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2012 Vol. 47 No. 3
Published: 2012-03-15
Technical Reviews
Steelmaking
Metal Forming
Materials
Environmental Protection and Energy
Technical Reviews
1
ZHU Rong,BI Xiu-rong,L Ming
Application and Development of Carbon Dioxide in the Steelmaking Process
The emission of carbon dioxide in the iron and steelmaking process is about 16% of that in the industrial system. How to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and take use of carbon dioxide is one of main problems that has attracted many steel engineers’ attention. In order to take the utilization of carbon dioxide as a resource in steelmaking process, application of carbon dioxide as stirring gas, reaction media and protection gas was analyzed at home and abroad, and previous research on the application of carbon dioxide in steelmaking process was introduced.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 1-5 [
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Raw Materials and Ironmaking
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BIAN Miao-lian,WU Sheng-li,ZHANG Li-hua,ZHU Juan，WANG Qing-feng,LONG Fang-yi
Proper Carbon Addition and Basicity of Regulation Technology Under Low-FeO Sintering
Through the micro-sintering equipment, the effects of carbon content and basicity on FeO content in sinter were investigated, as well as on liquid formation and bonding strength. In addition, suitable carbon content and basicity aimed at low FeO sintering was discussed on the base of it. The results show that: reduction in carbon addition or increase in basicity will bring about certain drop in FeO content in sinter. As for liquid formation in sinter, liquid phase fluidity first increases then decreases with the increase of carbon addition, and got the maximum when carbon addition is 4.0%, while it keeps rising with basicity increment. Besides, the strength of the bonding phase decreases slightly when carbon addition increases, but increases as basicity increases. Therefore, low carbon addition will cause the lack of liquid phase and decrease of sintering strength. Nevertheless, liquid phase formation and bonding strength would be ensured by improving the basicity. The results of sintering pot show that, when the carbon addition is 2.92% with improved basicity at 2.1, sinter of low FeO content but high quality and quantity is got.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 6-10 [
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HE Zhi-jun1,JIN Yong-long2
Sintering Experimental Study With Proportion of WPF Ore
A poor quality ore called WPF was researched for using in sinter process. High temperature properties of ore were investigated by small sintering equipment. Based on mentioned above, sinter pot tests were carried out to verify the application of WPF. The results show that the assimilation of WPF ore is high, but liquid phase fluidity of WPF ore is low, which can be used as a measure to make up the disadvantage of that ore with high SiO2 and Al2O3 content. The metallurgical property of the sinter is better when the ratio of quicklime is from 10% to 15%.The needle-like calcium ferrite which can enhance the deoxidation performance of the sinter are increased.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 11-14 [
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15
WEI Ji-gang
Control and Discussion of Suitable Furnace Bosh Gas Volume Index for Large Capacity Blast Furnace
Large capacity blast furnace was strengthened smelting with the increasing bosh gas volume index. The effect of bosh gas volume index on production of blast furnace and the suitable control range of bosh gas volume index was discussed according to the practice of the furnace bosh gas volume index from 54m3/(min·m2) to 67m3/(min·m2) on NO.5 BF in TISCO. The low fuel ratio and economical production was obtained under the situation of higher bosh gas volume index for large capacity blast furnace.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 15-19 [
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Steelmaking
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WANG Wen-jun1,ZHU Zhi-yuan2,LI Zhan-jun1,LIU Yang1,LI Jing-guang2,LIU Jin-gang1
Application of Soft Reduction in Continuous Casting of Thick Slabs
Soft reduction on the No.2 continuous caster in Shouqin was investigated by pin shooting experiment to verify the Level 2 secondary cooling model. On the basis of this experimental result, optimized soft reduction parameters were determined by industrial trials with different soft reduction rate and center segregation degree was determined by quantitative analysis of carbon and sulfur content at different position in thickness direction of slabs. The results show that the Level 2 secondary cooling model of the No.2 caster can predict the crater end position accurately. The optimal soft reduction rate for 320mm thick slabs is 0.85-1.0mm/m applied on the 9th and 10th segment at a casting speed of 0.70m/min. After optimization of the soft reduction, the centerline quality of slabs is improved remarkably, which meets the stringent requirement on slab internal quality of high quality heavy plates in Shouqin.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 20-24 [
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LI Chong-wei1,CHENG Guo-guang1,WANG Xin-hua1,ZHU Guo-sen2,CUI Ai-min2
Effect of RH Blowing Oxygen Operation on Decarburization Rate of Treatment for Ultra-Low Carbon Steel
