao, Qiang Wang
Progress in research on diffusional phase transformations of Fe–C alloys under high magnetic fields
Hot!
The solid-phase transformations of metal materials under high magnetic fields are an important topic in research on the electromagnetic processing of materials. Progress in research on the diffusional phase transformations of Fe–C alloys under high magnetic fields is reviewed. The effects of high magnetic fields on the microstructural evolution in diffusional phase transformations in Fe–C alloys are discussed. The kinetics of ferrite transformations, pearlite transformations, and the precipitation of carbides under high magnetic fields are reviewed in terms of the thermodynamics of phase transformations and the diffusion behavior of carbon atoms. Finally, future trends in research on diffusional phase transformations of Fe–C alloys under high magnetic fields are discussed.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 707-718 [
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719
Yan-yu Zhao, Li-feng Zhang, Wei Chen, Shu-sen Cheng, Ying Ren
Kinetic modeling on hot metal desulfurization with mechanical stirring
Hot!
A kinetic model on hot metal desulfurization with mechanical stirring was established using FactSage Macro Processing. The sulfur diffusion in the molten steel and reactions at the interface between the molten steel and the desulfurizer particle were considered. Calculated results agreed well with experimental results, indicating that the model can be used to predict the desulfurization rate and cost with various temperatures, chemical compositions, rotation speeds, and desulfurizer additions. The higher impeller rotation speed from 80 to 120 r/min, higher temperature from 1573 to 1673 K, smaller particle size from 2.5 to 1.5 μm, and more desulfurizer addition from 0.35 to 0.64 kg/t were suggested to improve the desulfurization rate. Moreover, to synthetically increase the desulfurization efficiency and lower the cost, contours of S content and cost during the desulfurization process with various desulfurizer additions and time were calculated. Based on industrial cost data analysis of the added desulfurizer, the refractory erosion, and electric power consumption, the total cost of the hot metal desulfurization with time step (Dt) was fitted as Cost total 0.066+1.58×10
-7
. The less desulfurizer addition and longer desulfurization time contributed to lowering the cost, while more desulfurizer addition was conducive to improving the desulfurization efficiency.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 719-724 [
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论著
725
Jiang-yong He, Chong Zou, Jun-xue Zhao, Dong Liang, Jia-le Xi, Cheng Ma
Comparison of semi-coke with traditional pulverized coal injection and iron ore sintering fuels based on chemical structure and combustion behavior
Hot!
Substantial semi-coke has been produced through the industrialized low-temperature pyrolysis process, which has great potential as an alternative fuel for pulverized coal injection (PCI) and iron ore sintering. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscope, and thermal analysis were used to compare the carbon chemical structure and combustion reactivity of semicoke, pulverized coal, and coke breeze. The results show that the average volatile matter content in 46 types of semi-cokes is 8.94 wt.%. The fluctuation range of the characteristic parameters of the semi-coke chemical structure is d002 = (0.352–0.379) nm and A
D1
/A
G
= (2.51–7.92), while the fluctuation range of the characteristic parameters of pulverized coal is d
002
= (0.348–0.373) nm and A
D1
/A
G
= (1.71–9.03) (where d002 means the interlayer spacing between the aromatic planes, and A
D1
/A
G
is an index that characterizes the degree of disorder of the char structure through the area ratio of the defect peak band D1 to the perfect graphite peak band G); the overlap between these ranges is relatively high. Contrarily, the fluctuation range of the characteristic parameters of coke breeze is d
002
= (0.343–0.350) nm and A
D1
/ A
G
= (0.75–2.51), which is markedly different from that of semi-coke. Semi-coke combustion reactivity is close to that of pulverized coal, but considerably better than that of coke breeze. In terms of chemical structure and combustion reactivity, semi-coke can be used as an alternative fuel for PCI; however, when used for sintering alternative fuel, matching of the heat supply and demand in the later sintering stage must be scrupulously analyzed.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 725-740 [
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741
Hong-tao Wang, Man-sheng Chu, Ji-wei Bao, Zheng-gen Liu, Hong-ming Long
Non-isothermal reduction process analysis of iron-bearing burden with charging iron coke hot briquette under simulated blast furnace conditions
Hot!
