钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2022年 29卷 11期
刊出日期：2022-11-25
综述
论著
综述
1711
Yan-zhu Huo, Hua-zhi Gu, Ao Huang, Bei-yue Ma, Liu-gang Chen, Guang-qiang Li, Ya-wei Li
Characterization and mechanism of dissolution behavior of Al2O3/MgO oxides in molten slags
Al2O3- and MgO-based oxides are among the most common oxides in the steelmaking industry. They exist as the main components of refractories, inclusions, or slags. Al2O3- and MgO-based oxides interact with molten slags continuously during the steel smelting process, which may lead to the dissolution and absorption of the oxides by molten slags, or reactions between oxides and molten slags to form intermediate products. Understanding the dissolution behavior of Al2O3- and MgO-based oxides in molten slags is important for prolonging the service life of refractories and removing inclusions in molten steel. Therefore, Al2O3- and MgO-based oxides are considered, and the test methods, dissolution mechanisms, and influencing factors are comprehensively introduced, which can provide a foundation for refractories wear and high-quality steel smelting.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1711-1722 [
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1723
Jian Yang, Tao Jiang, Shi-hong Ma, Song-tao Yang, Mi Zhou
Kinetics and mechanism of coal-based direct reduction of highchromium vanadium–titanium magnetite
High-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite (HCVTM) is a valuable resource containing metal elements such as iron, vanadium, titanium, and chromium. To recycle these elements, direct reduction is an efficient way. The mechanism and reaction kinetic parameters for the direct reduction of HCVTM were studied. Experimental results show that the reduction degree increases obviously when the C/O ratio and temperature increase. Thermodynamic analysis showed a dramatic mass loss in the direct reduction of HCVTM in the temperature range of 985–1160 ℃. From 1200 to 1350 ℃, the reduction curves for the isothermal reduction of HCVTM followed the same trend, with a sharp increase in the initial reaction zone and a slight increase in the reduction rate with increasing time, and finally, the isothermal reduction process of HCVTM was divided into several limiting stages with varying degrees, with inconsistent limiting factors for the reaction rate at different stages. The results also show that the activation energy decreases slightly at larger degrees of reduction. Also, the apparent rate constant k(T) increased with increasing reduction temperature, with lnk(T) showing a good linear relationship with temperature.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1723-1733 [
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1734
Yu-xiao Xue, De-qing Zhu, Zheng-qi Guo, Jian Pan, Yi-ge Wang, Qing-zhou Huang, Liao-ting Pan, Xue-zhong Huang
Achieving efficient utilization of limonitic nickel laterite and CO2 emission reduction through multi-force field sintering process
Strengthening limonitic nickel laterite sintering and reducing CO2 emission were performed by the application of multiforce fields including external thermodynamic and pressure fields. Sinter pot tests of limonitic nickel laterite were carried out, and the relevant industrial production was briefed. The chemistry and mineralogy of product sinter and the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions during sintering were analyzed to reveal the relevant mechanism. The results indicate that sintering performance of limonitic nickel laterite in the new sintering process with multi-force fields is significantly improved with tumble index and productivity increased by 24.11% and 18.56%, respectively, and solid fuel rate reduced by 23.21%, compared with those in traditional sintering process. In this case, greenhouse and pollutant gas emissions are greatly reduced, and metallurgical performances of product sinter are excellent. The industrial production has been successfully conducted, indicating a bright application prospect. Mechanism analysis shows that the great improvement of thermodynamic and kinetic conditions during sintering and the densification of loose sinter can be achieved via the application of multi-force fields. Sinter microstructure is transformed from large thin-wall pores to small thin-wall pores or medium thick-wall pores with the dramatic reduction of sinter porosity and more formation of silico-ferrite of calcium and alumina (SFCA). Meanwhile, the homogenization of mineral compositions is achieved, and much denser interlocking texture between hercynite and SFCA is formed. The application of multi-force fields contributes to the substantial improvement of sintering performance of limonitic nickel laterite and CO2 emission reduction.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1734-1747 [
