Abstract: The size and distribution of bubbles play a crucial role in determining the efficiency of metallurgical processes and the quality of the resulting products.A common challenge in current practices is the formation of excessively large and poorly dispersed bubbles,which significantly restrict heat and mass transfer,reaction kinetics,and the removal of inclusions between molten metal and bubbles.This paper systematically reviews recent progress in the refinement and uniform dispersion of bubbles in metallurgical systems.Key techniques such as gas injection parameter control,forced bubble detachment,argon blowing via submerged entry nozzles,dissolved gas flotation,mechanical stirring,and high-shear methods are examined in terms of their underlying mechanisms and practical performance.The fundamental principle of bubble refinement involves enhancing turbulent flow in the liquid phase to facilitate bubble breakup and suppress coalescence.Owing to the limitations of contact-based approaches in high-temperature molten media,non-contact electromagnetic flow control has emerged as a promising alternative.By generating intense liquid turbulence through electromagnetic forces,this method enables effective bubble refinement and homogeneous dispersion,offering considerable potential for improving metal purity and process efficiency in metallurgical operations.