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2019 Vol. 54 No. 7
Published: 2019-07-15
1
XU Zhihong,WANG Zhi,GONG Xuzhong，JING Xiaodong,LUO Shimin,AI Jing
Three transports one reaction and three circles one net#br# —Regeneration of modern blast furnaces
“Transference processes and reaction engineering” is the disciplinary basis of process industry and process engineering, which provides an important theoretical guarantee for the modernization of process engineering research and design.In recent years, due to the characteristics of China process industry, resource and environmental problems have become prominent.In order to solve the energy and environmental problems, the ideas of "transference processes and reaction engineering" and "three circle one net" with complementary and synergistic effects were put forward, hoping to fundamentally solve the resource, energy and environmental problems arising from the process industry.The socalled "three circle" refers to the new technology meets the environmental requirements (one circle); material and energy realize the circulation (two circles) within the industry and equipment; resources and energy realize the circulation (three circles) and matching of the whole society, crossindustry and crossregion. “one net” refers to the construction of coalbased clean gas energy network to achieve selfsufficiency of clean energy and ensure energy security in China.Coal is the main energy source in China. The direct utilization of coal has resulted in energy waste, air pollution and water pollution. Therefore, the clean and efficient conversion of coal, as a necessary energy source, coal is fundamentally to achieve clean and efficient transformation.Blast furnace is an important equipment in iron and steel industry. In recent years, some blast furnaces are facing the risk of demolition due to the problems of excess capacity of crude steel, scrap recycling and difficulty in repaying capital investment, which will inevitably lead to waste of fixed assets. Therefore, how to find a way out for large and mediumsized blast furnaces is a realistic problem in front of the iron and steel industry. Besides ironmaking, the functions of energy conversion and solid waste conversion of blast furnaces have not been brought into full play. Therefore, the blast furnace into a gasification furnace to coal gasification in the blast furnace were proposed to transform, and use gas purification technology and waste heat recovery technology to achieve clean conversion of coal, and finally form a clean gas energy network. The process industries, especially the energy industry and heavy industry, with the help of “transference processes and reaction engineering” and “three circle one net” concept were hoped to develop. To make China iron and steel industry develop from output first to equipment function upgrading, equipment upgrading and product structure expansion.To upgrade industry, break through industry barriers, realize the transformation of excess iron and steel to coalbased clean energy, and help the process industry "overtake in bends".
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 1-7 [
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JIN Yonglong，HE Zhijun，WANG Chuan
Analysis on low carbon emission of blast furnace #br# with different raw materials structure
The differences in structure characteristics of raw materials predominated by sinters or pellets were analyzed in order to realize low carbon emission at BF processes. Some operation parameters and production indexes with different raw materials structures all over the world were enumerated. The methods，i.e. test of metallurgical properties of raw materials，balance of materials and heat and the Rist operation line were utilized to analyze the low fuel consumption and low carbon emission in Baosteel BFs with the dominated ratio of sintering ore. At the same time，the comparable of SSAB Sweden BF with the pellet ore as the main materials were analyzed in details. According to results of analyzing in theory and calculation from the practical data，there is a highly significant correlation between the low fuel consumption ratio and the raw materials structure. A high grade of burden materials，a low slag volume and a high CO utilization ratio are the key factors to reduce the fuel consumption. During the practice in Baosteel，the carbon emission could be decreased by 8%-10% by reducing the fuel consumption ratio，while the BF of SSAB Sweden has lower fuels ratio that the carbon emission would be less. This research results would be benefit to operators of blast furnace for realizing the low carbon emission.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 8-16 [
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MU Gutian，CHUN Tiejun，ZHU Mengfei，WANG Zhen，LONG Hongming
Emission behavior of fine particulate matter #br# during iron ore sintering process