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1748
Fan-jian Meng, Chang-yu Sun, Ting-le Li, Qi Wang
Primary slag formation behavior during reduction process of SFCA-I and SFCA
Because the formation behavior of primary slag which decomposed from complex calcium ferrite (SFCA-I and SFCA) is not quite clear, the migration behavior of CaO and Al2O3 derived from high basicity or high alumina sinter is always worth studying. The reducibility of three representative sinter samples and the formation behavior of primary slag during reduction process were investigated via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy characterization. The results show that the reducibility of high basicity sinter is superior to that of high alumina sinter. Minerals with poor reducibility like hercynite and brownmillerite and with large-grained particles like free alumina and silica form in sinters with basicity of 2.4 and Al2O3 content of 4 wt.%, respectively. The appearance of these minerals can well explain the reduction stagnation phenomenon occurring in these sinter samples. The migration behavior of CaO and Al2O3 during slag formation process is different. CaO can easily combine with SiO2 to form silicate phase or firstly form calcium-rich ferro-aluminate solid solution and then transform to silicate phase, while Al2O3 firstly combines with CaO and FeO to form solid solution and then, gradually combines with SiO2 to form calcium aluminum silicate phase.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1748-1759 [
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1760
Qing-yu Tang, Kai-jia Wu, Min Gan, Xiao-hui Fan, Zeng-qing Sun, Hao Lv, Guo-jing Wong
Developing laterite nickel ore leaching residue as sustainable blast furnace charge
A kind of leaching residue generated during high pressure acid leaching of laterite nickel ore is creatively prepared as blast furnace charge for ironmaking. Results show that the briquettes with uniform shape, compressive strength higher than 72.3 N/pellet, and cracking temperature over 400 ℃ can be obtained by the non-binder briquetting with water content of 12.2 wt.% and pressure of 30 MPa. After preheating at 975 ℃ for 12 min and roasting at 1225 ℃ for 15 min, the strength of the roasted briquettes can reach 2815 N/pellet, and the iron grade is 59.27 wt.%. And the sulfur content can be simultaneously reduced to 0.067 wt.%. The obtained briquettes achieve adequate reducibility index, reduction degradation index, reduction swelling index, softening and melting temperatures, which are suitable for blast furnace ironmaking. The results show that this method cannot only effectively treat the leaching residue to reduce the risk of environmental pollution, but also realize the utilization of leaching residue.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1760-1770 [
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1771
Jing-shi Zhang, Wen-tao Lou, Miao-yong Zhu
Physical modelling of particle transport phenomenon and vibration behavior of converter with bottom powder injection
A cold model of top–bottom blown converter was set up to study the particle transport phenomenon and vibration performance of converter with bottom powder injection. The effect of bottom blowing flow rates, tuyere diameters, arrangements, and powder to gas mass ratios on powder distribution and furnace body vibration was investigated. The results show that the bottom injection parameters and modes have significant effects on the particle transport behavior and furnace vibration. The powder dispersion uniformity and furnace vibration increase with the increase in bottom blowing tuyere diameters. In the lower range of bottom blowing flow rates and powder to gas mass ratios, the powder dispersion uniformity is improved with the increase in them. However, in the higher range, the excessive furnace vibration leads to reduction in uniformity in powder dispersion. When the bottom blowing tuyeres arrange at double arrangement of 0.5R (R refers to the radius of the bottom) distance between tuyere and center of bath bottom, the converter has optimal particle transport behavior and vibration performance. The vibration law of converter with bottom powder injection was revealed by deducing the empirical formulas of furnace vibration maximum amplitude. The vibration intensity is affected by Froude number, powder to gas mass ratio, and tuyere arrangement.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1771-1788 [
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1789
Lei Cui, Yi-han Shi, Xiang-ning Meng
AlN precipitation during steel solidification using CA model
