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	2014 Vol. 49 No. 11
	Published: 2014-11-15

	1	CHU Man-sheng, WANG Hong-tao, LIU Zheng-gen, TANG Jue
		Research Progress on Mathematical Modeling of Blast Furnace Ironmaking Process
		Blast furnace is one of the most complex metallurgical reactor. In order to achieve deep understanding, further optimization, and intelligent control of the blast furnace process, many mathematical models were developed. The paper firstly reviews the development course of reaction kinetics models of total blast furnace and focuses on introducing the typical research achievements on the creation and application of multi-fluid blast furnace model. Then, the development and application status of intelligent expert system at home and abroad are summarized. Some prospects of the development of blast furnace mathematical models in the future are put forward and pointed out that the future development on digital simulation and control for the blast furnace process is combining the CFD-DEM model, the whole comprehensive mathematical model of blast furnace with blast furnace expert system.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 1151 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 51 )

	9	BI Xue-gong, MA Yi-rui, LI Peng, ZHANG Hui-xuan, CHENG Xiang-ming, SHI Shi-zhuang
		Effect of Iron Coke Mixed Charging on Agglomerates Reduction Behavior
		The blast furnace ironmaking process needs a large number of resources and energy with a great energy saving potential. Iron coke is a highly reactive coke. Iron coke with the appropriate size and amount are mixed with ferrous burden and then charged into the blast furnace. It can lower coke rate theoretically, save scarce coking coal resources and reduce the production cost. The reduction mechanism of the mixed sample is analyzed and the coupling-reaction of iron coke and agglomerates is researched in laboratory, confirming that the mixing of iron coke has an obvious promotion effect on the reduction reaction of sinter and pellets. And increase of temperature and iron coke consumption are benefit for the improvement of iron ores reduction degree.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 9-13 [Abstract] ( 1217 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 44 )

	14	PEI Yuan-dong，，, WU Sheng-li，, ZHAO Zhi-xing, AN Gang, SU Bo，, PAN Wen
		In-Situ Observation of Influence of MgO on High Temperature Properties of Sinter Ore
		Sinter ore was solidified by liquid phase during sintering process, the formation and fluidity of the liquid phase on sinter quality plays a crucial role in determining quality of sinter ore. With the deterioration of ore resource quality, the TFe content of sinter decreased. Compared with Al2O3 and SiO2, MgO belongs to ingredients added voluntarily, and amount of MgO affects the melting and fluidity of melts and TFe of sinter ore. According to Jingtang mixture, effect of MgO in sintering mixture on sintering high temperature properties was in situ observed by confocal lasering scanning microscopy (CLSM for short)in the first time, and compared with sintering basic characteristics equipment. It can be found that, compared with blended ore without MgO, initial and massive melt forming temperature increase above 50 ℃ when adding MgO with the mass percent of it from 1.7% to 2.0%, and fluidity velocity decreases apparently. As the mass percent of MgO decreased from 2.3% to 0.3% in sintering basic characteristics test, fluidity index increases from 0.7 to 1.9 levels. At last, mass percent of MgO in sinter of Jingtang reduced from 2.0% to 1.5% with better sinter quality.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 14-19 [Abstract] ( 1164 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 45 )

	20	FAN Jian-jun, ZHANG Wen-ping, LIU Ci-guang, ZHAO Guo-dong, XI Yu-ming
		Effect of Particle Size Distribution of Magnetite Concentrate on Preheating and Roasting Parameters of Pellet
		The researches were carried out on three kinds of super-fine magnetite concentrate with nearly 89% of the material being less than 0.044 mm. The results show that the compression strength of roasted pellets increase with the increasing of proportion for minus 0.044 mm, but pellets must be roasted with lower preheating temperature and longer preheating and roasting time. The research work on the changes of porosity of green pellets indicates that the finer the iron concentrate become, the lower porosity pellet get, so the pellet must be roasted at lower preheating temperature to avoid the formation of crusted layer, which deteriorates the compression strength of pellet. The pellet also must be roasted at longer preheating time to compensate the slower oxidization process because of lower porosity of pellet. The research work on the FeO content of pellet indicates that the finer the iron concentrate become, the lower FeO content of pellet attain, so the pellet must be roasted at longer roasting time to guarantee the effective oxidization process.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 20-24 [Abstract] ( 1300 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 60 )