The online detection and sampling of the fine particulate matter in the iron ore sintering process were carried out by the ELPI+ equipment. The morphology of the collected particles was analyzed by a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEMEDS) to study the emission behavior of the fine particulate matter during iron ore sintering. The results show that the mass release of PM10 is concentrated in the sintering temperature rising section, and the mass concentration and the number concentration of the particulate matter are quite different in the particle size distribution. The peak concentration range of the mass concentration is 5.37～10.00 μm, and the peak range of the number concentration is 0.10～0.16 μm. In terms of appearance, PM2.5 has regular spherical, square and flake shape. The composition of different particle sizes is obviously different, the K and Na in the particles mainly exist in the form of KCl and NaCl, and its content decreases slightly as the size of particulate matter increasing.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 17-24 [
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25
LIANG Wang,WANG Guangwei,ZHANG Jianliang,NING Xiaojun,
Effect of CaO on melting characteristics of #br# high calcium bituminous coal
By adding different amounts of CaO in the coal ash of the highcalcium bituminous coal, the ash fusion characteristics of the highcalcium bituminous coal and the change of the melting temperature of the highcalcium coal ash under different CaO additions were studied. The FactSage thermodynamics software was used to simulate the mineral transformation law and the ternary phase diagram of the coal ash, which was used to verify the experimental results of different components. The results show that with the increasing of the CaO content, the melting characteristic temperature of the coal ash firstly decreases and then gradually increases. The CaO is often used as a flux, and a small amount of CaO addition causes a decrease in the melting point of the coal ash. However, when the CaO content in the coal reaches a certain value, a lowtemperature eutectic is formed between the minerals in the coal ash, and the ash melting point reaches a minimum value. As the CaO content continues to increase, highmelting minerals such as the wollastonite and the single crystal calcium oxide appear in the coal ash, which leads to a gradual increase in the melting point of the coal ash. The change in the melting characteristic temperature is consistent with the calculated liquidus temperature results and phase diagram results obtained by the software, and the experimental result also shows the reliability of the FactSage software calculation results.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 25-29 [
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30
ZHANG Rui，MIN Yi，WANG Yu，LIU Chengjun
Structural transformation of converter slags during #br# early stage of smelting process
In order to understand the importance of the effect of the slag structure composition on the design of converter slag and the rationalizing of the physical property of the smelting process better, the chemical composition of the molten slag during the early stage of the converter steelmaking process was simulated. Then, the melt structure of CaOSiO2FexO slag was investigated by the Raman spectroscopy, and the existing forms and transformational behaviors of structural units in the molten slag were further analyzed. The results show that the basicity of the molten slag increases with the converter steelmaking proceeding. Plenty of free oxygen ions are released by the elevating basicity, which depolymerizes complex silicate structures. The depolymerization process is Q3→ Q2→ Q1→ Q0, resulting in the reduction of the polymerization degree of the molten slag with the smelting time. Meanwhile, as the converter smelting proceeds, the ［FeO6］9- octahedron was gradually replaced by the ［FeO4］5- tetrahedron due to the decreasing of the Fe3+/∑Fe in the slag.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 30-34 [
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35
Lü Ming,PANG Zhuogang,LI Xiaoming,WANG Jianli
Impact characteristics of topblown gas jet in BOF
The impact characteristics of the topblown gas jet were simulated by Fluent and compared with theoretical calculation results. The comparison results showed that the impact depth of the singlehole oxygen lance was less than the calculated value, and the impact area was bigger than the calculated value. With the increasing of the lance height, the difference of the impact depth decreased and the difference of the impact area increased. On this basis, the impact characteristics of the fourhole supersonic oxygen lance in 100 t converter were studied. The impact depth was 0.21 m and the impact area was only 1.328 m2 at the lance height of 1.0 m, which had relatively large differences from the calculated values. When the lance height raised to 1.5 m, the simulation impact depth was 0.12 m, while the calculated value was 0.83 m. The difference of the impact area between the simulation result and the calculated value became greater.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 35-41 [
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42
XIAO Zunhu,SUI Yafei,LIU Peng,XU Gangjun,LI Ciying
Evolution and control of inclusions in aluminumcontaining on #br# oriented electrical steel through CSP process