Based on the principles of metal solidification and cellular automaton (CA), as well as AlN precipitation thermodynamics and kinetics, a CA model of interdendritic AlN precipitation was established by coupling a large-size mesh describing the dendrite growth of Fe–C–Al–N alloys and a small-size mesh representing AlN precipitation based on transient chemical equilibrium. The results of single dendrite growth stimulated by this model were compared with the Lipton–Glicksman– Kurz solution to verify the correctness of the matrix dendrite growth simulation. The AlN morphology and dimensions obtained from the CA model simulations are following the experimental results. The presence of equiaxed dendrite in the computational domain results in a significant coarsening of the columnar dendrite and a uniform solute distribution around them, and the AlN solid phase fraction decreases. Simulations of AlN precipitation at different wetting angles were also performed, and it was found that the solid phase fraction of AlN decreased with the increase in wetting angle. Thus, it is confirmed that the established model is an effective method to simulate interdendritic AlN precipitation.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1789-1799 [
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1800
Yong Wang, Cun Wang, Meng-jing Zhao, Jing-xin Song, Shu-feng Yang, Jing-she Li
Development and application of a multi-graphite electrode DC plasma tundish heating
The world’s first three-graphite electrode direct current (DC) plasma heating system (2500 kW) was successfully put into production on the 50-t tundish of a two-strand slab caster. The single metallic torch plasma tundish heaters were reviewed. In addition, the induction heating system was also estimated. The three-graphite electrode DC plasma tundish heating (PTH) system does not require any electrode to be fitted to the tundish. Five electrodes can be used to realize uniform and fast heating of the six-strand tundish. Heating with high power can effectively eliminate the steep temperature drop of the molten steel in the tundish during ladle change-over. The system has turned out to be very reliable, simple, and maintenance- free. The heating rate is high within 0.5 to 2.0 ℃/min. Some heats with ultra-low superheat (2.6–11.0 ℃) were observed, and the molten steels were successfully cast by the powerful heating capacity and good control performance of the system in the practical production. It can be concluded that continuous casting with superheat of 5–10 ℃ in the tundish was fully realistic with PTH.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1800-1806 [
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1807
Hai-biao Lu, Yun-bo Zhong, Zhong-ming Ren, Wei-li Ren, Chang-gui Cheng, Zuo-sheng Lei
Numerical simulation of EMS position on flow, solidification and inclusion capture in slab continuous casting
Electromagnetic stirring (EMS) is a well-known and widely used technology for controlling the fluid flow in continuous casting mold, and therein the selection of stirrer position is closely related to final product. To investigate the effect of stirrer position on initial solidification and inclusion capturing, a mathematical model coupling with electromagnetic field, turbulence flow, solidification, and inclusion movement was constructed. Through comparing the magnetic flux density, flow field and solidified shell thickness with measured data, the reliability of the mathematical model was proved. The uniform index has been introduced to judge the uniformity of solidified shell, and the washing effects of EMS on the numbers and distribution of captured inclusions were discussed. The results show that a diagonal jet flow toward the mold wide face has generated when EMS is applied, and upper EMS position can effectively improve the uniformity of temperature and the solidified shell within the mold. Meanwhile, due to the washing effect of EMS, the number of inclusions inside the solidified shell decreases, and the distribution of captured inclusions along the mold width changes evenly. Decreasing the stirrer position, the uniform index decreases firstly and then increases, and the probability of inclusion capture by solidified shell increases. Thus, the upper stirrer position is suggested, with which the uniformity of solidified shell and cleanliness of slab are rational.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1807-1822 [
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1823
Hao-chi Xu, Cheng-bin Shi, Xin Zhu, Shi-jun Wang, Jing Li, Shi-zhou Wang
Eutectic precipitates and microstructure of electroslag remelted 15Cr–22Ni austenitic heat-resistant steel with varying Nb contents
