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2013 Vol. 48 No. 11
Published: 2013-11-15
Technical Reviews
Steelmaking
Metal Forming
Materials
Environmental Protection and Energy
Technical Reviews
1
ZHANG Li-feng，LI Yan-long,REN Ying
Fundamentals of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel: Part I. Control of Unsteady Casting and Big Inclusions; Nucleation, Motion, Removal and Capture of Inclusions in Molten Steel
The current paper was to summarize the scientific studies of the current author on the fundamentlas of inclusions in steel, including evaluation method of inclusions, steady and unsteady continuous casting, control of unsteady casting and big inclusions in steel, the independence of total oxygen on big inclusions, thermodynamics of steel deoxidation, nucleation and growth of inclusions in the molten steel, fluid flow and inclusion motion and entrapment during casting process. The further studies on inclusions in steel were also discussed. All the information was to provide useful guidance for the production of clean steel.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 1-10 [
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Raw Materials and Ironmaking
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CUI Gui-mei，LI Jing，ZHANG Yong，LI Zhong-de，MA Xiang
Prediction Modeling Study for Blast Furnace Hot Metal Temperature Based on T-S Fuzzy Neural Network Model
According to the shortage of the positively relation of blast furnace temperature and hot metal silicon rather than strict linear relationship, the subjectivity of the modelling by mechanism,and mechanism model dificultly to estabish the connotative mathematic relation between every varables, the mass of the sample data was processed through preprocessing and feature extraction based on the theory of data mining, and then blast furnace hot metal temperature was deemed as the research object, blast furnace hot metal temperature prediction model was established based on T-S fuzzy neural network. And the model and T-S fuzzy regression model and BP neural network model were compared; Through using some blast furnace data for model test, simulation results show that T-S fuzzy neural network model performance is superior to other models.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 11-15 [
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16
HAN Zong-wei,ZHAO Jing,CAI Jiu-ju,XU He,DING Hui-ting
Effect of Blast Dehumidification on Energy Consumption of Blast Furnace System
The blast dehumidification system outlet air humidity has very important influence on the blast furnace smelting process. Taking a certain domestic 2500m3 blast furnace, annual output pig iron 2.2 million tons for example, the cooling dehumidifying ways was used before the blowing, at the same time combines absorption refrigeration system which used vapor as its thermal source with vapor compression refrigeration system that was used as cool source in the dehumidification system, and a mathematical model was established to calculate the energy savings in the blast furnace smelting process under the condition of different humidity parameters in the Shanghai region dynamically. The results show that when the outlet air humidity declines, the energy-saving of the blast furnace increases, as well as the energy consumption of the refrigerating system. When the humidity reduces 0.1g/m3, the energy saves 0.01-0.07kg/t, the energy consumption of the double-effect refrigerating system is 0.01-0.03kg/t, the energy consumption of the single-efficient refrigerating system is 0.02-0.05kg/t, the energy consumption of vapor compression refrigeration system is 0.01-0.04kg/t. If the double-effect refrigerating system is just adopted, the outlet wind humidity should be 8g/m3. However if the single-efficient refrigerating system is just adopted, the outlet wind humidity should be 9.5g/m3, if vapor compression refrigeration is adopted to deep dehumidify, the outlet wind humidity should be 6g/m3.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 16-20 [
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WANG Guang-wei,ZHANG Jian-liang,SHAO Jiu-gang, ZUO Hai-bin,QIU Jia-yong
Model for Economic Evaluation of Iron Production With Oxygen-Enriched and Pulverized Coal Injection
An economic evaluation model based on more regional heat and mass balance mathematical model was development. And the model was used to calculate the changes of operating parameters and the iron production cost with oxygen-enriched and pulverized coal injection. The results show that increasing oxygen-enriched rate and pulverized coal injection rate can effectively reduce the cost of iron production. The reduction depends on price of coke subtracting coal and oxygen price. The higher price of coke subtracting coal and the lower price of oxygen, the greater decrease price of iron production and the higher corresponding best oxygen-enriched level. Under the condition of present raw material and oxygen cost, the best oxygen-enriched level is about 15%-18% . Furthermore, the model could be applied to calculate the economic evaluation of different blast furnace process, providing a way to explore low-cost iron production method.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 21-26 [