In order to control inclusions in electrical steel under CSP process better，the evolution mechanism of inclusions in the aluminumcontaining electrical steel during the RH refiningcontinuous castinghot rolling in the CSP line of Lianyuan Steel Company were investigated. The inclusions in the liquid steel are mainly Al2O3, Al2O3SiO2 and Al2O3CaOCaS after the RH alloying. The inclusions in the liquid steel are composed of most of Al2O3CaOCaS and a small amount of Al2O3 and CaS at RH outgoing and in tundish. The main measure to reduce inclusions in the molten steel is to reduce the oxidation of the top slag before the RH outlet. The main inclusions in hot rolled coil are AlN and MnS. The total amount of inclusions is positively correlated with the content of nitrogen and sulfur, and the effect of nitrogen is the most significant.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 42-48 [
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49
XIAO Pengcheng，ZHAO Maoguo，ZHU Liguang，HE Shengping
Mathematical simulation and experiment on #br# solidification hook of IF steel
A two dimensional longitudinal slice heat transfer model of the initial solid shell was built to simulate the hook growing behavior according to the hook formation mechanism in the IF steel slab. The effect of casting parameters on the hook depth was discussed by combining metallographic experiments results. The research results show that the initial solidification process of the hook undergoes the stages of forming，melting and growing. Under the mathematical simulation condition，when the temperature of the liquid steel in the mold flowing out from the SEN is 1 555 ℃，the casting speed is 1.3 m/min and the shell runs away from the meniscus about 55.12 mm，the hook growth reaches a steady state，and the hook depth is 2.368 mm. The hook depth decreases with the increasing of the casting velocity，the oscillation frequency and the liquid steel temperature in the mold. The mathematical simulation result of the hook is basically consistent with the actual production practice.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 49-55 [
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YU Huaxin,WANG Dongcheng,LIU Hongmin,ZHANG Shuai,YANG Lipo
Electric drive scheme design of flatness meter for cold rolling strip
The flatness measurement and control are the key technology to improve the flatness quality of the cold rolling strip. The structure and size of the flatness measurement rollers of different rolling mills are quite different，and the electric drive of the flatness meter may be active or passive. An unreasonable electric drive of the flatness meter may cause the slippage between strip and roller，which may scratch the strip. To solve the above problem，the overall selection criteria of active and passive schemes are elaborated firstly. Then，the concept of the skidding safety factor is put forward，and the main factors causing skidding are analyzed. The skidding safety factor is taken as the criterion for selecting the electric drive scheme of the new flatness meter. Aiming at the passive scheme，the specific measures for increasing skidding safety factor are put forward. Aiming at the active scheme，specific motor selection theory is established. Finally，different electric drive schemes are verified through two sets of industrial flatness measurement meter.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 56-60 [
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ZHAO Mengjing，WANG Feng，XI Xiaojun，YANG Shufeng，LI Jingshe
Effect of Y on inclusions characteristics and tensile #br# properties in EH36 shipbuilding steel
Adding rare earth Y into steel can modify inclusions effectively in steel，bringing the changes of tensile properties. In order to study the effect of different content of Y on inclusions modification and tensile properties in steel，EH36 shipbuilding steel was chosen to analyze the inclusions in origin steel and in test steel with different Y addition using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Tensile properties were also explored and tested. The results showed that rare earth Y could modify effectively the inclusions. The origin strip of MnS inclusions or the composite manganese sulfide inclusions could be modified into the spherical inclusions which the core was YAlO and the outer ring was rare earth oxysulfide. For mechanical properties，the results showed that the tensile strength and yield strength of shipbuilding steel were improved significantly with the Y addition increasing. The sample with the Y addition of 0.055% had the best morphology of inclusions modification and better tensile strength and yield strength.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 61-67 [
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REN Ze，CHEN Xu，DONG Pei，LIAN Jingbao
Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and #br# tensile properties of super 13Cr stainless steel