	25	DONG Jie-ji,, WANG Guang, LI Hua, ZUO Mao-fang, XUE Qing-guo
		Melt Formation Phenomena of High Alumina Limonite of Gibbsite Type in Sintering Process
		Sinter is consolidated by melt phase through adhering the adjacent unreacted nucleus and therefore the melt formation ability of iron ore fine with CaO is very important to guarantee the quality of the sinter. The high temperature simultaneous thermal analyzer was used to examine the melt formation phenomena of Sierra Leone high alumina iron ore fine with CaO. The melt amount increased with the increasing of CaO content and the melt formation peak temperature of the iron ore was stably kept at around 1 209 ℃. The amount of melt decreased and the melt formation temperature decreased first and then increased with the particle size decreasing. The Sierra Leone high alumina iron ore fine with diameter from 0.074 mm to 0.180 mm had the lowest melt formation temperature. The formation temperature and amount of the melt could be both significantly increased with the increasing of flux particle size. When using limestone as the calcium resource, the melt formation temperature was lower and the amount of melt was more than using the calcined lime. Compared with the other kinds of iron ores, the sierra leone high alumina iron ore had the highest melt formation temperature. The medium alumina content limonite had the relatively lower melt formation temperature. The magnetite iron ore fine had the best melt formation property. The sintering pot test result showed that the yield of sinter decreased from 78.37% to 73.36% and the tumbling index decreased from 60.5% to 49.6% with the increasing of Sierra Leone iron ore addition. The appropriate addition ratio should be less than 20% of the ore blender.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 25-30 [Abstract] ( 1253 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 88 )

	31	YANG Guang-wei, HAO Xin, YANG Die, WANG Xin-hua, HUANG Fu-xiang, WANG Wan-jun
		Cleanliness of GCr15 Bearing Steel During Steelmaking Process
		T[O] and inclusions during EAF→LF→VD→Purging→CC process were investigated on GCr15 bearing steel. Through controlling carbon content at EAF tapping from 0.2% to 0.4%, adding aluminum and flux during tapping for deoxidation and pre-refining, making high basicity slag with little (TFe+MnO) content during LF refing, stirring the steel in VD and preventing steel reoxidation in tundish, bearing steel with [w(T[O])=8×10－6] can be produced. Inclusions changed in order of Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→CaO-MgO-Al2O3 during the secondary refining process. The average size of inclusions decreased after ladle refining, while picked up after vacuum treatment, and continously decreased during purging and in tundish. Inclusion number can be reduced by 74% through VD process.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 31-35 [Abstract] ( 1256 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 63 )

	36	YANG Wen-yuan, WANG Li-li, XIAO Zun-hu, WANG Ming-lin, LIU Lu-chang
		Oxygen Pressure Selection in BOF
		Oxygen pressure of work in BOF is decided by nozzle Mach number. Oxygen jet penetration depth of the bath [(L)] and the bath depth [(L0)] has an appropriate ratio [(L/L0)]. About 1/3 steel plant’s working oxygen pressure is unreasonable in China. According to theoretical analysis and practical experience, working oxygen pressure is usually higher （5%～15%） than stagnant pressure according to Mach. Therefore, shockwave losses of flow jet can be reduced, penetration depth of jet is deeper and nozzle rapid melting caused by negative pressure at nozzle outlet can be prevented. Pressure losses [(Δp)] caused by oxygen passing through pipeline should be understand during nozzle designing. Field measurement method is comparatively reliable to get the pressure loss.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 36-41 [Abstract] ( 1329 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 53 )

	42	YU Bin, WANG Yi-dong, YANG Xu, GUO Bao-an, HE An-rui, LIU Hong-min
		Application of Roll Contour Shifting Roll and Bending Roll for Shape Control
		According to the shape control theory and actual working condition, the type configuration of a 1580 mm hot-rolled finishing mill train was researched. Roll contour of back-up roll and work roll with the type adaptation was developed based on the middle bending force, which expanded the adjustment ability of bending force on roll gap, and technology system of shifting roll matching work roll contour was established, which formed the combined control technology of sine curve work roll+VCR back-up roll, long stroke shifting roll and strong bending roll. The production practice showed that long stroke WRS technology discretized the roll thermal deformation and made the work roll wear curve flat and smooth, and combining roll contour and bending roll technology can keep normal bearing roll gap shape, which achieved good control of shape and profile of hot-rolled strip.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 42-45 [Abstract] ( 1555 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 63 )

	46	WANG Fei-xue, ZANG Xin-liang, YU Hui, DU Feng-shan
		Influence Mechanism of Tension on PQF Continuous Rolling Process
		According to the geometric pass and technological characteristics in PQF retained mandrel rolling process, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model was established for the whole rolling process. The size of pierced billet and the parameters of force and energy were predicted in this model. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results in a certain factory. The formation mechanism of the tension in PQF continuous rolling process was analyzed, and influence rules of the tension on the metal rheological law, the neutral curve distribution, the steel pipe section size, the force and energy parameters were researched, which provides a theoretical guidance for optimizing the PQF rolling process parameters and controlling product quality.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 46-52 [Abstract] ( 1075 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 42 )