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27
HAN Shu-feng,LI Jin-lian,REN Wei,XIA Tie-yu,GONG Zuo-yan,Wang Zai-yi
Experimental Study on Fine Ore Sintering With Low Grade and High Al2O3 Content Iron Ore Fine in Bayuquan
The sintering experiment with low grade and high Al2O3 content of different iron ore fine proportion was done in Ansteel Bayuquan sintering production process of fine ores in Ansteel Company. The metallurgical properties of sinter were examined and analyzed; the mineralogical composition and microstructure of sinter were analyzed by the optical microscope. The results show that with the increase of the ratio of the ore, technical index of the sinter gradually reduces; the metallurgical properties of sinter were improved by adding a certain amount of low grade and high Al2O3 of ore. For overall consideration, it is feasible to adding the low grade and high Al2O3 of ore in sintering while the appropriate proportion is 5%.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 27-31 [
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Steelmaking
32
ZHANG Qiang，YUAN Hong-wei，YANG Shen-xiang，LI Qing-chun，CHEN Liang
Practice of Sulfur Content Control During the Smelting of Low Sulfur Pipeline Steel in Panzhihua Steel
The hot metal with 0.06%-0.12% of w(［S］) was used for steelmaking at Pangang Extraction Vanadium and Steelmaking Plant. It’s difficult to product low sulfur steel. According with the practicing of the low sulfur steel of X52NS and L245NCS etc in Pangang, the sulfur content controlling technology was analyzed for the whole flow process including hot metal desulphurization pretreatment, converter ladle refining and continuous casting. Through controlling sulphur under 0.003% after the hot metal desulphurization pretreatment and using sulfur lower accessories slag in converter smelting station and molten steel LF station control ［O］ activity etc, Pangang Extraction Vanadium and Steelmaking Plant can produce the mass fraction of sulfur for 0.002% low sulfur steel.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 32-36 [
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37
MA Zhi-fei，SUN Yan-hui，ZENG Ya-nan，AI Xi，LIU Rui-ning，LIU Yong
Model of “Liquid Window” by Calcium Treatment in Medium Carbon Steel
The variations of inclusion types in Q345B steel was investigated before and after calcium treatment. The modification mechanism of alumina and the condition of the precipitation of calcium sulfide were analyzed by thermodynamics. Meanwhile, the model of “liquid window” regarding the modification of inclusions was established. Thermodynamic calculations show that : in order to modify the alumina inclusions to liquid calcium aluminate, the content of calcium in steel from 0.0017% to 0.0102% is needed when the aluminum in steel is 0.016% at 1873K. The result of industrial production reveals that alumina can be modified into 12CaO·7Al2O3 or CaO·Al2O3 inclusion when the content of calcium in steel is between 0.0014%and 0.0017%. While MnS just can be partially modified into CaS and no single precipitation of CaS occurred.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 37-42 [
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43
CAO Jian-xin,TAO Hong-biao,ZHANG Hui,ZHOU Ming-wei, ZHANG Liang-zhou,PENG Ming-yao
Application of Chamfered Mould on Slab Continuous Casting Production in Lianyuan Iron and Steel Company
In order to eliminate continuous casting slab corner crack defects of micro-alloyed steels so that the slab can meet rolling need when it is unnecessary to offline cut the corner, a lot of industrial trials were made by using the chamfered mould technology. The problem that there were some longitudinal corner cracks and sticking scars were analyzed and solved. For this reason, the chamfered mould technology can be used for large-scale continuous production. Industrial applied trials results show that the chamfered mould technology can not only control slab corner transverse cracks but also reduce substantially the rate of side direct crack occurred on the surface of hot rolling sheet of super low carbon steel. Therefore, the chamfered mould technology can bring huge economic benefit for iron and steel company.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 43-47 [
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48
PANG Cong,TANG Ping,CHEN Shu-jun,XU Yi-feng,LING Chao,ZHOU Zhi-wei