Highly reactive iron coke hot briquette (ICHB) prepared by carbonizing the agglomerate of iron-bearing substance and blended coals is regarded as an alternative fuel to mitigate carbon emission and energy consumption of blast furnace. Simultaneously, the reduction process of iron-bearing burden is extremely crucial for blast furnace smelting. The effects of ICHB on the non-isothermal reduction process of iron-bearing burden with different reduction properties were thus experimentally studied under the conditions of simulated blast furnace lump zone (below 1100 °C), and the related mechanism was discussed and analyzed. The results showed that the non-isothermal reduction process of iron-bearing burden is promoted by adding ICHB. As the charging ratio of ICHB is increased from 0% to 30%, the reduction degree of pellet is increased from 22.91% to 36.62%, but the increased amplitude is leveled off. Furthermore, the reduction degree of sinter is raised from 35.10% to 93.33%. It is also indicated that the promotion effect of ICHB on the non-isothermal reduction of iron-bearing burden depends on the reduction property of burden. Compared with the burden with poor reduction performance (such as pellet 1), the promotion is more significant for the burden with good reduction property (such as sinter 1) since the reduction reaction of iron oxide in iron-bearing burden and the gasification of carbon in ICHB are remarkably reinforced each other. The practical application of ICHB in blast furnace should be utilized with highly reductive iron-bearing burden.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 741-750 [
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751
Kai-xiao Zhou, Wen-hui Lin, Jian-kun Sun, Jiang-shan Zhang, De-zheng Zhang, Xiao-ming Feng, Qing Liu
Prediction model of end-point phosphorus content for BOF based on monotone-constrained BP neural network
Hot!
Dephosphorization is essential content in the steelmaking process, and the process after the converter has no dephosphorization function. Therefore, phosphorus must be removed to the required level in the converter process. In order to better control the end-point phosphorus content of basic oxygen furnace (BOF), a prediction model of end-point phosphorus content for BOF based on monotone-constrained backpropagation (BP) neural network was established. Through the theoretical analysis of the dephosphorization process, ten factors that affect the end-point phosphorus content were determined as the input variables of the model. The correlations between influencing factors and end-point phosphorus content were determined as the constraint condition of the model. 200 sets of data were used to verify the accuracy of the model, and the hit ratios in the range of ± 0.005% and ± 0.003% are 94% and 74%, respectively. The fit coefficient of determination of the predicted value and the actual value is 0.8456, and the root-mean-square error is 0.0030; the predictive accuracy is better than that of ordinary BP neural network, and this model has good interpretability. It can provide useful reference for real production and also provide a new approach for metallurgical predictive modeling.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 751-760 [
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761
Fu-bin Liu, Jun-zhe Gao, Hai-bo Cao, Hua-bing Li, Zhou-hua Jiang, Xin Geng, Cong-peng Kang, Kui Chen, Rui-dong An
Effect of slag composition on elements oxidation behavior of GH984G superalloy for electroslag remelting withdrawal process
Hot!
The composition of a slag system has been shown to be particularly important and influential for the new technology of electroslag remelting withdrawal process. The oxidation of the GH984G alloy elements, in contact with different contents of CaF
2
–CaO–Al
2
O
3
–MgO–TiO
2
–SiO
2
in various slag systems, has been investigated in the present study by performing slag–metal equilibrium experiments and ion and molecule coexistence theory analysis. The results show that CaF
2
and MgO have only a minor effect on the oxidation rates of Al and Ti in the GH984G superalloys. However, it was found that SiO
2
would intensify the oxidation degree of Al and Ti, and Al was found to become easier oxidized than Ti. Moreover, CaO was found to reduce the activity of SiO
2
and, thereby, also the oxidation degree of Al and Ti. Also, TiO
2
was found to reduce the oxidation rate of Ti and instead increase the oxidation rate of Al. Finally, the effect of Al
2
O
3
on the oxidation of Al and Ti was observed to be opposite to that of TiO
2
. The calculated results were found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements. Moreover, viscosity experiments showed that CaO would rapidly increase the viscosity of the slag at low temperatures, and that the viscosity of the slag would increase with an increase in SiO
2
content.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 761-771 [
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772
Bao Liu, Jin Li, Qian-qian Ren, Shuang Cai, Xue Yang, Ya-nan Zeng, Jun-guo Li
Leaching behavior and mineralogical evolution of vanadium released from sodium roasted-acid leaching tailing of vanadium slag
Hot!
