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2013 Vol. 48 No. 12
Published: 2013-12-15
Technical Reviews
Steelmaking
Metal Forming
Materials
Environmental Protection and Energy
Technical Reviews
1
ZHANG Li-feng，LI Yan-long，REN Ying
Fundamentals of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel： Part Ⅱ.Evaluation Method of Inclusions and Thermodynamics of Steel Deoxidation
The scientific studies of the current author on the fundamentlas of inclusions in steel was summarized, including evaluation method of inclusions, steady and unsteady continuous casting, control of unsteady casting and big inclusions in steel, the independence of total oxygen on big inclusions, thermodynamics of steel deoxidation, nucleation and growth of inclusions in the molten steel, fluid flow and inclusion motion and entrapment during casting process. The further studies on inclusions in steel were also discussed. All the information was to provide useful guidance for the production of clean steel.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 1-8 [
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Raw Materials and Ironmaking
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CAI Hao-yu,,CHENG Shu-sen,,ZHAO Hong-bo,,LI Yang,,ZHAO Gui-qing
Effect of Alkalis on Optical Texture of Coke
In order to research the impact of alkalis on the optical texture of coke, a gaseous impregnation experiment and a solution loss experiment on coke in 10% mass ratio alkalis atmosphere was taken. The optical texture of original coke, reacted coke without alkalis and reacted coke within alkalis was determined. The results show that, compared with anisotropic texture, isotropic texture has a higher reactivity and a lower intensity. In addition, isotropic degree of texture is higher, the reactivity is higher. But when the alkalis impregnate the coke samples, its catalytic action on isotropic texture is lower than that in anisotropic texture. So the reactivity of anisotropic texture is higher than that of isotropic texture, the result of which is that, the anisotropic texture has a higher adsorption capacity and the adsorbed alkalis has a higher infiltration capacity in coke matrix, so more graphite intercalation compound are created. Besides, increasing the proportion of gas coal in coking process can not only save the cost of coking, also enhance the alkali resistance of coke.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 9-15 [
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YAO Huai-wei，ZHENG Ming-dong，ZHANG Xiao-yong,WU Guang-you ,ZHANG Xian-jie
Stamping Coke Quality and Coke Strength After Uniformreaction Index
In order to study the stamping coke on the adaptability for large capacity blast furnace, three kinds of coke, such as A coke, B tamping coke and C tamping coke, were used for solution loss reaction experiment at 1050-1200℃, and the test was stopped at a weight loss of 30%, 35% and 40%, and the strength of coke was tested by I type drum. The results show that the hot properties of coke can be improved to a certain extent through tamping treatment. The coke strength will get the worst at 1100-1150℃. And there are some difference between coke strength after uniform reaction and standard CSR.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 16-19 [
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FAN Jian-jun,ZHANG Wen-ping,LIU Ci-guang,ZHAO Guo-dong,XI Yu-ming
Effect of Preheating and Roasting Parameters on Pellet Property of Super-Fine Magnetite Concentrate
One kind of super-fine magnetite concentrates with nearly 89% of the material being minus 0.044mm was investigated to make the pellets. The results show that the compression strength of preheated and finished pellets would decrease when the pellets being preheated or roasted at higher temperature or longer time. Much more research work was performed on the changes of mineral composition on different layer of the pellet. The results shows the oxidization process demonstrating different intensity on different layer, which means that the outer layer exhibiting stronger oxidization intensity, while mediate and inner layer get weaker oxidization intensity. So the outer layer get crusted layer easily at higher preheating and roasting temperature or longer time, which would prevent the oxidization process for inner and median layer pellet and the compression strength of preheated and finished pellets get decreased. The whole experiments show that it is not conducive to the increase of compression strength for preheated and finished pellets with higher preheating and roasting temperature or longer time.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 20-24 [
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LIU Cheng-song,,LI Jing-she,GAO Ya-wei,,TANG Hai-yan,
Low Temperature Reduction Degradation Characteristics of Iron Ores Based on Different Ironmaking Processes
In order to improve low temperature reduction degradation characteristics of iron ores and adapt to various ironmaking conditions, sinter, pellet, and lump ore which are commonly used in ironmaking production were studied on their low temperature reduction degradation characteristics under different conditions of gas in blast furnace and COREX by controlling the gas composition and temperature. The results show that under the same reduction atmosphere and temperature condition, the reduction degradation characteristics and degrees of different ores are quite different, the sensitivities of which to reducing gas composition and temperature differs from one to another. This study has a certain practicability and reference value for investigating and evaluating low temperature reduction degradation characteristics of different iron ores which is beneficial to improving metallurgical properties of iron ores and optimizing the parameters in different ironmaking processes.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 25-29 [
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Steelmaking
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ZOU Chang-dong, LIU Fei, XU Ji-fang, WAN Kang
