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2014 Vol. 49 No. 2
Published: 2014-02-15
Technical Reviews
Materials
Environmental Protection and Energy
Technical Reviews
1
ZHANG Li-feng,YANG Wen,ZHANG Xue-wei,LUO Yan,LIU Yang
Systematic Analysis of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel
The detection, analysis and control of inclusions are important to the control of steel cleanliness. Accurate analysis of inclusions is required to understand the source and formation mechanism of inclusions more clearly, and then to find the relevant methods of reducing and controlling inclusions. Systematic analysis methods were stated in terms of the detected volume, the types of obtained inclusion information, the analysis duration and the advantages and drawbacks. The methods included traditional 2-D detection, non-destructive 3-D detection, inclusion extraction and inclusion concentration. Some application results were presented as well. Systematic analysis was benefit for the entire obtaining of the inclusion information, and the trace of inherited information of inclusion defects in final products, which was a good guidance for the production of clean steel.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 1-8 [
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Metallurgical Technology
9
GAO Bing，ZHANG Jian-liang，ZUO Hai-bin，KONG De-wen，QI Cheng-lin
Evaluation of Coke Quality for 2000m3 Blast Furnace
Nowadays，there is no coke index that can express coke quality completely．So，from the viewpoint of coke ratio of BF，the six indexes of coke ash，sulfur，M40，M10，CRI and CSR were chosen and given different weights to evaluate coke quality．Evaluation of coke quality for 2000m3 blast furnace was investigated in terms of coke quality indexes，technical and economical indexes of blast furnace and statistics．Scoring system was proposed for the first time and the evaluation model was established．Calculated price of coke， price differential and price ratio were also added to the model．And the model was tested by using 8 kinds of cokes．It is shown that coke quality varies obviously．After the optimization of coke proportion used in blast furnace，the operation of BF keeps stability and coke cost can be decreased．
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 9-14 [
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15
DUAN Su-lan，LI Chun-yan，XU Qin
Discussion on Extending Continuous Running Time of the CDQ Device
The acting factors of continuous running time were analyzed in Baotou Steel and Iron Group Co．， Ltd．The subjective factors of CDQ equipment service life and objective factors were discussed．Through using new materials，modification and process optimization measures for key equipment， the CDQ equipment maintenance period is up to 1.5 years．The valuable experiences in management and operation were provided for the production， safe and smooth operation in the future．
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 15-18 [
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19
LU Feng-lin ，GUO Yu-hua ，ZHANG Ying-yi ，GAO Jian-jun
Direct Reduction and Magnetic Separating Experiment of Nickel Slag for Iron Recovery
Direct reduction experiment and magnetic separating were carried out by using carbon-bearing pellets which were compacted by nickel slag and coal．The effects of different reduced temperatures，different C/O in pellets and basicity to the reduction results were investigated．The results show that the metallization degree can reach 98.72% when the direct reduction conditions are C/O in pellet 1.2，basicity 0.5，reduced temperature 1300℃ and time 20min．In 90min grinding metalized pellets getting under above conditions，the proportions of less than 0.074 mm powder reached from 95.6% to 46.9%，the TFe content of concentrate reduced from 78.82% to 74.01%，magnetic separating rate and recovery rate of iron increased from 51.77% and 79.02% to 70.92% and 89.80% respectively．The laboratory results show that it is feasible in process recycling iron resources in nickel slag by direct reduction and magnetic separating of carbon-bearing pellet．
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 19-23 [
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29
LIU Yu,WANG Xu-dong,,SHI Gui-qian,YAO Man, ZHANG Xiao-bing,WANG Xiong
Mold Sticking and Its Propagation Behavior During Slab Continuous Casting
Basing on the temperature measurement of a wide and thick slab continuous mold, the horizontal speed, vertical speed and propagation angle of the sticking were discussed. The effect of casting speed and slab dimensions on sticker’s propagation behavior was also analyzed. The results can be helpful to understand on propagation characteristic of sticking breakout, meanwhile, it can also provide basis for thermal couples layout optimization and the development of breakout prediction system.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 29-33 [