The sodium roasted-acid leaching tailing (SRALT) of vanadium slag with a certain amount of vanadium exhibits potential environmental risk. To investigate the leaching behavior of vanadium from the SRALT, neutral batch leaching tests were performed. The evolution of vanadium concentration, pH, redox potential (Eh), dissolved oxygen, and conductivity as a function of time was measured. Pourbaix diagrams of V–H
2
O system with different vanadium concentrations were obtained to identify the ionic speciation of vanadium in leachate. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry analysis were conducted to investigate the mineralogical evolution of the SRALT during the leaching process. It was found that the major minerals of the original SRALT are titanomagnetite, spinel, olivine, and augite. The valence states of V existing in the original SRALT are V
3+
and V
5+.
The pH and Eh values of the obtained leachates are 10.00–10.58 and (-43)–(+67) mV, respectively. In this pH and Eh region, the released vanadium is mainly present as HVO
4
2-
. The FeOOH and CaCO
3
would form during the leaching process. The HVO
4
2-
would be mainly adsorbed by the FeOOH and slightly incorporated into the CaCO
3
, resulting in the decline in the vanadium concentration. The vanadium concentration above 27 mg L
-1
and the dissolved oxygen value below 5.0 mg L
-1
can be obtained after a short leaching period. As a V(V)-releasing and oxygendepleting substance, the leaching toxicity of the SRALT should not be ignored.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 772-782 [
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783
Hui Wang, Chao Liu, Hong-wei Xing, Jin-hu Wu, Wen-long Lin, Shuo Li, Guo-hui Ding, Yu-zhu Zhang
High-temperature modification and air-quenching granulation of steel slag
Hot!
To solve the problem of difficult utilization of steel slag, the liquid steel slag was modified and the air-quenching granulation process was carried out to make steel slag into a value-added end product: air-quenching granulated steel slag. The granulated slag was tested to analyze the variation rule of slag properties under different modification conditions. Based on the phase diagram of CaO–Si
2
O–FeO–MgO–Al
2
O
3
slag system, the feasibility of blast furnace (BF) slag as modifier was determined. When the addition of BF slag was increased from 0% to 35%, following results were obtained. The slag fluidity was improved, and the air-quenching temperature range was expanded. Then, the yield of air-quenched steel slag increased, while the granulation rate, the degree of sphericity, the compactness were decreased. Furthermore, the air-quenching granulation process could substantially improve the stability and the amorphous content of steel slag. The maximum removal rate of free CaO was above 80% and the amorphous content was up to 95%. Taking the factors of yield and properties of granulated steel slag into full consideration, the optimum proportion of BF slag is around 15%.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 783-792 [
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793
Xin-tian Wang, Hui-bin Wu, Yang Gu, Li-xiong Xu, Peng-cheng Zhang, Qi-bo Tang
Tensile deformation behavior of nickel-free high-manganese austenitic cryogenic-temperature steel
Hot!
