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	2015 Vol. 50 No. 11
	Published: 2015-11-15

	1	LI Xin-chuang，SHI Can-tao，ZHAO Feng
		Industry 4.0 meets with China iron and steel industry
		Industry 4.0 is systematically discussed about its emergence background，connotation，advantages and potential effects，as well as the development in some typical countries. The current situation of integration of informatization and industrialization in China iron and steel industry is analyzed while the defects are summarized. The positive influence of Industry 4.0 on China iron and steel industry is presented in respects of customized service，intelligent manufacture，big data management，and supply chain integration. The strategic key points of Steel 4.0 are described hierarchically，and some advice is proposed systematically.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 1-7 [Abstract] ( 1446 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 90 )

	8	WANG Jie-ping，XIE Quan-an，SUN Zhang，JI Bin，LIANG Ying-hua
		Pore structure development of coke during carbon solution loss reaction
		The carbon solution loss reaction at different temperatures was studied by coke reactivity equipment. The pore structure parameters of coke were characterized by specific surface area and pore size analyzer and SEM analyzer. The specific surface area， pore volume and average pore size of coke were calculated by BET equation and BJH method， then the variation of fractal characteristics were calculated by adsorption isotherms. Changes of coke pore structure in the carbon solution loss reaction were investigated. The results showed that the curve symptom of coke changes from type I to type II adsorption isotherm， the specific surface area and pore volume increased initially and then decreased， and the pore diameter range of 2-10 nm varied apparently with temperature increasing. Carbon solution loss reaction of coke was mainly affected by the chemical reaction rate at temperature lower than 1 000 ℃， while it was dominated by coke diffusion control at higher than 1 000 ℃， which was affected by pore structure of different cokes. There would be a certain correlation between fractal dimension results and pore structure， which could reflect the pore development of coke in the solution loss reaction.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 8-13 [Abstract] ( 1037 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 68 )

	14	WANG Guang，XUE Qing-guo，WANG Jing-song
		Preparation of iron nugget using low grade iron ore of high alumina and sulphur
		The iron nugget process using low grade iron ore of high alumina and sulphur as raw material was performed at laboratory scale. The effect of reduction temperature， carbon content， basicity and additives on the reduction and melting behavior of the high alumina ore/coal composite pellet was investigated. The sulphur content of the iron nugget was also analyzed. The standard pellet (without any additives) had bad melting separation and the carburization degree of the reduced iron was low. The increasing of carbon content could improve the melting separation a little. The reduction rate of the pellet would be improved with the increasing of basicity and the pellet could melt better at 1 450 ℃. The sulphur content of the iron nugget gradually decreased as the basicity increased from 0.6 to 1.2 and was obviously low when the basicity was 1.2. The pellet would also melt worse with the Na2CO3 content in the pellet increased and could melt to some extent at 1 450 ℃. The sulphur content of the iron nugget would also gradually decrease. However， the effect of Na2CO3 on the sulphur content of the iron nugget was not much. The sulphur content of the iron nugget was 0.085% and the desulphurization rate was 96.5% with basicity of 1.2， 8% Na2CO3 and 4% CaF2 reduced at 1 450 ℃. The obtained iron nugget could meet the requirement of steel making to some extent.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 14-20 [Abstract] ( 1014 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 73 )

	21	FAN Xiao-hui，LI Xi，CHEN Xu-ling，YANG Gui-ming
		Thermal state control model of grate-kiln pellet based on substractive clustering ANFIS
		The thermal operations of pellet induration have great effects on energy consumption， productivity and pellet quality in grate-kiln process. Due to the process characteristics， such as multiple variables， strong coupling and the complicated relations between manipulated and controlled variables， the thermal process can hardly be effectively controlled by mechanism model. Material flow and thermal airflow of grate-kiln process were firstly analyzed， and then the subtractive clustering based ANFIS (adaptive neural fuzzy inference system) model was proposed to control the thermal state. In this control model， subtractive clustering algorithm was adopted to partition the input data space， while recursive least square method and gradient descent method were used to identify both premise parameters and conclusion parameters of the T-S model. Using a hybrid of VC++ and MATLAB， control system of grate-kiln pellet thermal state was developed， which realizes the online model calculation and the real-time control guidance. Model validation was conducted using the production data of a particular pelletizing plant， and the results show that the mean relative error of the model is less than 5%.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 21-26 [Abstract] ( 818 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 45 )