On the background of the RH equipment of Shougang Qian’an Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., a mathematical model of RH mandatory decarburization was established. Such four decarburization reaction sites as liquid steel internal, argon gas bubble surface, free surface and splash droplet surface were selected and the mechanism of RH mandatory decarburization was studied. The calculated results show that the liquid steel internal decarburization rate plays a dominant role of the four sites in prophase of vacuum processing and later the decarburization primarily by splash droplet surface. In the existing pressure drop mode of Qian’an Iron and Steel, it was determined the best processing pattern that the blowing oxygen time was the third minutes and blow oxygen flowrate was 40m3/min. The calculated results was verified through the commercial production date of Shougang Qian’an Iron and Steel Co., Ltd.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 25-29 [
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ZHANG Qun-liang
Development and Application of Baosteel On-Line Secondary Cooling Control Model
For the problem of secondary cooling water in continuous casting production, the mathematical model of solidification and heat transfer for casting slab was established. By real-time simulating slab temperature and controlling water with PID technology, an on-line secondary cooling control model was developed. According to changes of casting steel grades, slab sizes and process parameters, the model can adjust and set control water flow of all cooling zones dynamically, then control the superficial temperature nears its aim. The stability and reliability of secondary cooling control system is guaranteed by designing reasonable control system structure. On-line measuring temperature shows that the model has perfect control precision. When casting speed, oeverheat of molten steel change, model can adjust cooling water to a reasonable level rapidlly with small overshoot, which ensures temperature tracking error to be always limited to a less extent. In steady casting process, the superficial temperature can maintain at the aim. Up to now, the secondary cooling model has been applied to continuous casting machines inside and outside Baosteel, all of them achieved desired control effects.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 30-33 [
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XU Zhe1，2,MAO Zhi-zhong1，2
Analysis and Prediction of Influencing Factor on Element Recovery in Ladle Furnace
The influencing factors of element recovery could not be obtained instantly, which was one of the difficulties of recovery prediction in ladle furnace (LF). In order to solve this problem, through mechanism analysis, some measurable variables were selected and some new variables that can express the factors of element recovery indirectly were created by using measurable variables. Then, the selected and created variables were used as inputs of element recovery prediction model that was established using support vector regression (SVR). In the experiment, the proposed method was compared with existing recovery prediction methods. The results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and hit rate, and is more suitable in production.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 34-37 [
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ZHANG Hui-ning1，XU An-jun1，CUI Jian2，HE Dong-feng1，TIAN Nai-yuan1
Neural Network Prediction Model for End Point Phosphorus Content Based on Grey Theory in Hot Metal Pretreatment
On the basis of optimizing the traditional BP neural network model, a neural network prediction model combined with grey theory was developed by laying correlative degree weights to all input factors which had effects on the output variable. And then simulation experiments of model newly established were conducted based on data from a domestic steel plant. The results show that hit rate arrives at 65.00% when the error modulus is less than 500%, and the value is 96.67% when less than 10.00%. Comparing to the traditional neural network prediction model, the accuracy almost increases by 12.50%, Thus, the prediction of end point phosphorus content fits the real perfectly, which accounts for that neural network model for terminative phosphorus content based on grey theory can reflect accurately the practice in hot metal pretreatment.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 38-41 [
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Metal Forming
42
XU Shi-shuai1,SHI Nai-an1,YAN Dong-yu1,HE An-rui2,ZHANG Hua1
Schedule Free Rolling Technology of Ansteel 2150 ASP
In order to solve the problem of mutual influence and mutual restriction between steel-making, casting, and rolling, focusing on strip shape control, several techniques were presented, including developing LVC work roll and ASPB back-up roll and applying high-speed-steel work rolls and roll gap lubrication on the finishing mill, as well as rolling schedule dynamic planning. The result shows that the length of rolling with equal width can be up to 100km, and the bounce of width can be up to 300mm on the basis of high accuracy of crown and flatness control. It’s available to realize mixed rolling with different steel grade, different thickness and different width. The rate of direct charging can be more than 60% with total hot charging exceeding 85%.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 42-45 [
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LI Wei-gang1,2,LIU Xiang-hua3,YI Jian2,GUO Zhao-hui2
Optimization Model for Roll Shifting Strategy With Varying Stroke in Hot Strip Mill
An optimization model of shifting strategy with varying stroke for conventional flat work rolls was presented, and it could solve the optimal roll shifting strategy for specific rolling campaign. First, selection principle of control parameters in conventional shifting strategy was gained by simulation analysis. And then, a generation algorithm of shifting strategy with varying stroke was proposed. It decided mapping relationship between four shifting control parameters and roll shifting strategy for a roll campaign. The objective function was set up by characteristic parameters of roll wear, namely cat ear height and the width of roll surface wear. Finally, the PSO algorithm combining with heuristic rules of shifting strategy was used to solve the optimal solution of shifting strategy. Industrial production verifies the validity of the model. The optimal shifting strategy with varying stroke can significantly improves the quality of strip flatness and profile, extending rolling miles of a roll campaign.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 46-50 [