Control of Subsurface Inclusion in 42CrMoAH Steel Cast by Bloom Caster
In order to control the subsurface inclusions existing in 42CrMoAH steel made by a 260mm×340mm bloom caster in Su Steel, the main type and origin of inclusions was analyzed, the effect of refining slag system on steel cleaness was investigated and subsurface inclusions about 40mm beneath the surface were investigated, including inclusions amount, size distribution and compositions. It shows that the inclusions are mainly deoxidation products (Al2O3) along with reoxidation products (MnO·Cr2O3, FeO·Cr2O3) and the inclusions size between 20μm and 50μm takes about 45% of the total inclusion amount. According to the result, two main factors are found to have great contributions on the bloom subsurface inclusions: poor inclusion (Al2O3) absorbing ability of refining slag; weak upward flow in the mold. Trials were conducted by increasing the basicity and w(CaO)/w(Al2O3) ratio of the refining slag and controlling the casting condition. The industrial results show that the amount of subsurface inclusions with size from 20 to 50μm is reduced about 64%.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 48-52 [
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Metal Forming
53
GAO Han-feng, ,LI Xiao-yuan,HAN Yun,WANG Zhen-chuan,MA Lin
Effect of Hot Rolling Process on Mechanical Properties of Ti-Microalloyed Martensitic Steel
The microstructures and second precipitated particles were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), X-rays diffraction and phase analysis method. The effect of the hot rolling temperature on the strength of a rolled Ti-microalloyed martenstic was investigated. It is found that the yield strength of the martensitic steel is significantly improved by decreasing the hot rolling temperature. This is mainly caused by a large amount of TiC precipitations induced by deformation when the temperature is dropping from 1100℃ to 950℃ during the rolling process. Moreover, as the rolling temperature is lowered, the amount of the precipitations is increased significantly, and the average size also gradually becomes smaller. The precipitations of about 1-20nm in the martensite matrix obviously have the precipitation strengthening effect.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 53-56 [
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HU Yan-hui,KONG Fan-qing,TENG Hua-xiang,LI Jie,WEI Dong,SHANG Ting
Effect of Coiling Temperature on Aging Resistance of Hot-Dip Galvanized Low Carbon Aluminum Killed Steel Sheet
To improve aging resistance of hot-dip galvanized low carbon aluminum killed steel sheet, the effect of coiling temperature on aging resistance was investigated by measuring aging index and internal friction of galvanized sheets. The results show that in the range of 620-710℃ higher coiling temperature leads to less solid solution carbon and better aging resistance of galvanized sheet. Aging index decreases 19 percent by increasing coiling temperature from 620 to 710℃. Properly increasing coiling temperature is one of the effective ways to improve aging resistance of hot-dip galvanized low carbon aluminum killed steel sheet.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 57-59 [
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Materials
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LA Pei-qing,YAO Liang,MENG Qian,ZHOU Mao-xiong,WEI Yu-peng
Effect of Aluminum Content on Welding Property of 304, 316L Alloy Hot-Rolled Sheet
The weldability of Al mass fraction 4% 304, 2% 316L stainless steel hot-rolled sheet was investigated. By using manually TIG, microstructure of weld joint was analyzed by optical microscopy, the distribution elements of welding base metal was measured by electron microprobe (EMPA) , mechanical properties of welded joints was also tested. The investigations of microstructure and mechanical properties show that the aluminum-containing 304 and 316L alloy hot-rolled plates are selected ER308L, ER316L as welding materials, after TIG welded, the weld area has no cracks, gas porosities and other defects, the joint has good strength and ductility, the mechanical properties of the weld joint is similar with the base metal. Heat-affected zone and base metal organization is basically the same, the fusion is well between the weld area and base metal, the microstructure is good, adding aluminum 304 and 316L stainless steel with good weldability.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 60-66 [
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GU Ying-ni,LI Jing-jing,MENG Fan-yan,JIANG Jiang,LI Feng-zhao，MENG Xiang-min
Orientation Relationship Between Bainitic Ferrite and Retained Austenite
