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2016 Vol. 51 No. 4
Published: 2016-04-15
1
ZHANG Jian-liang，ZHOU Yun，，XU Run-sheng，WANG Guang-wei，JIAO Ke-xin
Model of internet＋CPPS for smart steel factory
Base on the industry structure of the iron and steel factory，the conceptions of smart factory and CPS system (cyber-physical system) were introduced. The technical ideas of smart factory building and design conception of internet＋CPPS system in the smart iron and steel factory (the physical production information system with the internet thinking and concept) were also discussed. The internet＋CPPS system in iron and steel enterprises should include three aspects： the vertical integration of iron and steel manufacturing system promoted by internet＋CPPS system； the horizontal integration among enterprises by the combination of the value chain and network； the end-to-end integration of the digital project by the development of the production flow and human-computer interaction. It has the vital practical significance to develop internet＋CPPS model for the transformation and upgradation of iron and steel enterprise.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 1-7 [
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LI Yan-jiang，Lü Qing，BAI Rui-guo，CUI Shi-qiang，LI Hong-wei，WANG Yan
Influence of titanium-bearing slag diluents on combustion performance of pulverized coal injection
According to the conditions of Cheng Steel blast furnace，the current study used pulverized coal injection of Cheng Steel Blast Furnace as raw materials and used pulverized coal combustion furnace to simulate the combustion process of actual pulverized coal in the tuyere zone. The influence of titanium-bearing slag diluents，such as CaF2 and MgO added into the pulverized coal on the combustion performance was discussed. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also applied to observe the change of structures on the surface of coal powder. Main results show that the addition of CaF2 could improve the combustion ratio of pulverized coal in the blast furnace，while the benefit was not so obvious，though the unburned coal particles decreased in size. The coal combustion ratio increased significantly with the addition of MgO. When the mass percent of MgO was 1.20%，the coal combustion ratio increased by 12.41 % and the average diameter of unburned pulverized coal was 4.30 μm，which was 5.48 μm smaller than that without the addition of slag diluent. On the other hand，the addition of MgO made the size and the distribution of pulverized coal become uniform. Combining the effects of the addition of MgO on the slag dilution and the combustion ratio，the study concluded that the optimal mass percent of MgO was 1.20%.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 8-13 [
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14
DENG Mei-le，HAN Xiu-li，LIU Lei，ZHANG Di，LI Yun-gang
Influence of MgO on mineral structure and metallurgical properties of blast furnace slag with medium titanium
The mineral structure of blast furnace slag containing medium titanium with different mass percent of MgO (7%-16%) was studied by means of polarization microscope.The results show that the texture of the slag was porphyritic. the mineral compositions are mainly the rich titanium diopside and melilite，followed by spinel，perovskite，titanaugite，and finally a little of metallic iron，titanium nitride，titanium carbide and their solid solution. As the mass percent of MgO increased，the content of the perovskite and the rich titanium diopside reduced first and then increased，the contents of the titanaugite increased gradually and the contents of the melilite increased first and then decreased. When the mass percent of MgO reached 14%，The first phase of the high-melting spinel appeared，which resulted in higher voscosity and melting temperature of blast furnace slag，and the liquidity of blast furnace slag also became worse. The above results have a vital guiding significance on improving the liquidity of blast furnace slag with medium titanium.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 14-17 [
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18
DAI Bing，，LIU Yun-cai，ZHANG Jian-liang，YANG Tian-jun，OU Ji-sheng
Influence and mechanism of flushing furnace by manganese ore on blast furnace slag
Flushing blast furnace by manganese ore was one of the important methods to deal with the accident of blast furnace hearth accumulation. So based on the previous studies，the properties and mechanism of the slag with different[w((MnO))]were?researched，which included the viscosity，melting temperature and stability index by melting physical properties comprehensive detector，the phase composition by XRD and the microstate by Raman?spectrometer were conducted. The experiment results showed that during the process of flushing blast furnace，the best[w((MnO))]in the slag was around 1.5%，so that the viscosity of this slag was about 0.25 Pa·s at the temperature of 1 480 ℃，the melting temperature was around 1 340 ℃ and the stability was strong，these were all good enough to meet the requirements of flushing blast furnace. The mechanism of flushing blast furnace by manganese ore was that the low melting point material of manganese olivine silicate which increased the superheat degree of the liquid slag had been generated in the slag. What’s more，the concentration of the free oxygen ions that could promote the depolymerization of complex silicon oxygen tetrahedron network structure to simple silicon oxygen tetrahedron structure increased，which could significantly reduce the viscosity of slag by changing the slag microstate from complex to simple state in order to achieve the purpose of flushing blast furnace.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 18-23 [
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24
HAN Pei-pei，REN Ting-zhi