Investigation on the Effect of Flux Particle Size on Hot Metal Desulphurization
Effect of flux particle size on hot metal desulphurization was investigated by hot metal desulphurization experiment using desulphurization flux with various particle sizes. The results indicate that the desulphurization ratio and apparent desulphurization rate constant increases with particle size decrease. The microstructure of desulphurization slag particle was studied by scanning electron microscope. The outer shell is desulphurization production CaS with thickness about 10-50μm, the intermediate layer is mainly 2CaO·SiO2, and the core is CaO. The utilization ratio of lime particle increased rapidly with the decrease of particle size. It is suggested that the desulphurization flux particle size should be 0.5-1.5mm to get better desulphurization effect and higher utilization ratio of the flux.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 30-35 [
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WANG Xiao-chen,SUN Qi-song,DI Quan-kang,DING Ning,CHENG Si-hua,ZHOU Jian-bo
Numerical Simulation of Temperature Distribution for Thin-Web Beam Blank Near Net-Shape Continuous Casting
Thin-web beam blank embodied the near net-shape characteristic. Temperature distribution of thin-web beam blank continuous casting was calculated by finite element numerical simulation. The effect of casting speed and secondary cooling water ratio on temperature, solidified shell thickness and liquid core length was analyzed. The results are concluded as follows: when the web width is thinner, the thermal conductivity is lower, the shell thickness of web and fillet center is about 4mm thinner than flange tip’s; when casting speed made every increase of 0.1m/s, the surface temperature at the mold exit will increase 80-100℃ and the solidified shell thickness will be thinned 0.8-1.2mm and liquid core length will be reduce by 1.2-1.6m; when water ratio in secondary cooling made every increase of 0.05L/kg, the surface temperature at secondary cooling exit will reduce by 8-16℃ and liquid core length will reduce by 0.13m.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 36-40 [
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ZHOU Yong,SHEN Peng,LIU Jia-kuo,SHE Min-jie
Surface Blow Hole Defects of Continuous Casting Slab of 2507 Duplex Stainless Steels
For the purpose of analysis reasons of the blow hole of 2507 duplex stainless steel, metallurgical microscope and SEM were used. The results show that, the blow hole of 2507 stainless steel is caused mainly by two reasons. One reason is that the water of refractory material of pouring basket. The water of refractory material resolves into ［O］ and ［H］ atoms, ［H］ precipitation during solidification is one of the sources of the blow hole in the continuous cast slab. On the other hand, the nitrogen content in molten steel is too high, the nitrogen solubility in liquid steel decreases sharply when solidification, nitrogen in molten steel generates from precipitation, then the irregular shape of the nitrogen hole is produced. So, the blow hole of hydrogen and nitrogen are the major causes of blow hole of continuous casting slab.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 41-45 [
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ZHANG Xing-zhong,ZHENG Xue-ran,LIU Qing-guo,WANG Chao
Design and Investigation of a Novel Submerged Entry Nozzle Used in Super-Large Round Bloom Continuous Casting
For the characteristic of continuous casting super-large round bloom, a novel SEN (submerged entry nozzle) called umbrella type SEN was proposed to reduce the impingement depth of molten steel by its own structure and keep fluid flow and heat transfer distributed uniformly in circumferential direction. A coupled analysis mathematical model in continuous casting mold was presented, and the fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification of the molten steel in the mold were simulated. The superiority and rationality of the SEN were verified that the molten steel stream spouted from umbrella nozzle took the shape of upper and lower circulation loops, which can not only be convenient for inclusions and gas to float up, but also can decrease the penetration depth of the jet. Meanwhile, liquid steel with superheat was distributed uniformly at upper mold zone, and a noticeable increase of temperature was observed on meniscus which may benefit the melting of slag; solidified shell distributed uniformly in circumferential direction, thereby reducing the probability of longitudinal crack. Solidified shell was 31.2mm thick at the outlet of the mold at the casting speed of 0.35m/min, which can ensure the safety in production.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 46-51 [
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Metal Forming
52
LI Long,ZHANG Xin-jin,LIU Hui-yun,ZHU Zhi-chao
Shear Strength of the Interface of Hot Rolled Stainless Clad Steel
A series of shear testing was carried out on hot rolled stainless clad steel in order to accurately determine the shear strength. Fracture characteristics of sheared specimen were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy disperse spectrum (EDS) analysis. The results show that shear rupture locates at the low strength part near interface, and the empirical formula based on warm and cold rolling information is not suitable for the prediction of hot rolled stainless clad steel. A new method for the accurate evaluation of shear strength was developed by the serial strength data.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 52-56 [
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HE Tian-ren
Analysis and Application of Interstand Cooling Technology for Plate Rolling
Interstand cooling(IC) is widely used in plate rolling because it can improve the cooling efficiency and rolling rhythm. The temperature field was analyzed by finite element method. The result shows that the effect of the complete air cooling and combination of 40-60s air cooling after enhanced water cooling are roughly equal. The variation of grain size during IC was researched and the grain growth control method of plate rolling was analyzed. It shows that rolling efficiency can be improved and the amount of alloy can also be reduced by the application of IC.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 57-62 [