The microstructure, eutectic carbides and intermetallic compounds in as-cast ingots with varying Nb contents produced by electroslag remelting were studied. The solidification behavior, microsegregation of alloying elements and its influence on precipitates were analyzed. The increase in Nb content from 0.64 to 1.40 wt.% has no effect on the dendrite morphology and secondary dendrite arm spacing. The total area fraction of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots increases with the increase in Nb content. The eutectic precipitates in the ingot with 0.64 wt.% Nb are mainly NbC, and the others are Fe2Nb-type Laves phase. Increasing the Nb content of the steel significantly promotes the precipitation of Laves phases and lowers the precipitation temperature of NbC eutectic carbides. Eutectic carbide M2C is precipitated only in the ingot with 1.4 wt.% Nb. The average concentration of Nb in both interdendritic and intragranular regions increases with the increase in Nb content of the steel, leading to a change in the morphology of Fe2Nb-type Laves phase from honeycomb to blocky. Increasing the Nb content exerts little effect on the microsegregation degrees of Si, Mo, Cr and Ni in the steel.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1823-1835 [
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1836
Xiao-hua Li, Chen-xi Liu, Biao He, Chuan-tao Lv, Zhi-ming Gao, Yong-chang Liu
Analysis of cracks origin behaviors during sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) in HSLA steel at different temperatures by electrochemical noise
The sulfide stress corrosion (SSC) behaviors of the high strength low alloy steel at the different temperatures were investigated by the microstructural observation and electrochemical noise (EN) analysis. With the corrosion temperature increasing from 20 to 40 ℃, SSC ruptured time is prolonged. The increase in corrosion temperature results in the decrease of the saturation solubility of H2S in the solution and thus increases pH value of solution. The increase in corrosion temperature decreases the size of the holes and cracks in the corrosion product film on the surface of the sample, which is due to the formation of the dense FeS corrosion product film. The current kurtosis results indicate that the time for the first occurrence of crack initiation is postponed by the increase in the corrosion temperature. The standard deviation of current noise signals, current kurtosis, power spectral density and energy distribution plot results shows a great consistency, which suggests that EN analysis method can reflect SSC behaviors in real time.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1836-1845 [
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1846
Chi Liu, Yu-xuan Liu, Ji-ping Lu, Yan-huan Wang, Lin-wang Chen, Cheng-song Zhang, Da-zhi Chen, Guo-dong Cui
Effect of Ni–P content on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–Ni–P alloy
A series of Fe–Ni–P alloys with different Ni–P contents were prepared by micro-press sintering, and the influence of the contents on the final microstructure and mechanical properties was evaluated. Sample Fe–34(Ni, P) contains the highest Ni–P content (34.18 wt.%) and its relative density reaches 98.75%, which is attributed to the introduction of an appropriate amount of liquid phase during the sintering process. The main phase of the sample is transformed from a to c phase under the gradual increment of Ni–P content. Simultaneously, a large number of phosphides that have strong inhibition on the migration and expansion of grain boundaries are precipitated on the matrix, and synergistic effect with low-temperature sintering results in partial grain refinement. The samples with high Ni–P content have a high volume of c phase, which makes the sample show the optimal plasticity under the maximum compressive load. And the fracture mode has also changed from brittle fracture to a mixed mode of brittle and ductile fracture. The decrease in the proportion of a phase has a weakening effect on the strength, but the refinement of the grain and the increase in the phosphide are the factors that increase the strength, so that the degree of manifestation varies in different Ni–P levels.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1846-1852 [
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1853
Zhi-bin Zheng, Jun Long, Yi Guo, Hui Li, Kai-hong Zheng, Yan-xin Qiao
Corrosion and impact–abrasion–corrosion behaviors of quenching– tempering martensitic Fe–Cr alloy steels