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GUO De-fu1,HE An-rui1,SHAO Jian1,WANG Chong-ming2,ZHAO Hai-shan2,LAN Yu2
Research and Application on the Edge Drop Control Technology of Non-Oriented Silicon Steel for CSP Hot Strip Mills
According to mastering the production process characteristic of non-oriented silicon steel for CSP hot strip mills, the edge drop formation mechanism of non-oriented silicon steel rolled by CSP hot strip mills was investigated, and the necessity of edge drop control was presented. Finally, based on lots of tracking tests and experimental data, a set of edge drop control technology program of non-oriented silicon steel for CSP hot strip mills was put forward and applied into the industrial field. It was obtained the good results that the edge control requirements of the next cold rolling process can be met.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 51-55 [
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XUE Tao,DU Feng-shan,SUN Jing-na
Actuator Effectiveness Based on Finite Element and Neural Network
Using nonlinear elastic-plastic finite element method, a 3D FE simulation model of six-high CVC rolling process is developed with the nonlinear FE software MSC.Marc. In the model, the elastic deformation of rolls and the elastic-plastic deformation of workpiece were coupled as a whole. Based on the model, the changes of work roll bending force, intermediate roll bending, and intermediate roll transverse shifting were simulated. The effects of different rolling parameters, strip and rollers parameters on the strip flatness adjusting were investigated and the actuators’ corresponding flatness efficiency was obtained. The simulation results of the actuators efficiencies are served as the sample database of BP neural network which delivers high precision results of actuators efficiency to the automatic flatness control system. The problem that the finite element method is time consuming and difficult to be used to the online flatness control is solved, and the precision of flatness online control is enhanced by this method.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 56-60 [
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Materials
61
MO Cheng-gang1,LIU Gang1,HUANG Pu2,ZUO Liang1
Siliconizing Behavior in Surface Nanostructure of Non-Oriented Silicon Steel
Nanostructured surface layer was fabricated on a 3% non-grain oriented silicon steel by means of surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT), and then a solid powder siliconizing treatment was carried out for the SMAT sample at 550-650℃ for 4h. The microstructural evolution was examined by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Experimental results show that: average grain size of the top surface layer of 3% non-grain oriented silicon steel can be refined to about 10 nm after SMAT, and the thickness of the nanostructured surface layer is about 20μm. After the siliconizing treatment at 550-650℃ for 4h, a compound layer forms on the SMAT sample, its thickness increases from 27 to 150μm with the increment of the siliconizing temperature. The compound layer consists of FeSi and Fe3Si phases, and the FeSi phase was found to increase with the increment of the siliconizing temperature.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 61-64 [
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DONG Han-xiong1,KONG Jin-li2,ZOU De-hui1,DONG Zhong-bo1,LUO Hai-he1,WANG Qing-feng2
Static Recrystallization Behavior of WNQ570 Bridge Steel
In order to study the effect of rolling process on the recrystallization behavior of WNQ570 steel for bridge, the two-pass hot deformation of WNQ570 steel for bridge was carried out using Gleeble-3500 thermal/mechanical simulator, and the stress-strain curves for the steel were obtained. One model for estimating the volume fraction of static recrystal grains varied with deformation temperature and interval time was developed. Meanwhile, the effect of stain induced precipitation on softening behavior of static recrystallization was analyzed. The results show that the volume fraction of recrystal grains increases with the deformation temperature or the interval time. The static recrystallization behavior is inhibited from the precipitation of fine particles. The activation energy for static recrystallization is determined as 240.47kJ/ mol. The results can be used as the reference for design of the two-stage rolling scheme.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 65-69 [
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YUAN Peng-ju1, 2,ZHOU Shu3,LIU Chun-wei2,WANG Ying3,WU Yu-li2,RONG Yong-hua3
Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering Process and Its Engineering Feasibility of 900MPa Grade Hot-Rolled Plate