In order to study the effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and tensile properties of super 13Cr stainless steel，optical microscopy，Xray diffraction，transmission electron microscopy，microhardness，and slow strain rate tensile methods were used. The results showed there was little difference of the microstructure and tensile properties between waterquenched and oilquenched super 13Cr stainless steel. The plasticity of oilquenched samples improved significantly after tempering，compared with waterquenched samples. The microstructure of oilquenched samples became fine tempered martensite after tempering. The plasticity of the material increased first and then decreased as the tempering temperature increasing，but the hardness and strength were the opposite. The 620 ℃tempered specimen was contained the reversed austenite and had a good combination of strength and plasticity. Two times temper increased the amount of reversed austenite and the plasticity had little change， but the strength reduced obviously.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 68-76 [
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LIU Xuhui，LI Guanghui，LIU Zhenyu
Effects of cooling process on microstructure and #br# mechanical properties in a V-Ti bearing steel
In order to obtain a larger increase in precipitation hardening，the effects of UFC final cooling temperature and second stage cooling rate on a VTi bearing steel were investigated using thermal simulation test. The results show that the microstructure and mechanical properties of the VTi bearing steel can be optimized significantly by controlling both UFC final cooling temperature and second stage cooling rate. The critical second stage cooling rates to obtain full ferrite microstructure have been estimated to be 1.0，1.0 and 0.2 ℃/s for the UFC final cooling temperatures of 750，700 and 650 ℃，respectively. At the second stage cooling rates of 0.2-1.0 ℃/s， the ferrite grain size can be refined from 10.5 to 8.4 μm by lowering UFC final cooling temperature from 750 to 650 ℃. For a higher second stage cooling rate of 5.0 ℃/s，the ferrite grain size can be refined from 10.5 to 5.1 μm. For the higher UFC final cooling temperatures of 750 and 700 ℃， the Vickers hardness can be enhanced by increasing second stage cooling rate，whereas for a lower UFC final cooling temperatures of 650 ℃，the Vickers hardness can be enhanced by lowering second stage cooling rate. Moreover，the Vickers hardness of the steel can reach 295HV.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 77-82 [
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SUN Chaofan，FANG Yuan，WANG Yaqing，LIU Wei，PAN Hongwei
Effect of coiling temperature on precipitation of second #br# phase in ultralow carbon T3 CA steel
In order to study the effect of coiling temperature on the precipitation behavior of the second phase particles in ultralow carbon T-3 CA steel，the precipitation characteristic of the second phase particles in ultralow carbon T-3 CA steel under three typical temperatures 580，630 and 680 ℃ were studied by OM and TEM. The results showed that the higher the coiling temperature，the larger the TiC particles and the sparser distribution of them would be formed during the hotrolling process. The coiling temperature’s influence on the precipitation behavior of the TiC particles was analyzed by the kinetic calculation of TiC precipitation. The calculation showed that with the coiling temperature raise from 580 to 680 ℃，the size of the crystal nucleus of TiC particle would be increased by nearly 1.0 nm，the nucleation rate of the TiC particle would be decreased by almost 1.0 order of magnitude and the incubation time of the TiC particles would be prolonged by nearly 0.8 order of magnitude.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 83-87 [
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LIU Guangyong，YIN Bangwu，TIAN Weiguang，XU Jialin，LU Haifei
Analysis of "ash" defect on surface of 304 stainless #br# steel precision steel strip
In the bright annealing process of 304 stainless steel precision strip，metal powder is easy to appear on the surface of the strip，which leads to the instability of the surface quality of the product. The morphology of the "ash" defect on the surface of 304 stainless steel precision strip was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM)，and the point analysis and surface distribution of local components were also detected using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that micro morphology of the 304 stainless steel "ash" defect of the precision steel strip is white micro particles. Based on the results of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and related studies，it is inferred that the defect is mainly due to the high content of boron in the matrix of 304 stainless steel. During the bright annealing process，the B atom is easy to combine with the N atom which is decomposed in protective atmosphere to form boron nitride. By controlling the content of B element in the stainless steel matrix less than 0.001 5%，the "ash" defect of 304 stainless steel precision strip can be effectively reduced.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 88-92 [
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YI Jinquan，ZENG Kai，XING Baoying，WU Wanping，ZHAI Tingting
Investigation and numerical simulation on weld bonding #br# process for SPCC coldrolled steel
