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2011 Vol. 46 No. 8
Published: 2011-08-15
Technical Reviews
Steelmaking
Metal Forming
Materials
Environmental Protection and Energy
Technology Exchange
Technical Reviews
1
XUE Qing-guo,HAN Yi-hua,WANG Jing-song,KONG Ling-tan
Analysis of CO2 Emission Reduction in Top Gas Recycling-Oxygen Blast Furnace Combine With CCS
Research and development progress of top gas recycling and oxygen blast furnace was introduced. The characteristic and technology maturity of CCS (carbon capture and storage) were discussed. Especially, the principle and applicable condition of several methods of the carbon dioxide separation were analyzed. Finally, the effect of CO2 emission reduction in top gas recycling – oxygen blast furnace with CCS was calculated and analyzed with IPCC2006. The results show that CO2 emission of the new process is 582.40kg/t (hot metal), CO2 emission can be reduced by 55%, compared with traditional blast furnace. The development of this technology could contribute to CO2 emission reduction of iron and steel industry in China. It had important practical significance and the profound influence to the sustainable development of iron and steel industry.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 1-6 [
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Raw Materials and Ironmaking
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ZHANG Fang1, 2,ZHANG Shi-zhong1,LUO Guo-ping1, 2,HAO Zhong-ping3,WANG Ju-qing3
Behaviors of Zinc in Blast Furnace of Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co.
Based on the contents of zinc in the input and output except for the production data of No. 6 BF of Baotou Iron and Steel (Group) Co., the equilibrium distribution of zinc was calculated. Moreover, the particle sizes of gas ash of No.6 BF were measured by LS230 laser particle size analyzer; the micro-morphology of all input and output was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-3000) coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The results show that the general burdens of zinc were 0.625kg/t, and some measures need to be taken to reduce the contents of zinc of sinter and pellet. The amount of zinc emitted from blast furnace with gas ash was 96.14% (in mass). Therefore BF gas ash isn′t appropriate to be recovered as the sintering materials. Furthermore, the zinc-adsorbate equally distributed in gas ash and the particles with different sizes had distinct ability to adsorb zinc. Zinc in gas ash presents as not only ZnO mainly, but also ferrite, silicate, aluminum or sulfide. Zinc in coagulation in tuyere existed in the state of metal Zn or lead-zinc alloy.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 7-11 [
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LIU Cheng-wei1,OUYANG Dai-gang2,LIU Qing-cai1,WEI Min1,HU Gang3,LU Zhen3
Technological Test on Injection of Light-Burned Dolomite Powder During Material Mixing of Sintering Process
The effect of addition of light-burned dolomite and water addition amount in mixture of sintering on material sticking condition in sinter mixture and cold strength of sinter was investigated for the process of injection of light-burned dolomite in sintering. The comparative analysis between the new technology and traditional flux addition and sinter pot experiments were carried out. Comparing with traditional application, the results show that after injecting light-burned dolomite powder, the condition of material mixing of sintering is improved, and the pelleting results and uniform mixing of sintering effect become better, meanwhile the rate of material sticking is reduced 0.69%-0.97%, the cold strength of sinter is slightly increased but it changes very little. For the best cold strength, the injection amount is 4.64%. Furthermore, the best injecting position is the primary mixer when water content in mixture is about 7.5%.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 12-16 [
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XU Xiao-hui,XIANG Zhong-yong,ZOU Zhong-ping,LUO Yun-wen
Empirical Study on Gas-Liquid Equilibrium in Blast Furnace Lower Zone
Based on the relationship between bosh gas index and permeability resistance index, some influences of bosh gas index on improvement of burden permeability and preservation of gas-liquid equilibrium in blast furnace lower zone were investigated. Some actual production data were used to analyze bounds of these influences, and then some new flooding diagrams were described based on bosh gas index. The results show that the bosh gas index is a proper indicator in evaluating operation intensity, keeping gas-liquid equilibrium in lower zone, increasing the gas utilization efficiency and facilitating stabilization and smooth of ironmaking blast furnace operation.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 17-21 [
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MU Lin1,LIU Le-tian1,2,ZHENG Hai-yan1,WEI Guo1，SHEN Feng-man1
Effect of Zinc on Reactivity Index of Coke
The coke sample with different zinc content, whose reactivity index was tested, was prepared by adsorption method. The results show that zinc adsorption at 1000℃ is the highest. Zinc can be captured not only on the surface but also inside coke. Zinc can be a catalyst during loss reaction of coke. Furthermore, the reactivity index of coke will increase with increase of captured zinc in coke.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 22-24 [
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Steelmaking
25
WANG Xin-zhi,LIU Hai-qiang,WANG San-zhong,SONG Su-ge,ZHANG Yuan-qiang
Process Analysis of Deep Desulfurization and Controlling Nitrogen and Inclusions of X70 Pipeline Steel