Influence of bulging of solidified shell on slab deformation in straightening zone of continuous casters
In the straightening zone of continuous casters，as the solidifying shell containing molten steel bears the combination of ferro-static pressure and straightening foprce，the bulging and unbending deformations of the continuously cast slabs occur simultaneously. The strains caused by bulging and unbending are superimposed. If the strain exceeds the critical strain on the solid-liquid interface，internal cracks may occur. Accurate calculations of the strains and strain rates are significant to the design of strand supporting system and the decision of casting parameters. Thus，based on the elasto-viscoplastic behavior of steel at elevated temperature，a mathematical model of continuously cast slabs with liquid core during the continuous straightening process is estabilished. In order to validate the mathematical model，the calculated bulging profile was compared with the measurements on a pilot caster. Then the strains and strain rates at different points on the cross section of the continuously cast slabs in an industrial caster designed by VAI were computed. Finally，base on the caster structure and process parameters，the maximum strain rate on the solid-liquid interface in the straightening zone with a certain range of roll pitches was computed，the influences of casting speed and roll pitches were analyzed. Then the results were compared with the critical strain rates of typical steel types and the study obtained a suitable roll pitches in the straightening zone.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 24-30 [
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31
WANG Kun-peng，JIANG Min，ZHAO Hao-qian，WANG Xin-hua，WANG Ying
Characterization on changes of oxide inclusions in production process of tire cord steel
Changes in composition and morphology of inclusions during steelmaking and rolling process of tire cord were studied by ASPEX PSEM explorer. The results showed the content of SiO2 in inclusions in as-cast bloom increased a little compared to that in the tundish and dual-phase structure of pure SiO2 in MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 matrix were also observed in as-cast bloom. Inadequate deformation SiO2-type inclusions were observed in rolling products. Thermodynamic analysis showed that mass transfer between liquid steel and inclusions resulted in the rise of SiO2 content in inclusions from tundish to as-cast bloom and accelerated the precipitation of pure SiO2 phase in the formed inclusions. SiO2 solid phase was highly likely to precipitate out from MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 inclusions to form dual phase inclusions，compared to precipitate from CaO-SiO2-MnO-Al2O3 inclusions. During hot rolling，the homogeneous CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MnO and MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 can easily be elongated and presented long strip shape in rolled products. Phase separation in the dual phase inclusion of MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 and SiO2 may occur for its inhomogeneous composition during rolling accounting for the distribution of non-deformable SiO2 inclusions in the wire rods and some eye-shaped and single-particle inclusions were generated.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 31-37 [
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SHEN Yan-qiang，BAI Ming-hua，GAO Peng-lei ，CHEN Jian-xing
Numerical simulation of heat-transfer and strain during solidification in ultra-thick rectangular slab with different shape of corner
In order to effectively control and reduce the transverse crack defect at corner of continuous casting slab，the current study developed two kinds of slab model，which are strands with round corner and with chamfered corner，based on the formation mechanism of transverse crack defects. The solidification process of ultra-thick rectangular slab was simulated，and the distribution of temperature and shell growth along casting direction were obtained. Based on the solidification simulation，the thermal-mechanical coupling moded was established to analyze the stress variation within solidified strand. The possibilities of crack formation on steel grades were discussed. The results showed that the distributions of temperature and stress at corner for slab with round mold or chamfered mold have been improved，compared to the traditional rectangular mold. The designed molds could make the solidified strand avoid effectively high temperature brittle zone of steel in secondary cooling zone and reduce the stress value at the corner of slab，resulting in a reduction of crack formation.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 38-43 [
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44
WANG Fu-jie，SHUANG Yuan-hua
Tandem skew rolling process for compact producing seamless steel tubes
Tandem skew rolling （TSR） process is a new metal forming technique for producing seamless steel tubes of various dimensions，which is very useful for those materials of low hot plasticity，high deforming steel and alloy steel applying?skew rolling process. The overall details of the TSR process are described，which combine the piercing and?rolling traditional processes into a single step and make two-step process into reality. Numerical simulations of the TSR process were carried out using a commercially available FEM software to show temperature distributions in the rolled tubes. A new experimental method，developed under laboratory conditions，showed that the TSR process can produce seamless steel tubes with high manufacturing quality. Initial results of TSR process had been achieved and showed that the TSR technique has been found to be a viable process for enhancing the quality and productivity of formed tubular products.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 44-48 [