The orientation relationship between bainitic ferrite and retained austenite in bainitic steels were determined with analysed transmission electronic microscope (TEM) and high resolution transmission electronic microscope (HRTEM). The results show that there are three kinds of orientation relationships between bainitic ferrite and retained austenite: namely K-S, ［110］γ′//［111］α, (111)γ′//(110)α ; N-W, ［110］γ′//［001］α, (111)γ′//(110)α and G-T, ［112］γ′//［110］α,（111）γ′//(110)α orientation relationships. The high resolution images reveal that the interface of two phases is not straight and that there are series of edge dislocation and small structure-ledges, and it is not reveal continuous stringent coherent relationship.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 67-71 [
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ZHU Xu-xiang,LIU Dong-sheng
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Low Carbon 7.7%Ni Steel Subjected to Intercritical Quenching
To save the cost of constructing liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks, a lean steel composition (low C CrNi steel containing 7.7% mass fraction of Ni) was proposed as a substitute of the conventional 9% Ni steel. The mechanical properties of the subject steel subjected to austenitizing followed by water quenching+lamellarizing+tempering (QLT) were tested. Microstructure evolution in the tested steel during the QLT processing was studied. The microstructures consist of mainly ferrite (F)+lath-like martensite (LM), martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents and reversed austenite (γ′). With the increase of lamellarizing temperature (tL), the fraction of LM gradually increases while that of F decreases, resulting in refined microstructure and increased fraction of large-angle grain boundaries (HAGB). The fraction of γ′ maintains is at approximately 7% when tL is between 650-680℃. It decreases with further increase of tL. The cryogenic toughness is mainly determined by γ′ content and the fraction of HAGB. Excellent mechanical properties can be achieved in the current steel processed by the QLT heat treatment showing yield strength (Rp0.2) greater than 530MPa, tensile strength (Rm) greater than 670MPa, Charpy impact toughness (KV2) greater than 150J even at -196℃. The mechanical properties of the intercritically quenched steel are equivalent to those of 9%Ni steel.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 72-78 [
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QI Jiang-hua,YANG Cheng-wei,ZHU Wang-jun,OU Tie,LIU Yang,JI Yu
Effect of Heat and Insulation Treatment on MnS Inclusion in Heavy Rail Steel
The influence of heat and insulation treatment on MnS inclusion was researched in U75V high rate heavy rail steel. The change process of MnS inclusions in casting slab and steel rail was in-situ observed by con-focal laser scanning microscope. The result shows the spheroidization of the MnS inclusions is found at heating temperature between 600 and 870℃ and MnS inclusions begin to dissolve the steel at about 1180℃. According to the results, another experiment of heat and insulation treatment was carried on in electrical resistance furnace. The result indicates that the size of MnS inclusions reduce very little and aspect ratio decreases after the insulation at 830℃, but after insulation at 1180℃ the number of large MnS inclusions reduce obviously and minor sized inclusions increase ,the inclusion number further reduces and the aspect ratio further decreases with the prolong of the time. The slender MnS can be controlled through heat and insulation treatment in rail steel.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 79-83 [
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Environmental Protection and Energy
84
ZHANG Yu-zhu,BAO Ji-wei,LONG Yue,XING Hong-wei
Law of Isothermal Crystallization Kinetic of C2S in Gas Quenching Slag Affected by CaO
Hot!
Gas quenching steel slag was adjusted the ingredients and reconstructed by CaO, and these slags were heated some time at different temperatures. The law of crystallization and growth of C2S in those slags with different CaO contents was analyzed by metallographic microscope and metallographic analysis software. The law of isothermal crystallization kinetic of C2S in gas quenching slag affected by CaO was studied by JMA equation. The results show that the C2S crystalline amount shows a decreasing trend after the first increase with the increasing of CaO content. When alkalinity of slag is 3.25 and thermostat time is 30min, the C2S crystalline amount reaches a maximum of 64.06%. When alkalinity of slag os 3.25, the isothermal crystallization activation energy of C2S reaches a minimum of -6.36kJ/mol, and the energy barrier of isothermal crystallization of C2S reaches minimum, which is most conducive for the crystallization of C2S.
2013 Vol. 48 (11): 84-88 [
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