	27	ZHANG Jian-liang，WANG Zhi-yu，JIAO Ke-xin，WANG Cong，ZHAO Yong-an
		Slag erosion resistance and hanging mechanism for the refractory in blast furnace hearth
		The slag corrosion resistance and the adherent slag performance of carbon-based brick and corundum-based brick were investigated. The slag corrosion mechanisms of carbon-based brick and corundum-based brick were studied at 1 500 ℃. The microstructure and the phase composition of the corrosion interface were respectively analyzed by SEM-EDS and XRD. Then the adherent slag mechanisms of carbon-based brick and corundum-based brick were analyzed. The results show that the spinel (MA) can be generated by the reaction between blast furnace slag and corundum-based brick on the corrosion interface. Then the corrosion process is hindered by the generated spinel (MA) and some high melting point phases (Al2O3，SiC) in corundum-based brick. However， the high melting point phases cannot be formed on carbon-based brick surface. A small number of the points bonding blast furnace slag and carbon-based brick lead to the poor bonding strength， and then the slag crust periodically falls off from the carbon-based brick surface.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 27-31 [Abstract] ( 998 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 65 )

	32	XIAO Bo，LEI Yu-cheng，WANG Zhong-ying
		Water model and numerical simulation for 90 t ladle bottom argon blowing process
		In order to obtain the optimum gas permeable brick position at the bottom of 90 t ladle and the gas blowing model， the effect of gas permeable brick positions on the mixing time is studied using the similarity ratio 1：4 water model and the numerical simulation. The results show that the mixing time with the position of[P5]at[1/2R]cycle is shorter than that of the others under the single gas permeable brick scheme conditions. Besides， the stirring effect of the double gas permeable brick scheme with the angle of[180°]is better than that of others. By contrast， with same gas blowing rate the mixing time by using double gas permeable brick optimum scheme is similar with that by using the single gas permeable brick optimum scheme. To confirm the validity of the water model results， the effect of different bottom blowing model on the flow field of ladle are calculated using the ANSYS software. The results show that the numerical simulation is well agreement with the results of water model， and the fluid speed of hot metal in ladle when the single gas permeable brick position is[P5]at[1/2R]cycle is faster than that of others.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 32-36 [Abstract] ( 1018 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 52 )

	37	ZHU Hong-chun，JIANG Zhou-hua，LI Hua-bing，ZHANG Shu-cai，FENG Hao，LIU Fu-bin
		Effect of pressurization technology on steel-making and solidification of high-grade special steels
		Presently， the study of pressurization technology in steel-making and solidification of high-grade special steels mainly focuses on the N-alloyed stainless steels， especially for high-nitrogen steels. This article reviewed the role of pressurization technology in steel-making and solidification， such as increasing the solubility of volatile elements (N， Ca， Mg， et al.) and improving solidification structure. In this article， experiments on N-alloyed stainless steel 22Cr-21Ni-7.5Mo-0.6N and thermodynamic computing software Thermo-Calc were combined to analyze the influence of pressure on liquid-solid phase transformation. It showed that the solidus and liquidus temperature were increased by 6.60 and 5.98 K under 100MPa compared with those under 0.1 MPa and austenite region was expanded. Pressurization also increased driving force of liquid-solid phase transformation， decreased critical nucleation radius， accelerated nucleation rate and further refined solidification structure. Along with the deepening understanding of the volatile elements， the application prospects of pressurization technology will be very broad and bright in the manufacture of high-grade special steels.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 37-44 [Abstract] ( 961 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 71 )

	45	HOU Xiao-guang，，WANG En-gang，ZHANG Yong-jie，XU Xiu-jie，DENG An-yuan
		Industrial application of stainless steel soft-contacting electromagnetic continuous casting
		The technology of soft-contacting electromagnetic continuous casting（SCEMCC） had been developed for several decades. However，it still needs to find a right point for commercial applications. throug analyzing the different of resistivity characteristics between stainless steel and carbon steels， and the pilot experimental results of 304 round billet SCEMCC，the feasibility of stainless steel SCEMCC was confirmed. Then，the new systems of round billet and square billet SCEMCC were developed respectively for industrial production experiments with different stainless steel grades and mold flux powders. The industrial production experimental result shows that the SCEMCC systems were effective and reliable to reduce the depth of almost all billet oscillation marks from about 0.7 mm to near zero，under the condition of 150 kW output power to the electromagnetic casting mold. Using obtained SCEMCC billets for milling [?]8 mm steel wire rod products，then processing with solution heat treatment and acid pickling，the material yield of end wire rod products can be increased more than 3%. Many times industrial continuous casting production experiments，in which the phenomenas of meniscus abnormal fluctuation and slag entrapped defects of billet macro structure were not being found，promoted SCEMCC taking a key step on business operation. Finally，the feasibility of SCEMCC from the billet section expending to the slab was discussed.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 45-52 [Abstract] ( 1041 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 57 )