Nickel-free high-manganese austenitic Fe–24.4Mn–4.04Al–0.057C steel was produced by smelting, and the homogenized forged billet was hot-rolled. The plastic deformation mechanism was investigated through tensile testing of the hot-rolled sample. Different characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructural evolution of steel under different strain levels. The steel had a single austenite phase, which was stable during deformation. After hot rolling, annealing twins were observed in the microstructure of the steel. The steel showed an excellent combination of mechanical properties, like a tensile strength of 527 MPa, impact energy of 203 J at - 196 °C, and an elongation of 67% till fracture. At the initial deformation stage, the dislocations were generated within the austenite grains, entangled and accumulated at the grain boundaries and annealing twin boundaries. Annealing twins participated in plastic deformation and hindered the dislocation movement. As the deformation progressed, the dislocation slip was hindered and produced stress concentration, and the stacking faults evolved into mechanical twins, which released the stress concentration and delayed the necking.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 793-801 [
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802
Jin-wen Zhang, Yan-guang Cao, Cheng-guo Zhang, Zhao-dong Li, Wen-xian Wang
Effect of Nb addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of 25CrNiMoV (DZ2) steel for high-speed railway axles
Hot!
The microstructure, precipitates and properties of 25CrNiMoV (DZ2) steel for high-speed railway axles with different Nb contents were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattering diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and physicochemical phase analysis. The results show that the grain size of the original austenite of the test steels decreases from 20.5 to 14.2 and 10.8 μm after adding 0.026 and 0.039 wt.% Nb to a 25CrNiMoV steel, respectively. Moreover, the block width of the tempered martensite in the test steels is refined from 1.91 to 1.72 and 1.60 μm, respectively. MC-type precipitates in 25CrNiMoV steel are mainly VC, while (Nb,V)C gradually precipitates when Nb is microalloyed, and the amount of precipitates increases with increasing Nb content. Through strengthening mechanism analysis, it is found that grain refinement strengthening is the primary way to increase the strength. The improvement in the yield strength with increasing Nb content is attributed to a significant increase in precipitation strengthening, grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 802-809 [
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810
Xiao-xiao Liu, Zheng Zhang, Jie Zhang, Ran Yang, Cheng-shuang Yu, Jun-wei Qiao, Li-na Han
Enhanced strength and toughness in 40CrNiMo steels by austempering below martensite start temperature
Hot!
The austempering above and below martensite transition temperature (
M
s
) was employed in a medium-carbon low-alloy 40CrNiMo steel, and the bainite and martensite multiphase microstructures with different volume fractions were obtained. Here, the effect of pre-existing martensite on subsequent transformation of bainite microstructure and mechanical properties is focused and researched. The microstructure with a volume fraction of pre-existing martensite (V
PM
), bainite (V
B
), and martensite/austenite (V
M/A
) constituents of approximately 28%, 46%, and 26%, respectively could be obtained by austenitizing below Ms (280 °C) for 1 h, and an optimum combination of strength, ductility, and impact toughness (yield strength of 1420 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1795 MPa, total elongation of 7.9%, and V-notch impact value of 37 J) was achieved. The considerable enhancement of mechanical properties in the sample austenitized below Ms is mainly ascribed to the formation of the pre-existing martensite, resulting in an effective reduction in the size of the bainite plates and martensite/austenite constituents.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 810-818 [
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819
J.L. Guo, T.J. Chen
Effect of surface layer softening from previous electrochemical corrosion on electrochemical cold drawing of Q235 steel bar
Hot!
The effects of H2SO4 concentration and current in electrochemical corrosion on surface layer softening or plasticizing of Q235 steel bar and their effects on subsequent electrochemical cold drawing (ECD) were investigated. The results indicate that the electrochemical corrosion can soften or plasticize the surface layer of Q235 steel bar and then make the subsequent ECD be conducted more easily. The softening degree and thickness of the surface layer are continuously enhanced with increasing corrosion rate, i.e., increasing H2SO4 concentration or current, due to the generation of more vacancy clusters in deeper regions of surface layer. These vacancy clusters then relax dislocations through being absorbed during ECD, and the formation and movement of additional dislocation flux are thereby enhanced, resulting in the further obvious decrease in the drawing force. It is also due to the enhanced formation and movement of additional dislocation flux that the dislocation density and thus the hardness of the surface layer are decreased, as well as that the texture structure is weakened. These behaviors are enhanced as the corrosion rate increases.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 819-835 [
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836
Bing Han, Wei-hao Wan, Dan-dan Sun, Cai-chang Dong, Lei Zhao, Hai-zhou Wang
A deep learning-based method for segmentation and quantitative characterization of microstructures in weathering steel from sequential scanning electron microscope images
Hot!
