Abstract: This paper explores the construction of uncertainty models, source analysis, evaluation methods of monitoring instruments for carbon emission monitoring and their feasibility for carbon emission. Through the research on the influence of key parameters such as gas concentration, flow rate, pressure and temperature, a comprehensive uncertainty model is established to quantify the influence of various factors on measurement results. The results show that the instrument accuracy, environmental factors and other factors have a significant impact on the measurement uncertainty. At the same time, the feasibility of this instrument in emission monitoring is evaluated, which provides theoretical support and practical guidance for improving the accuracy and reliability of carbon emission monitoring data.