	53	YU Lin-hui，ZHANG Zhen-shan，，Shevchenko Anthony，SHEN Ming-gang，WANG Yi-yong，
		Effects of continuous casting billet quality with steel strip’s feeding into continuous casting crystallizer
		Center segregation and equiaxial crystal ratio are the important parameters to evaluate the quality of continuous casting slab. And the technologies of improving internal quality，such as electromagnetic stirring and micro-alloying technology，are complex relatively and high cost during implementation. In this study，steel strip was fed into the continuous casting mold，resulting in a lower superheat of molten steel due to the absorption of heat. This study also discussed the effect of steel strip weight on the quality of slab.. The results of calculation and experiment show that，the liquid steel superheat can be obviously reduced by steel strip feeding. The internal quality（osteoporosis，equiaxial crystal ratio etc.）of continuous casting slab with strip feeding is better than the one without strip feeding. And when the weight of the strip increases，the equiaxial crystal ratio increases，too. And the technology of strip feeding is helpful to improve internal quality of billet.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 53-56 [Abstract] ( 818 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 51 )

	57	GUO De-fu，SUN lin，SHEN Yi，[LU]Xiao-dong，FAN Zhen-ying
		Reasons and control strategy of head thickness out-of-tolerance for 5 000 mm wide and heavy plate mills
		The out-of-tolerance of head thickness ranging from 0.2 m to 1.0 m was serious while rolling heavy plate in an 5 000 mm heavy plate production line，which greatly affected the dimensional precision and the yield rate of the plate product. The reasons for that were：the deviation of rolling force prediction was too large，and the excessive roll gap compensation at head of plate causing actual rolling gap is too small，which result in thinner head thickness，and it become more obvious with the increasing of plate aim thickness. According to the parameter optimization of the head thickness control system in L1 and the rolling force setting model in L2，after repeated experiments and industrial applications，apparent effect was obtained，the head thickness qualified rate was improved from 50% to above 90%.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 57-62 [Abstract] ( 815 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 57 )

	63	GUAN Jian-long，HE An-rui，SUN Wen-quan，GUO Rui
		Simulation of ridge-buckle control model in coiling process of strip steel
		In order to research the ridge-buckle control method in coiling process of strip steel with local high point， the study obtained the stress field distribution of ridge-buckle based on the hypothesis about stress function and the S. Timoshenko least work principle， and established the buckling critical coiling tension setting model and buckling elastic limit model that both can be calculated online using the theory of Galerkin virtual displacement. The simulation of stress field distribution and factors on critical coiling tension show that uneven distribution of strip steel tension caused by radial accumulation of local high points is the main cause of strip ridge-buckle； critical coiling tension decreases with the increase of the thickness of strip， height of local high points and coiling radius， respectively. The influence of strip width is small. The?computational accuracy and feasibility of this model is confirmed by the comparison of actual production control method and ANSYS finite element method results.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 63-68 [Abstract] ( 981 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 62 )

	69	WANG Dong-cheng，，WU Yan-lin，LIU Hong-min，
		High-efficiency calculation method for roll stack elastic deformation of four-high mill
		The calculation speed of the general influence function method is slow. To solve the problem, a new high-efficiency calculation method of roll stack elastic deformation for four-high mill was proposed based on the analysis of the main factors affecting the calculation precision and speed of general influence function method. In this method，the transverse distribution of the pressure between rolls and rolling pressure were described by high-order polynomial，reducing the calculated amount of roll deflection. Compared with the general influence function method，the order of linear equations to solve the pressure between rolls was significantly reduced，thus greatly saving the computing time. With this method，the single computing time of roll stack elastic deformation for four-high mill was less than 1 ms. Meanwhile，the computing accuracy matched well with that obtained by general influence function when dividing into 100 elements. It provided the ideal necessary condition for the on-line setting of flatness，and it could be applied to other mill types.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 69-74 [Abstract] ( 836 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 58 )