The relationship between deep desulfurization, controlling nitrogen and controlling inclusions of X70 pipeline steel were analyzed. It was pointed out that the needed qualifications and the controlling methods of strengthen desulfurization influence controlling nitrogen and inclusions, the better slag composition and slag volume control in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag system which was as the desulfurization slag system and the flow rate of bottom blowing in the process refining influence desulfurization, controlling nitrogen and inclusions. And it focused on the flow of the bottom blowing and the desulfurization time at the enhanced desulfurization. From the perspective of clean steel, it was pointed that the source of the inclusions and the controlling methods and the calcium handling purposes, requirements and the effects of the low-sulfur pipeline steel. In addition, it was pointed the necessity of using the technology of hot iron pretreatment and double refining while smelting low-sulfur pipeline steel.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 25-30 [
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LU Ming1，ZHU Rong1，BI Xiu-rong1，WEI Ning1，WANG Can-rong2，KE Jian-xiang2
Fundamental Research on Dephosphorization of BOF by COMI Steelmaking Process
Based on thermodynamic analysis and calculation of dephosphorization in converter steelmaking process, COMI steelmaking process, in which CO2 was used as a substitute for part O2 to control the temperature of dephosphorization, was presented. It is discovered that the bath temperature can be effectively controlled and phosphorus content of liquid steel is reduced by COMI steelmaking process. Moreover, iron losses of slag are lowered. The process will provide a new idea of converter dephosphorization with high efficiency.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 31-35 [
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36
LIU Qi-long,WANG Zhi-zheng,ZANG Hong-chen
Optimization of Slab Continuous Casting Process for IF Steel
Through the application and optimization of the slag detection system, FC mold, stopper argon flow control, full protection of casting, steelmaking-refining-continuous casting node control and the determination of cleanliness of IF steel, such problems as stopper out of control, mold level fluctuation, submerged entry nozzle clogging and false breakout prediction system were resolved. During process of casting IF steel, the following good results are obtained: 0.22% per month for the percentage of inclusion, the pickup pass rate of nitrogen more than 85%, and the continuous casting heats more than 6 heats, etc.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 36-39 [
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WANG Xiao-dong1,WANG Bao-feng2,CAO Jian-gang2,LI Jian-chao2(
Determination of F-EMS Position and Process Parameters in Bloom Continuous Caster
The finite element method (FEM) model was established to predict the temperature field,shell growth and solid fraction of the heavy rail bloom caster. The theory basis for position determination of final electromagnetic stirrer (F-EMS) and the corresponding continuous casting process parameters was defined. According to the simulation results, the installation position of F-EMS is 11.6m from meniscus which was proved appropriate by pin-shooting experiment and F-EMS practice.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 40-42 [
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LI Yang1,HUANG Quan-jin2,ZHANG Xiao-huan1,ZHANG Jia-quan1,ZHAO He-ming2,LAI Chao-bin2
Mold Level Fluctuation and Its Control for Slab Casting of Hypo-Peritectic Steels
The mechanism of the mold level fluctuation, especially for the hypo-peritectic steels, was investigated along with production tests. It is pointed out that the standing waves and unsteady bulging during slab casting are the dominant factors which contribute to the formation of mold level fluctuation. The popular mold level fluctuation of HP steels can be effectively depressed through the modification of the chemical composition together with the increasing cooling intensity for the earlier stage of the secondary cooling period, in which the carbon content should be given closest to the actual calculated peritectic point within the allowance of production composition control. The severe durative fluctuation during HP steels casting, however, is mainly attributed to the unsteady bulging from its uneven shell growth. The nearer of the actual carbon content of HP steels to the actual peritectic point, the weaker of the phase transformation contraction from the peritectic reaction, which will beneficial to the decrease of mold level fluctuation thanks to the more homogeneous shell thickness and the following smaller unsteady bulging.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 43-47 [
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Metal Forming
48
ZHANG Zhi-bo,ZHANG Hong-bin,ZHANG Yu,YANG Chun-lei,ZHANG Wei-qiang,LI Jin-zhu
Development of High Strength Steel for Automobile Frames by Steckel Mill of KISC
Process of developing and producing high strength steel for automobile frames(K610L) by the compact double stands Steckel mill, which owned only by KISC (Kunming Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd.), was investigated. Reasonable Nb-Ti micro-alloying compositions and optimizing production process were designed. The results show that the K610L has not only high strength, good ductility, excellent cold formability, but also good natural aging performance, which is suitable to the higher requirements of automobile frames for developing heavy duty trucks in the truck manufacture plant.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 48-51 [
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WANG Xin-jiang，SUN Bin，WEI Xian，OUYANG Yu，LI Li