The corrosion and impact–abrasion–corrosion behaviors of quenching–tempering Fe–Cr martensitic steels for ball mill liner were investigated in the corrosive slurry of a copper mine compared with high manganese steel. It is found that the corrosion resistance and the protectiveness of the passive film of Fe–Cr martensitic steels became worse when the carbon content increased. The quenching–tempering Fe–Cr martensitic steel showed better impact–abrasion–corrosion resistance in the corrosive slurry compared with the high manganese steel, especially the alloy steel with the carbon content of 0.3 wt.%. The synergistic effect between mechanics and corrosion has also been analyzed to further reveal the impact– abrasion–corrosion mechanism of the steels. The damage from pure mechanics accounted for the largest percentage (over 65%) for all steels, demonstrating that mechanical damage played the most important role in the impact–abrasion– corrosion behaviors of the steels. The impact and cracking resistance of the steel should also be paid special attention during the development of new materials for ball mill liner.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1853-1863 [
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1864
Wei Ding, Kai Yang, Yu Gong, Li Wang, Ji-yao Hong, Wei Li, Xue-jun Jin
Improving hydrogen embrittlement resistance of a modified press hardening steel by introducing retained austenite as hydrogen trap
The effect of retained austenite (RA) with higher mechanical stability on hydrogen embrittlement resistance of a modified 22MnB5 (C 0.22, Si 0.8, Mn 1.5, B 0.002, Fe balance, in wt.%) press hardening steel (PHS) has been studied. One-step quenching and partitioning (Q&P) treatment was applied to PHS, and around 6 vol.% ultra-fine RA was obtained. The ultra-fine RA was found to act as stronger hydrogen trap than dislocations and grain boundaries in martensitic matrix and can decrease the apparent diffusion coefficient of hydrogen from 5.97 9 10–7 to 3.83 9 10–7 cm2 s-1, which was verified by the combination of thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis and hydrogen permeation test. The higher mechanical stability of the ultrafine RA assures enough stability of the hydrogen trap, which results in better hydrogen embrittlement resistance in Q&P-treated PHS than the conventional directly quenched PHS.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1864-1872 [
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1873
Qiang Tian, He-yong Qin, Wen-yun Zhang, Wen-wen Zhang, Hai-zhu Li, Qiang Du, Xin-gang Liu
Evolution of c0 precipitates in GH4742 superalloy based on complete forging-heat treatment process
The temperature changes at the rim, 1/2 radius, and bore of the turbine disk during the solution treatment were measured. Based on the measured temperature data, solution treatment experiments with different cooling rates (14, 51, and 93 ℃/ min) were performed, and the solution temperatures were 1120 and 1080 ℃. At all three cooling rates, the multimodal size distribution of c0 precipitates was detected, and the size of c0 precipitates is inversely related to the cooling rate. Only the secondary and tertiary c0 precipitates were found at a solution temperature of 1120 ℃, and the secondary c0 precipitates progressed from spherical (93 and 51 ℃/min) to flower-like (14 ℃/min) shape, with the flower-like c0 precipitates regulated by aggregation. At a solution temperature of 1080 ℃, the c0 precipitates evolve from cuboids (93 and 51 ℃/min) to irregular shapes (14 ℃/min). Irregular c0 precipitates are affected by the lattice mismatch between the matrix and the c0 precipitates.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1873-1885 [
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1886
Lei Wang, Kai Jiang, Dong-hui Yang
Compression behavior of metal foams with real pore structures through CT scan images
Based on the real pore structure obtained from computed tomography (CT) scan images, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the metal foam sample with specified porosity is established, and the model is compressed and simulated by finite element method with the simulation results compared with the experimental test results for validation. At the same time, based on the spatial distribution characteristics of cells extracted from 3D model construction, a widely used metal foam model with Voronoi pore structure or spherical pore structure was established and simulated under compression. The two compression simulation results with regular pore structure models were also compared with the experimental results and CT model results to study the influence of cell wall morphology on the compression performance of metal foams. The simulation results show that CT model agrees well with the experimental results and is more accurate than Voronoi pore or spherical pore model, which can provide a more reasonable option for investigation of metal foams.
2022 Vol. 29 (11): 1886-1897 [
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