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Materials
63
QIU Chang-han,,LUO Hai-wen,LIU Jun,,HU Jun,,DONG Han
Effect of Heating Process on the Amount of Austenite Retained in Medium Mn Alloyed TRIP Steel
Effect of heating processes on the retained austenite of 0.2C-5Mn steel was investigated. The microstructure evolution during heating was characterized by transmission electronic microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The amount of retained austenite was measured by X-ray diffraction. The results show that heating with a high rate or with an interruption at low temperature leads to more austenite formed during the intercritical annealing and then more retained after quenching. An isothermal holding at low temperature results in extensive precipitation of transition carbide which can be completely dissolved during the intercritical annealing and acts as nucleation sites of austenite grains, leading to accelerated austenitization kinetics; whilst the high heating rate could suppress both precipitation of cementite and recovery of the matrix during heating, promoting austenitization before recrystallization.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 63-67 [
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ZHANG Xi,,CHEN Yan-qing,ZHANG Jun,GUO Zhan-shan,ZHANG Nan,YONG Qi-long
Effect of Alloying Agent on the Heat Affected Zone Toughness of 09MnNiDR
Through testing the mechanical properties of welding joint, and observing the metallurgical structure and second phase in heat affected zone (HAZ), the influence of Ni, Ti to the impact ductility of 09MnNiDR’s HAZ was discussed, and the impact ductility of 09MnNiDR’s HAZ is obviously improved. The research results indicate that the method that improves the impact ductility of HAZ by increasing Ni content is not effective and uneconomical, however, the method that improves HAZ toughness by increasing the content of micro alloy element Ti from 0.016％ to 0.021%-0.026％ is highly effective. By TEM and Thermo-calc thermodynamic software, the mechanism that Ti improves HAZ toughness is studied. The results indicate that when Ti content is increased, the amount of second is phase increased, its grain size is refined, and the thermal stability of second phase is improved. So the grain size of CGHAZ is refined and the width of CGHAZ is shortened. Finally the toughness of HAZ is improved.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 68-72 [
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LI Yang,WANG Jing,LAN Peng,SUN Hai-bo,ZENG Zhi,ZHANG Jia-quan
Effect of Alloying Elements on Hypo-Peritectic Transformation and Longitudinal Cracking Susceptibility of Steel Slabs
Longitudinal cracks frequently occur in continuous casting of hypo-peritectic steel which closely relates to unevenness of initial solidified shell resulting from shrinkage in mold at high temperature. The cracking susceptibility can be determined by peritectic transformation ratio calculated from peritectic characteristic points. The FactSage software was used to determine the effects of various alloying elements in steel on peritectic characteristic points in Fe-C equilibrium phase diagram and obtained the equations for calculating the peritectic characteristic points. Based on the equations, peritectic range for steel can be calculated to provide guidance for choosing the proper mold powder in continuous casting process. With proper chemical composition modification, peritectic transformation ratio can be reduced thus shrinkage during peritectic transformation under high temperature can be reduced. The solidification mode of hypo-peritectic steel can even be changed to hyper-peritectic mode which can greatly reduce the longitudinal cracking susceptibility.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 73-79 [
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YANG Han,WANG Xi-xia,QU Jin-bo
Effect of Boron on the Microstructure and Properties of High Strength Steels With Low Susceptibility to Weld Cracking
The effect of boron on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength steels with low welding crack sensitivity, in the conditions of TMCP, TMCP+T and QT, respectively, were investigated. The result shows that boron improves the hardenability by suppressing the formation of proeutectoid ferrite. The microstructure of the boron-bearing steel, in the state of TMCP, consists of coarse bainite and martensite, and the prior austenite grain boundaries are retained. The QT process leads to a microstructure of tempered sorbite, but the boron-bearing steel exhibits lower fraction of high angle grain boundaries than the boron-free steel. A significant increase in strength, namely tensile strength by 300, 214 and 101MPa and yield strength by 320, 259 and 144MPa, respectively, for the above mentioned three conditions, but decrease in elongation and impact toughness, by the addition of boron, is observed. The best combination of strength and toughness is found to be achieved by QT process for the boron-free steel and TMCP+T process for the boron-bearing steel.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 80-84 [
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Environmental Protection and Energy
85
CHEN Hong,FANG Li-hua,SUN Xiao-yue,WANG Zhi-xiong,DONG Rui-zhang,WAN Chun-mei
Analysis on Scheme Selecting for One Ladle From BF to BOF of KISC
Based on the BF-BOF technology interface theory, one ladle system from BF to BOF technique feature and advantage was analyzed, including hot metal temperature drop, heat preservation, measurement, etc. At the same time, benefit was analyzed in practice for Kunming Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. problems of it were found and approached, it was concluded that the mode of using one open ladle is feasible at new zone of KISC.
2013 Vol. 48 (12): 85-89 [
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