Microstructural classification is typically done manually by human experts, which gives rise to uncertainties due to subjectivity and reduces the overall efficiency. A high-throughput characterization is proposed based on deep learning, rapid acquisition technology, and mathematical statistics for the recognition, segmentation, and quantification of microstructure in weathering steel. The segmentation results showed that this method was accurate and efficient, and the segmentation of inclusions and pearlite phase achieved accuracy of 89.95% and 90.86%, respectively. The time required for batch processing by MIPAR software involving thresholding segmentation, morphological processing, and small area deletion was 1.05 s for a single image. By comparison, our system required only 0.102 s, which is ten times faster than the commercial software. The quantification results were extracted from large volumes of sequential image data (150 mm
2
, 62,216 images, 1024 × 1024 pixels), which ensure comprehensive statistics. Microstructure information, such as three-dimensional density distribution and the frequency of the minimum spatial distance of inclusions on the sample surface of 150 mm
2
, were quantified by extracting the coordinates and sizes of individual features. A refined characterization method for two-dimensional structures and spatial information that is unattainable when performing manually or with software is provided. That will be useful for understanding properties or behaviors of weathering steel, and reducing the resort to physical testing.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 836-845 [
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846
De-kun Liu, Jian Yang, Yin-hui Zhang, Long-yun Xu
Effect of Mo content on nano-scaled particles, prior austenite grains and impact toughness of CGHAZ in offshore engineering steels
Hot!
The effect of Mo on nano-scaled particles, prior austenite grains and impact toughness of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in offshore engineering steels with Ca deoxidation was studied. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) toughness of Mo16 steel is obviously higher than that of Mo8 steel at all the heat inputs of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kJ/cm, with HAZ toughness of both steels decreased with increasing the welding heat input. When the Mo content is increased from 0.08 to 0.16%, the size of nano-scaled particles in HAZ is decreased from 18 to 15 nm, and their number density is increased from 0.7 to 0.9 μm
-2
. Thus, the Zener pinning force is increased, and the prior austenite grain size (PAGS) is decreased, leading to the improved HAZ toughness. Microstructural characterizations show that the nano-scaled particles in both steels are Ti(C, N) with the solute elements of Nb and Mo. The calculated critical particle size of TiN is 10.2 and 8.4 nm in Mo8 and Mo16 steels at 1350 °C, and the particles larger than the critical size are stable during the welding process. From the Zener pinning force calculation, Ti(C, N) particles play the more important role in the pinning effect on the prior austenite grain growth. Based on the regression analysis by the MATLAB results, the predicted values of PAGS at different heat inputs are well fitted with the experimental data.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 846-858 [
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859
Wen-hao Gong, De-hong Lu, Guang-yu He, Wei Ma, Qing-hua Yan
Effect of volume fraction of metal matrix composites framework on compressive mechanical properties of 3D interpenetrating ZTAp/40Cr architectured composites
Hot!
The effect of the volume fraction of 3D-metal matrix composites (MMC) framework on the compressive properties of 3D interpenetrating hierarchical ZrO
2
-toughened Al
2
O
3
particle (ZTAp)/40Cr steel composites was investigated. The results showed that the compressive properties of the material tended to decrease as the volume fraction of 3D-MMC framework increased. The composite with 35 vol.% 3D-MMC had a yield strength of 1455.2 MPa and compressive strength of 1612.8 MPa, which occurred at a strain value of 5.6%. Compared to the homogeneously dispersed composite material, the composite with 35 vol.% 3D-MMC had a 144.7% higher yield strength, which occurred at a 20% higher strain. An analysis of the cracks inside the material revealed that the crack was hindered and deflected by the matrix during propagation, which lengthened the crack propagation path and consumed more energy, thus leading to toughening. The results indicated that 3D interpenetrating hierarchical structure had a strengthening and toughening effect on ZTAp/40Cr composites.
2022 Vol. 29 (5): 859-865 [
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