Two kinds of experimental low alloy steels were prepared based on composition design. Following Quenching-Partitioning-Tempering (Q-P-T) process with the combination of water quenching plus tempering in salt bath, both the steels exhibited high yield strength of over 900MPa combined with good elongation of above 15%, which would be the basis of self-designed the single-cycle passing underwater quenching equipment applied in Q-P-T process of hot-rolled plate for engineering feasibility. Microstructure characterization indicates that for Q-P-T steels, high strength is attributed to dislocation-type lath martensite matrix and dispersive distributed alloying-carbides in martensite matrix, while relatively high elongation results from flake-like retained austenite between martensite laths, comparing with the steels treated by conditional Quenching & Tempering (Q&T) process. In addition, the role of retained austenite in Q-P-T steels and the feasibility of online Q-P-T process treated by multi-cycle passing underwater quenching equipment for different hot-rolled plates in thickness were discussed.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 70-75 [
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PEI Xin-hua1, 2, HU Heng-fa1, 2, LIU Zhen-yu1
Effect of Slab Heating-Up Temperature on AlN Solution of Cold-Rolled Tin Plate
Effect of slab heating-up temperature on AlN solution in cold-rolled tin plate was investigated after solution heat treatment and hot rolling experiment. Texture character of cold-rolled plate with different hot roll annealing temperatures was studied by thermodynamic calculation. The results show that when the slab heating-up temperature is higher than 1150℃, the AlN in slab can be melted sufficiently, and the dissolved load is above 90%. The conventional hot-rolled slab heating temperature could meet the process requirements of AlN solution in hot-rolled tin plate well. And the above experimental results provide a basis for establishing a suitable heating-up temperature for hot-rolled tin plate.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 76-79 [
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YE Xiao-yu
Effect of Nb and Mo Elements on Microstructure and Hardness of X70 Pipeline Steel
With Formastor-Ⅱ thermal expansion phase transition instrument, thermal expansion curves of three steel samples with different chemical composition was tested different cooling rates during continuous cooling process. The continuous cooling transformation curve was gotten by using thermal expansion combined with metallographic-hardness method. And the effect of cooling rate and chemical composition on microstructure and hardness was investigated. The results show that the test steel added Mo elements and high Nb content can obtain acicular ferrite in lower cooling rate and larger range cooling rate, and the hardness of tested steel increases with increasing cooling rate.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 80-83 [
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MI Yong-feng1,CAO Jian-chun1,ZHANG Zheng-yan1,QI Hai-quan1,ZHOU Xiao-long1,YONG Qi-long2
Effect of Carbon Content on the Solubility of Niobium Carbide in Austenite
Based on thermodynamics, considering the effect of carbon content on the activities of carbon and niobium in austenite, the relationship between solubility product of niobium carbide in austenite of high-carbon steel containing niobium and concentration of carbon was derived. Quantitative analysis of precipitates in high-carbon steel containing carbon with mass percent as 0.75% was conducted using physicochemical phase analysis method. By companion, it is found that the calculated results for the solubility product of niobium carbide are more close to the experiment results, which indicates that the solubility of niobium carbide in austenite is applicable to high carbon steel.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 84-88 [
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Environmental Protection and Energy
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XU Hai-chuan1,ZHOU He-min1,QI Yuan-hong1,XIE Guo-hai2
Engineering and Productive Practice on Rotary Hearth Furnace for Steel Dust and Sludge
Dust and sludge containing Zn can not be effectively recovered and reused in the process of ironmaking and steelmaking, which leads to serious resource wastage and environmental pollution. The rotary hearth furnace (RHF) process is proved to be successful for dealing with dust and sludge containing Zn and Pb in American and Japan. RHF process with capacity of 2×200 kt/a was introduced in Rizhao iron and steel Corporation. Its characteristics were as follows, taking cold bonded pellet containing carbon as the material of RHF, coal gas from twin zone gas furnace as heat source of RHF, air and gas preheated for reusing RHF gas waste heat and the metallized pellets used for coolant in converter process. Through trial production for several months, the Rizhao RHF process is successful commercials. Its production practice shows that RHF can effective recovery valuable metal from dust and sludge of steel plant, metallized pellets can keep original shape, good strength, and about 80% of percent metallization. The successful RHF process would promote the development of RHF in China.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 89-93 [
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KAN Xing-lin,FAN Li-xue
Application of Secondary Combustion Technology With High Performance Accumulation of Heat for Heating-Furnace
The gas in burner and the fume in hearth was pumped and discharged after the valve for the furnace reversed. In this situation, the higher content of CO in the flue gas and the higher temperature in heat accumulator could lead to the burning melt， cracked and life-span shortened. Secondary combustion technology with PLC reversing apparatus can partly pump the flue gas, which can be used to flush the gas in burner into the furnace re-combustion before it is discharged. The technology’s advantages are as follows.The combustion ratio over 90%, and heat efficiency of heating-furnace over 71%; extend the life of heat accumulator from 10months to 18mouths. Recover the CO of fume and reduce emissions of CO nearly 10×107 m3 per year to achieve environmental control.
2012 Vol. 47 (3): 94-97 [
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