In order to study the influence of the weld bonding process on the mechanical properties and the evolution of temperature field of the weldbonded joints，the orthogonal test of weld bonding and resistance spot welding was carried out for 1.5 mm thick SPCC coldrolled steel sheet. The optimum process parameters were obtained by using range and variance analysis. The two type joints were tested in the proper test machine to obtain the failure load of the joints. The mechanical properties of the spot welding and weldbonded joints were compared and analyzed. In order to investigate the evolution of temperature field for weldbonded joints，the weld bonding simulation models were established. The diameter of the nugget was measured by the Cscan image. The results show that the influence factors on the tensile load of the weldbonded joints are as follows：the welding current，the welding time and the electrode pressure. The maximum average failure loads of weldbonded joints and spot welding joints are 11 071.12 and 10 179.72 N，and the adhesive improves the shear strength of the joint. The volume of molten metal increases with the welding time extension，and the nugget expands elliptically along the radial and axial directions. The radial temperature is higher than the axial direction. Furthermore，the nugget diameter of simulation and Cscan image is 6.17 and 5.61 mm.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 93-97 [
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ZHAO Baochun，ZHANG Tao，LI Guiyan，LIN Tianzi，YAN Pingyuan
Continuous cooling transformation behavior and modeling of #br# hot deformed austenite in a HSLA steel
Multipass deformation simulation tests were performed on a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel by using a Gleeble3800 thermomechanical simulator to study the continuous cooling transformation behaviors and the resultant microstructures. Based on the transformation temperatures or transformed microstructure volume fractions，the models for phase transformation of the tested steel were constructed. The results showed that there were ferrite，pearlite，bainite and martensite transformation occurring in the high strength low alloy steel. And the validity of the models for phase transformation temperatures or microstructure volume fractions resulting from the experimental data was confirmed.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 98-102 [
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ZHAO Ruikuan，HAN Yong，ZHANG Chuanxin，ZHU Lin，
Effect of alternating electromagnetic field and magnetic #br# vibration on corrosion of cast iron
In order to explore the synergistic effect of the alternating electromagnetic field and the magnetic vibration on the corrosion process of cast iron during the application of the circumvolute electronic pulse water treatment technology. The cast iron was selected as the research object in this thesis. The dissolved oxygen concentration，pH value in the corrosion progress，the iron release，surface morphology of the cast iron coupon， the crystalline morphology and composition of iron oxides generated after corrosion，and the corrosion rate of cast iron coupon were studied. The result shows that the synergistic effect of the alternating electromagnetic field and magnetic vibration can effectively accelerate and promote the anode reaction and the cathode reaction of corrosion reactions，reduce the pH value and the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water，promote the release iron release in water，and significantly change the composition and the crystal morphology of corrosion productions.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 103-113 [
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SHANGGUAN Fangqin,GAN Lei,ZHOU Jicheng,GUO Yuhua,
Analysis and case on material conversion utilization #br# of byproduct gases in steel industry
A large amount of byproduct gases, i.e. COG, BFG and LDG, were produced during the steel manufacturing process. And the quantity of energy contained in the byproduct gases accounts for about 70% of the total quantity of secondary energy in the steel plant. Thus, byproduct gases play a very important role in energy balancing in the steel plant. At present, most of byproduct gases are used as fuels in the steel plant. However, another highadded value utilization direction is to exploit the potential value of Carbon and Hydrogen, i.e. H2, CmHn, CO, etc., and then to realize material conversion and resource utilization. However, analysis of energy flow (byproduct gas flow) and optimization of its network are the core issues of material conversion utilization of byproduct gases in steel plants. By this means, byproduct gases can be used to produce many kinds of chemical products, such as hydrogen gas, methanol, LNG, SNG, CNG, ammonia, dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol, olefin, etc.. Based on the case study on methanol production by using COG and LDG as raw materials in Dazhou Steel, it is indicated that through material conversion utilization of byproduct gases, not only byproduct gases will be high efficiency utilized, but also obvious economic and environmental benefits will be brought into the steel plant.
2019 Vol. 54 (7): 114-120 [
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