Technology of 3500mm Steckel Mill and Development of Construction Machinery Steel and Pipeline Steel
The production technological features and technical predominance of 3500mm Steckel mill were introduced. The production line of Steckel mill of Anyang Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd. adopted super-wide slab for medium plate with the single-frame Steckel mill, which had a unique advantage of wide or thin steel plate production but had some technical difficulties in producing high quality medium plate because of its longer rolling pass interval and lower compression ratio of medium slabs. Therefore, under the production specifications of steckel mill, the high quality steel plates were developed successfully by designing the compositions of steel plates and optimizing the heating rules and the controlled rolling technical parameters both in recrystallized region and unrecrystallized region. The unique advantage of producing wide thin steel plates by Steckel mill was achieved, too.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 52-55 [
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ZHAO Pei-lin1,2，SUN Xin-jun1，TANG Hua-sheng2，DUAN Ming-bo2，YONG Qi-long1
Discussion and Analysis of Strength Fluctuation for the Same High Strength Hot Strip Roll
In accordance with the problem of strength fluctuation with the same high strength hot strip roll, by means of SEM, TEM, EBSD and chemical phase analysis, the phenomenon of strength fluctuation has been studied through these experiments of tensile test and temperature detection. The results show that mechanical properties of hot rolled high strength steel are uneven. The head and tail of steel are very different, while the middle part is even. This phenonmen is decided by difference of precipitation strengthening, dislocation strengthening and fine crystal grain strengthening in the different parts of the same coil. So it can supply the help to manufacture high strength steel with the field produce.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 56-62 [
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Materials
63
YU Wei1,WU Hui-bin1,WANG Li-jun1,HUO Song-bo2,ZHU Rui-rong2,LIN Guo-qiang2
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Direct Quenched and Tempered N610E Steel for Oil Storage Tank
N610E grade steel (12MnNiVR) for oil storage tank is normally produced by reheating quenching and tempering process. Effects of tempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the direct-quenched N610E steels were investigated by OM, TEM and other experimental methods. The results indicate that: after direct quenched and tempered at 655℃, the tested steel obtains the optimum comprehensive mechanical properties with tensile strength of 640MPa, yield strength of 570MPa, elongation of 22% and impact energy of 273J at -20℃, brittle transition temperature of N610E steel tempered at different temperature are lower than -60℃. The recovery of lath bainite becomes gradually obvious with increasing tempering temperature through motion, merging and reorganization of dislocations, which cause lath wider. Mechanical properties variation with tempering temperature shows non-monotonic nature, which attributes to the comprehensive mechanism including recovery and softening process of substructure, and the strengthening mechanism due to carbon dissolution and the second phase precipitation in bainite during tempering.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 63-67 [
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WU Qiong,SUN Da-le
Ausform Hardening Process of Semi-HSS Cold Forged Roll Material
Ausform hardening process of Semi-high speed steel cold forged roll materials was investigated. Compared with the mechanical properties and microstructure from traditional heat treatment, the following conclusions are obtained: The carbides of semi-high speed steel from ausform hardened (final forging temperature≥900℃, oil cooled) and tempered at 750℃ are distributed uniformly and dispersedly, with moderate size. Fine carbides is easily to be soluted in the final heat treatment, which is beneficial to the microstructure of rolls; In addition to the moderate hardness, more balanced intensity, ductility and toughness can be obtained after new process compared with spheroidizing annealing. Therefore, the conventional heat treatment process after forging can be replaced by the new ausform hardening process, to save energy and improve production efficiency.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 68-72 [
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73
LI Chuang,WANG Xue-min,SHANG Cheng-jia,HE Xin-lai
Effect of Cu Content on Precipitation During Continuous Cooling
The precipitation behavior of Cu-bearing steels during continuous cooling was investigated. Microstructure of ferrite was obtained by using 1℃/s cooling rates and interrupted cooling. The optical microscope and TEM were used to study the effect of different Cu content on the precipitation process. The results show that when the steels was cooled at 1℃/s, the second-phase precipitates occurs in the steels which Cu content is higher than 1.5%. However there are no obvious precipitates in the steels which Cu content is lower than 1%. The second-phase precipitates are copper-rich particles in the way of phase precipitation.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 73-77 [
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WU Di1,LI Zhuang2
Study of Free Cutting Austenitic Stainless Steel Containing Sulfur, Rare Earths and Bismuth