	53	LINGHU Ke-zhi, SONG Hao-yuan, WANG Yong-qiang, LI Fei
		Analysis and Appliaction of Crown Control of 6-high CVC Cold Rolling Mill
		By means of 3D Finite Element Method (FEM), a new 6-high CVC cold rolling mill model, which couples CVC profile, rolling force distribution between rolls, elastic deformation of rollers, and elastic-plastic deformation of strip, was built. The rolling force distribution between rolls and elastic-plastic deformation of roll and workpiece were obtained by the iteration calculation method. The model was verified in comparison with the actual rolling schedule data. The absolute error between the simulated results and the actual values is obtained to be less than 10 μm, and relative error is less than 1%. Thus, the simulated results are in good agreement with the measured data. Consequently, the effect of flatness actuators such as intermediate roll bending, intermediate roll shifting and work roll bending on secondary crown and quartic crown was studied and actual center-edge buckles of the industrial products of wide and thin strips in the cold rolling process were successfully eliminated according to the research results.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 53-58 [Abstract] ( 1506 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 83 )

	59	YANG Cai-shui， LUO Xu， LI Jun-hong， KANG Yong-lin
		Effects of Manganese Content and Finishing Rolling Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Cost Middle Titanium Q345B Steel
		Influences of different manganese content (0.6%-1.0%) and finishing rolling temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low cost middle titanium (0.04%-0.05%) Q345B Steels were studied by laboratory rolling experiments, combining TEM observing the rule of Ti precipitation in the steel. The results indicate that when the manganese content was 0.8% and the finish rolling temperature was 850 ℃, the yield strength of the experimental steel was 491 MPa, the tensile strength was 625 MPa and the elongation was 33.6%. It can reduce the cost to maximum under the condition of meeting mechanical properties. The precipitation of Ti is mainly spherical nanometer size TiC particles, with a small amount of square large TiN particles.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 59-63 [Abstract] ( 1358 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 56 )

	64	WANG Wenyan,, YUAN Yasha, YU Huiwu, XIE Jingpei, LI Yan, LI Luoli
		Existing Forms of TiN Nano Particles and Impacts on Matrix Microstructure of ZGMn13 Steel
		ZGMn13 steel containing trace amounts of nanometer-sized TiN was prepared by the method of argon insufflation. The existing forms of additional TiN particles and the influence on the morphology of high manganese steel were investigated. The morphology, composition and structure of TiN and ZGMn13 steel were analyzed by SEM, EDS and TEM. The results show that part of TiN nano particles got together while the other existed in austenite in nanometer, and had a better matching relation with austenite. There were crystallographic orientation relationship of [[1]11]γ//[[1]11 ]N, (202)γ//(202)N, [[1]11]γ//[[1]11 ]N, (220)γ//(220)N, [[1]11]γ//[[1]11 ]N, (422)γ//(422)N and [[1]12]γ//[0[1]1]N, (220)γ//(022)N, [[1]12]γ//[0[1]1]N, (1[1]1)γ//(200)N between austenite and TiN, and (1[1]1)γ//(200)N had a phenomenon of coherency. There were high density and mutual entanglement dislocations in the matrix, local region appeared paralleled ε-martensite which had the crystallographic orientation relationship of (1100)ε // (1[1]3)γ, [0001]ε// [1[5]2]γ with austenite, and they were coherency.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 64-67 [Abstract] ( 1206 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 55 )

	68	GUO Hui-ying, ZHANG Yu, WANG yin-bai, XU Hong-mei
		Development of a New Weathering Steel With Yield Strength of 450 MPa
		20 mm thick yield strength 450 MPa weathering steel was successfully hot rolled based on continuous cooling transformation (CCT) behavior study, and its microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion-resistance and weldability were analyzed. Both CCT and hot rolling test results suggest that a combination of finish rolling temperature of about 850 ℃, thickness reduction ratio≥0.6, cooling rate of between 15-30 ℃/s and cooling finish temperature ≤ 579 ℃ resulted in a plate consisting of polygonal ferrite (3-10 μm), degenerate pearlite and small amounts of M-A. The rolled plate exhibited a yield strength of 458 MPa, and tensile strength of 557 MPa, elongation ≥ 28% and impact absorbed energy ≥ 287 J at －60 ℃. The excellent low temperature toughness was derived from the small effective grain size of and high proportion of high-angle boundary. 72 h periodical dry-wet immersion corrosion test in NaHSO3 and NaCl solutions show that the corrosion resistance of the hot rolled plate was 49% and 40% higher than Q345B, respectively. Submerged arc welding with heat input of 30 kJ/cm was employed to the hot-rolled plate, and the heat affected zone shows an impact absorbed energy ≥ 156 J at －40 ℃.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 68-73 [Abstract] ( 1042 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 38 )