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34
CHEN Tian-ming,CHEN Yong,CHEN Liang,LI Jian-quan, YANG Wen-zhong,PAN Hong
Technology of Process and Equipment for Continuous Casting Heats Improvement With Square/Round Caster
The square/round billet caster of Pangang Group Panzhihua steel and vanadium Co., Ltd. had been operation in mid-October 2009. The steelmaking production organization was affected by less continuous casting heats of one tundish at initial time of the operation. Reasons of nozzle clogging for aluminium killed steel in continuous casting process were analyzed, in order to solve these problems, some countermeasures such as deoxygenation process optimization, inclusions modification, nozzles optimization in secondary cooling zone, and straightening and withdrawal process improvement were carried out. Industrial tests show that the castability and casting speed is improved obviously, and rate of break off caused by nozzle clogging for aluminium killed steel continuous casting is reduced from 12.9% to 2.0%. Moreover, 7-10 heats molten steel can be continuously cast in a single tundish, which is better than 4-5 heats before optimization for aluminum killed steel; and for silicon killed steel, 8-14 heats can be continuously cast in a single tundish, which is better than 6-9 heats before optimization. With this study, smooth continuous casting process can be ensured, and meanwhile, it can meet the requirement of cost reduction.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 34-39 [
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40
QIN Zhe,LIAO Jian-jun, ,ZHOU Jian-feng,XIAO Yue-qi,QIU Sheng-tao,ZHOU Ming-wei
Deep Desulphurization of High Grade Non-Oriented Electrical Steel in RH Process
The industrial trials on deep desulphurization of high grade non-oriented electrical steel were finished through using CaO-CaF2 complex based fluxes in RH process. Using the KTH model, the effect of refining slag composition on the sulfide capacities was analyzed. The results show that the chemical composition of refining slag (mass fraction,%) is w((CaO/ SiO2)) between 5 to 7, w((CaO))/w((Al2O3)) beween 1.5 to 1.8, w((Al2O3)) between 25% to 30%,w（(FeO+MnO)）less than 5%, and the desulphurizer addition level of 6～8kg/t can desulphurize mass fraction the liquid steel from average 0.0031% to 0.0018%, and the highest and average desulphurization ratios are 47.1% and 41.7%, respectively.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 40-44 [
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45
FU Zhi-qiang,,DU Feng-shan,,,AN Zi-jun,DUAN Li-ying,YU Hui,YANG Fan
Head Forming Mechanism of Rectangular Tube
The finite element simulation model of a rectangular tube roll forming process based on the specification process was established using a nonlinear finite element method. The actual rectangular tube rolling process of a 7-stand was simulated using this model. The metal flow pattern of the outer and inner layers of a rolling workpiece in the longitudinal direction are obtained by analysis of the distribution of stress, strain and the nodal displacement of the stable section in roll forming process. It was shown that there is a neutral flow plane of displacement in the transition zone of corner and edge of the head of the rolling workpiece with obvious metal inversion and out phenomenon in the center of corner and edge of the head. The simulation results are consistent with the rolling results.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 45-49 [
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50
HUANG Jun,,WU Wen-fei,LIU Hua-fei,ZHANG Yong-jie,
Numerical Simulation of Strip Continuous Annealing Line Cooled With Duct Cooling Process
Impinging gas-jet cooling is the most important cooling method in a continuous steel strip annealing and galvanizing production. Different cooler structures significantly affect the cooling performance. Numerical simulation on strip continuous annealing line cooled with duct cooling process were performed after grid independence test. The simulation area was divided into two sub-regions. The simulation results reveal the characteristics of flow field and temperature field. Formula for the pressure and flow of the cooler is obtained in the area of bellows and ducts, surface convective heat transfer coefficient and cooling rate of the strip are obtained in the area of impinging jet cooling, the average convection heat transfer coefficient is 117.29 W/(m2·K) and strip cooling rate is 14.0 ℃/s by typical operating conditions.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 50-54 [
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Materials
55
CHEN Yun-xiang,,ZHAO Li-jun,YAN Wei,WANG Wei,SHAN Yi-yin,YANG Ke
High Temperature Creep Rupture of T23 Steel Used for Ultra-Supercritical Power Plant
Hot!