Austenitic stainless steels are difficult-to-machine materials. Sulfur, rare earths and bismuth were added to conventional austenitic stainless steel. The machinability and mechanical properties were investigated by vacuum melting, cutting testing as well as microstructure and mechanical properties measuring. The results have indicated that the inclusions are almost composed of MnS. Rare earths are enwrapped in MnS inclusions, and bismuth element is attached to double end of MnS inclusions. The shape of MnS inclusions are mainly spherical and spindle, and this is attributed to metamorphose and spheroidization of rare earth. Sulfur, rare earths and bismuth addition decreases the cutting force and tool wear, and improves the chip shape. An excellent machinability can be obtained for the developed alloy. The mechanical properties of free cutting austenitic stainless steel without lead still exhibit a satisfactory combination of tensile strength and total elongation in spite of the presence of the inclusions. This is because the sulfides and bismuth are all soft phases, and they do not induce formation of cracks during deformation. On the other hand, the spheroidized inclusions can improve not only the machinability, but also the mechanical properties for free cutting austenitic stainless steel.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 78-82 [
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ZHANG Zhen-zhen,REN Wei,FANG Jian-feng
Texture Evolution of the Primary Recrystallization and Deformation of Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel With Low Temperature Slab Reheating
The texture from the first cold rolling to the primary recrystallization of low temperature slab reheating grain-oriented electrical steel were researched by orientation distribution function and orientation distribution intensity technique. The results show that after the first stage of cold rolling, there is a strong {001}<110> texture in the subsurface and the texture in center layer is very similar to the center layer of hot band which has strong {001}<110> and {112}<110> texture, due to the heredity. After intermediate annealing the microstructure indicates full recrystallization throughout the sheet thickness. Additionally, the strength of each texture is weakened and the Goss orientation reappears in all layers. There was very little through-thickness variation of the texture after the second stage of cold rolling, exhibiting major {111}<112> and minor {001}<110> components. After primary recrystallization the texture are qualitatively similar from all layers with the {111}<110> is strongest and a certain intensity of Goss texture.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 83-88 [
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MENG Gang,CAO Kai-chen,HAO Xiao-qiang,WANG Xin
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Property of г85 Steel Plate
Effects of heat treatment on the property of г85 steel plate was investigated by means of quenching and tempering process combining with the metallurgical microstructure and alloying agent analysis. The results show: the property of г85 steel plate is significantly effected by the quenching process, and the good hardenability can be obtained in the quenching temperature range of 930-940℃. When tempering temperature is below 700℃, the strength decreases slightly with the tempering temperature rises. When tempering temperature is above 700℃, the strength decreases quickly. The hardenability and resistance of г85 steel plate is enhanced with the addition of Mn, Mo and Nb alloy agent.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 89-91 [
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Environmental Protection and Energy
92
QUAN Fang-min1,2,SUN Wen-qiang1,CAI Jiu-ju1,TIAN Yong-hua1
Experimental Correction of Mathematical Model for Steel Heating Process
Computational accuracy of heating process mathematical model based on total heat exchange factor (THEF) method was found easy to decrease due to complex heat exchange process in a furnace. To solve this problem, an experimental correction method of dynamic compensation of THEF was therefore proposed on the basis of establishing steel heating process mathematical model. Temperatures of steel at different positions were measured by dragging coupling method. Then the corresponding THEFs can be achieved, and they were compared with those from model computation to determine the compensation values of THEF. Simulation results show that steel temperatures from the proposed model approaches experimental data and the experimental correction method meets the requirement of accuracy for online and real-time control in steel heating process.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 92-95 [
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Technology Exchange
96
BAI Zhen-hua1,SHEN Yan-zhi2,ZHOU Li2,YU Shun-bing3,SHI Xiao-dong1,SI Hong-xin
Generation Mechanism of Surface Transverse Cracks in Continuous Annealing and Its Control Technology
For the problem of the horizontal stripes defect on the strip surface in the continuous annealing process, fully integrated with equipmental and technological features of the continuous annealing line, and based on such four field trials as the impact test of the rolling speed on the horizontal stripe, the impact test of the speed of strip in furnace on the horizontal stripes, the investigation test of furnace-roller’s surface in annealing furnace and the impact test of the tension in furnace on horizontal stripes, the generation mechanism of horizontal stripes defects of the strip in continuous annealing unit were analyzed in detail, and the comprehensive control measures for horizontal strips was put forward. According to actual situation, the relevant technology was applied to the continuous annealing line, and a detailed technical scheme was worked out. The strip surface quality is improved effectively and larger economic benefits are obtained.
2011 Vol. 46 (8): 96-99 [
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