	74	ZENG Bin， SUN Xin-jun， LI Zhao-dong， YONG Qi-long， WENG Yu-qing
		Industrial Production of 780 MPa Grade Tempering Steel Plates for Cold Forming and for Hot-Strip Rolling
		Leveled steel plates were taken from hot-rolled strip steel with tensile strength of 780 MPa, which had been?widely?used?in building cranes and concrete pump trucks by cold forming. In the present work, the plates were tempered on a production line, and their mechanical properties, welding performance, cold forming property and microstructures were investigated. The results show that the strength and hardness of the steel increased significantly after the tempering, while the impact toughness and elongation rate decreased slightly. The difference between the mechanical properties in transverse direction and these in longitudinal direction decreased due to the tempering. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were improved showing reduced strength-loss after welding. The cold forming performance was also greatly improved. No significant change in phase constituents was observed due to the tempering, however, some ferrites grains were coarsened and their dislocation density decreased associated with increasing of cellular dislocation. Increased precipitates containing Ti, Nb, Mo were observed, resulting in the precipitation hardening.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 74-79 [Abstract] ( 1298 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 40 )

	80	ZHANG Yu-cheng, JU Xin-hua, MENG Yang, CUI Gui-bin, SHI Xue-xing, HAO Jing-li
		Comparison of Measuring Content of Retained Austenite in X90 Pipeline Steel Between Applying XRD and Magnetic Method
		The content of retained austenite at different locations of X90 pipeline steel such as the cross-section, the longitudinal section and the rolling surface was studied by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The reason of the existence of big difference on the measured retained austenite content by XRD at different locations was discussed. The difference between XRD and magnetic method on measuring the content of retained austenite was also compared. The results showed that retained austenite content by XRD at the cross-section surface was much higher than that at longitudinal section and rolling surface. The obvious preferred orientation was found at the cross-section surface of samples while the orientation distribution was relatively uniform at longitudinal section and rolling surface. The measured content of retained austenite by XRD method was greatly influenced by preferred orientation which, however, showed no effect on the measured result by magnetic method.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 80-84 [Abstract] ( 1494 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 49 )

	85	FAN Li-hua, WANG Lei,,, HOU Cai-xia, YIN Jia-nan, LIANG Ying-hua
		Application of Brown Coal-Based Hyper Coal in Coal Blending for Coking
		The hyper coal was high-temperature extracted under the condition of using N-methyl pyrrolidone and wash oil as the solvents respectively. The prepared hyper coal was characterized by means of FT-IR, 13C CP/MAS NMR and thermogravimetric analysis. Compared with the raw coal, hyper coal had lower oxygen content and higher heat value with N-methyl pyrrolidone or wash oil as solvent and more aromatic components with wash oil as solvent. Hyper coal can be applied in coal blending for coking. When it was added with the proportion of 10%, the softening point decreased by 70 -80 ℃, and the plasticity range of paste increased. The coke reactivity decreased about 1 percentage point, and the post-reaction strength was increased about 3.6 percentage points.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 85-91 [Abstract] ( 1340 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 65 )

	92	ZHENG Xing-peng, TANG Guo-yi, SONG Guo-lin, ZHENG Yang-sheng
		Electroplastic Rolling of 304 Stainless Steel Strip
		The 304 stainless steel strips had experienced multi-pass cold rolling and electroplastic rolling (EPR) on the self-designed electroplastic rolling machine. Properties evolution such as deformation resistance, hardness, tensile strength, and elongation under different rolling ways was studied, and the microstructure was systematically analyzed. The results indicated that the deformation resistance could be remarkably reduced by using high energy pulse current during the rolling process. The strength of strip after each pass electroplastic rolling was lower than that of cold rolled strip, but its elongation was significantly improved, making the deformation ability of material greatly improved. Meanwhile, electroplastic rolling could reduce or cancel the annealing process during the material processing and improve the production efficiency, which had an important engineering significance for finding a clean, environment-friendly, energy saving and efficient production technology.
		2014 Vol. 49 (11): 92-96 [Abstract] ( 1198 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 42 )

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