Abstract: Driven by the global carbon neutrality agenda, the transition to sustainable energy and the development of green, low-carbon technologies are progressing rapidly in worldwide. Water electrolysis for hydrogen production, as an efficient energy conversion technology, has emerged as a pivotal element in the clean energy transformation, with innovations in catalyst systems drawing significant attention. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), featuring unique multi-element synergy, lattice distortion effects, structural stability, and broad compositional tunability, have offered promising avenues to overcome the performance limitations of conventional water electrolysis catalysts, becoming a focal point of research in both academia and industry. Based on data from global patent databases (specifically Chinese public patents), the research background, fundamental principles, current development status, and patent application trends of HEA-based catalysts for water electrolysis were systematically reviewed across three dimensions, namely technological life cycle, patent deployment strategies, and industrial adaptability. Furthermore, technical branches, evolutionary pathways, and core innovations in representative patents were delved into. By constructing a “composition-structure-process-performance” four-dimensional technological evolution model, key transition mechanisms from laboratory research to engineering applications were revealed. Finally, strategies for constructing industrial-oriented patent portfolios and building a full-chain collaborative innovation ecosystem, along with insights into technological upgrading and industrial development were proposed.