	75	CAO Lei，YANG Zhong-min，CHEN Ying，WANG Hui-min，ZHAO Xiao-li
		Effect of nitrogen on the microstructure evolution in 20MnSi steel bearing with niobium
		Investigations were carried out to evaluate the influence of nitrogen on the microstructure evolution in 20MnSi steel bearing with niobium. Two steels with different nitrogen contents solution treated at 1 200 ℃ were rapidly cooled to their[Ac3]and then cooled to the room temperature at the cooling rates of 200 and 100 ℃/h， respectively. Observations were conducted by optical microscopy(OM)，scanning electron microscopy(SEM）and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results demonstrate that the acicular ferrite nucleated and grew at the carbon-poor areas which were caused by the Nb(C， N) precipitation at the high density dislocation region within the prior austenite grain. The enhancement of nitrogen was beneficial to inhibit the formation of the acicular ferrite and promote the formation of equaxied ferrite. Also， the fraction of degenerated pearlite was decreased and the pearlite nodules were in a fine and uniform distribution.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 75-80 [Abstract] ( 911 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 50 )

	81	YANG Ji-chun，LI Hong-wei，ZHOU Li，ZHANG Jian，LIU Nan
		Mechanism of trace cerium in ultra-clean IF steel
		The existence forms of cerium in ultra-IF steel， in which the contents of oxygen and sulphur were both less than 0.000 6%， were studied by chemical analysis， thermodynamic calculation， micro-examination and hardness measurement. And the effects of cerium on Al2O3 inclusions， microstructure and hardness were discussed. The results show that， when the cerium content was between 0.006 1% and 0.009 3%， the solid solubility of cerium range from 0.004 1% to 0.006 7%. About seventy percent of cerium is in the form of solid solution， the rest of cerium is in the form of inclusions， and there is no Ce-Fe intermetallic compound in the steel. By adding cerium， Al2O3 inclusions are modified into smaller globular CeAlO3 inclusions. Cerium played a role in modifying inclusions in the steel. Cerium has the effect of refining the microstructures of the steel. The greater the amount of solid solution of cerium was， the finer the crystalline grains were. When the content of cerium are 0.006 1% and 0.009 3%， Rockwell hardness increases by 7.6% and 12.7% respectively compared with IF steel without cerium.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 81-87 [Abstract] ( 1090 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 72 )

	88	LI Wen-bin，YUAN Si-yu，LI Guang-long，FEI Jing
		Research on the bonding properties of Q345B cladding heavy steel plate
		In order to develop thick steel plate which is more than 150 mm thickness， the process which consists of the application of Q345B continuous casting slab with surface scarfing， vacuum welding and heat in chamber furnace， and the rolling by heavy steel plate mill was used to produce cladding heavy steel plate 200 mm in thickness. The bonding degree and mechanical properties were tested by flaw detection， tensile， shear and cold bending tests. Microstructure and the tensile fracture of heavy steel plate were analyzed by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Results show that the heavy steel plate produced by current process has good bonding properties and can satisfy the GB/T 7734—2004Ⅰdemand of flaw detection. Both the structure at bonding site and matrix structure are ferrite plus pearlite. The reduction on cross section in thickness direction reaches more than 35%.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 88-92 [Abstract] ( 879 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 70 )

	93	SUN De-shun，CHEN Yi-hua，ZHANG Ke，CEN Feng
		Establishment of the hot processing map of shipbuilding steel EH47
		The hot deformation characteristics of shipbuilding steel EH47 were studied in hot compression tests by the thermal mechanical simulator with Gleeble-3800. The testing conditions were that the maximum strain was 0.7， the deformation temperatures were 950， 1000， 1050， 1 100 and 1 150 ℃， and the strain rates were 0.1， 0.5， 1， 5 and 10 s－1. The processing map was drawn out based on a series of testing data and formulas. The comparison of microstructures with different compression parameters showed that the best compression parameter was （1 000±10） ℃ with 0.1 s－1， the rate of power dissipation—[η]in this region was greater than 0.62， and the dynamically recrystallized grains were finer. The parameter of instability zone located in 950-1 050 ℃ with 0.5-2 s－1， where less amount of dynamically recrystallized grains appeared and the grain sizes were uneven. Therefore， the instability zone should be avoided during heating processing. The best rolling parameters that the deformation temperature was 1 000 ℃ and the strain rate was 0.1 s－1， were determined with formulas and the best parameters from the processing map.
		2015 Vol. 50 (11): 93-98 [Abstract] ( 1021 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 66 )

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