The fracture morphology of creep rupture tested samples and microstructural evolution was investigated at 600℃, and the creep rupture mechanism of a T23 steel used for ultra-supercritcal power generations was discussed under different stress levels. The results show that, under condition of high stress level, the creep rupture mechanism is similar to the ductile fracture at room temperature, and the cavities nucleate mostly at sites of the inclusions, behaving intragranular fracture. However, under low stress level, the creep rupture mechanism is brittle fracture occurred along the grain boundary, and the cavities nucleate mostly at sites of the second-phases, behaving intergranular fracture.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 55-59 [
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60
YANG Quan,TAN Shu-ping
Analysis for the Microstructure Stability of Alloy 617
The microstructure stability of alloy 617, which is one of candidate materials for high temperature component of advanced ultra-supercritical coal-fire generating unit, was investigated after aging 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000h at 750℃. Optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the intergranular and intragranular precipitates after aging. The results show that M23C6 carbide precipitates at grain boundaries; while the intragranular precipitate of γ′ is dispersoid distribution, and the size increases with aging time. The strength of test material increases after 1000h aging, and then the trend changes to smooth with aging time. And toughness of the test material decreases with aging time.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 60-64 [
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65
LIU Hua-sai,TENG Hua-xiang,,WANG Yan-chao,KUANG Shuang,LI Xiang-yu,ZHANG Hao
Fatigue Behavior of a 340MPa Grade Hot-Dip Galvanized High Strength Low Alloy Steel
S-N curve of hot-dip galvanized high strength low alloy steel with a thickness of 1.75 mm was drawn using tension-tension fatigue test, and the fracture behaviors were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The fatigue limit of the HC340LAD+Z sheet is 190 MPa with the frequency of 15 Hz, and the crack initiation zone is on the surface of the sheet. The fracture morphology of zinc coating is more obvious near the fast fracture zone than near the crack initiation zone.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 65-68 [
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Environmental Protection and Energy
69
GUO Yu-hua，ZHANG Chun-xia，SHANGGUAN Fang-qin,QI Yuan-hong,YIN Rui-yu
Zinc Resources in Scrap Galvanized Steel Sheet in China
Hot!
Zinc is the closest nonferrous metal with steel, to study the volume of zinc resources in scrap, galvanized steel sheet, which takes the largest output in galvanized steel products, is taken for example to study the substance path with steel. A mathematical model of galvanized steel sheet end-of-life recycling and volume of zinc with it was established, according to the corrosion law of galvanized steel sheet using in different environments. Recycling resource volume from scrap galvanized steel sheet was computed under different service life in China. The results show that the life of waste recycling has the maximum impact on zinc resources in Chinese scrap galvanized steel sheet. The longer it scarps recycling, the less current zinc resource volume. The most cumulative volume of zinc resource from scrap galvanized steel sheet can reach 800 thousand tons to 2010 in China.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 69-73 [
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74
QIU Zheng-qiu,LI Jian-ming,WANG Jian-shan,ZHANG Xiao-long,
Application and Development of Pangang Flue Gas Desulphurization Technology
The characteristics of Pangang sinstering gas was summarized, and the theories, technological process and the existing problems and effect in project application of 3 kinds of desulfurization methods, including organic amine (ionic liquid) circulation absorption, ammonia-ammonium sulfate method and gas/solid suspension circulating fluidized bed were introduced. Advantages and disadvantages of these three methods were analyzed, and it was considered that organic amine circulation absorption was applied to absorb high concentration sulfur dioxide, with high desulfurization degree, byproduct sulfuric acid and no secondary pollution. This method met the requirement of Pangang sinstering gas, and showed the potentiality of wide applications.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 74-78 [
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MENG Fan-kai,,,CHEN Lin-gen,,,SUN Feng-rui,,,YANG Bo,,
Power Generation Model and Numerical Simulation of Blast Furnace Slag Water Waste Heat Driven Semiconductor Thermoelectric
Against the low rate of low temperature waste heat recovery for China’s iron and steel industry, a semiconductor thermoelectric power generation technology-based technical solutions recycling blast furnace slag flushing water sensible heat was presented. The corresponding calculation model was established, and the relations among the key parameters such as slag washing water temperature, the length of the thermoelectric element, the packing factor of the thermoelectric module, heat exchanger flow passage length and the device performance were analyzed. The results shows that based on thermoelectric power generation technology and blast furnace slag flushing water at 100 ℃, water temperature drop is 1.5 ℃ per meter process, about 0.93 kW electrical energy can be produced per square meter heat transfer surface area, and thermal efficiency of about 2% can be achieved. The recovery period of the equipment cost is about 10 years.
2014 Vol. 49 (2): 79-87 [
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