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49
MIAO Yu-chuan
Controlling method on alleviating influence of skid marks on thickness of plate mill
The skid of walking beam slab reheating furnace can cause fluctuation on the final plate thickness during plate rolling. Based on analysis on both the structure of walking beam slab reheating furnace and controlling method of plate mill，a controlling method based on setting up on the skid position of slab was established. By using this controlling method，the fluctuation of plate thickness caused by reheating slab skid can be alleviated. After the application of this method，the thickness accuracy of plate produced by Baosteel 5 m plate mill was improved.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 49-52 [
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53
LIU Yan-lin
Effect of carbon partitioning behavior on microstructure in a kind of Fe-C-Si-Mn-Cr-Mo steel
The carbon partitioning behavior and its effect on martensite and retained austenite of Fe-0.24C-0.3Si-1.0Mn-0.56Cr-0.17Mo（mass prcent，%）steel during coolling processes after hot punching were investigated by using fully autodilatometer Formastor-FⅡ. The microstructure characterization was carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy，and the austenite fraction measurement was determined by X-ray diffraction and electron back scattered diffraction. The results show that martensite and retained austenite were obtained in different cooling processes after hot punching. Using direct fast cooling process after hot punching，the martensite lath was relatively confused and shorter and the amount of retained austenite was less. While using slow cooling process in the end，the martensite lath was longer. It’s found that the carbon partition occurred in the slow cooling process. More retained austenite distributed among the martensite lath and formed thin films. High density dislocation distributed within martensite lath.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 53-58 [
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59
CHEN Lian-sheng，HU Bao-jia，SONG Jin-ying，TIAN Ya-qiang，ZHENG Xiao-ping， DI Guang-ming
Surface cellular salient defects of galvanized steel sheets
Scanning electron microscopy along with energy dispersive spectroscopy and sample-electrolysing method was employed to investigate the causes for the formation of cellular salient defects on the surface of galvanized steel sheets. Results show that the skin defect of cold rolled steel sheet is the direct cause of the surface cellular salient defects of galvanized sheets. The strip of silicate inclusions larger than 300 μm located at the subsurface area of the cold rolled steel sheet，and massive iron oxide lied among silicate inclusions. Mechanical grinding was conducted to remove the subsurface area of the pickling plate with the same defect batch，and the subsequent cold rolling test showed that the main reason of the surface defects of the galvanized sheet was not caused by massive iron oxide inclusions. The inclusion content in the casting billet of galvanized steel sheets with defects was 100.32 mg/10 kg which was composed of inclusions larger than 140 μm，while the normal value was 20.98 mg/10 kg for the casting billet of galvanized steel sheets without defects. The results proved that the fundamental cause of the surface cellular salient defects of galvanized steel sheets was the large silicate inclusions.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 59-63 [
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WAN Yong-qing，，YANG Zhong-min，YANG Xi-rong，WANG Hui-min，CHEN Ying
Friction and wear behavior in U68CuCr compared with U75V rail
By rolling friction wheel simulation experiments on friction-wear tester MM-200，the friction-wear behavior and surface damage behavior of the two rail steels U68CuCr and U75V were studied. U68CuCr and U75V rail have the same strength grade and different hardness. The experimental results show that the hardness of U68CuCr rail is slightly lower than the hardness of U75V rail，but the wear volume of U68CuCr rail samples and ER8 matching wheel specimen are smaller than that of U75V rail samples and ER8 matching wheel sample observably. Meanwhile，the plastic deformation layer and white layer of U68CuCr rail are thicker than U75V rail.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 64-69 [
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YI Shun，TAO Yong，RUAN Fang，WU Run， LIU Jing
Ti and N segregation and size calculation of TiN inclusions in cord steel during solidification
In order to improve the detection efficiency of TiN inclusions in tire cord steel，the conditions of the TiN inclusions precipitation during solidification and the size calculation of TiN inclusions in tire cord steel were analyzed mainly on the basis of thermodynamics in this research. According to the thermodynamics analysis，the precipitation of TiN inclusions occured in the solid-liquid phase region because of the segregation of Ti and N. In addition，element N was the main factor influencing the growth of TiN inclusions. The result of verification indicated that the calculated size of TiN inclusions according to the thermodynamics growth formula was consistent with the actual values，and the average relative error was 8.62%. A suitable mathematical model was proposed for simulating the size of TiN inclusions with the data of Ti and N contents. The model had predicted the size of TiN inclusions and indicated some rationality，the result showed that the average relative error of model was 0.95%，it can be applied to the actual detection work to improve the detection efficiency of TiN inclusions.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 70-73 [
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LIU Hong-qiang，FU Jian-xun，LIU Si-yu，XIE Xin-yue，YANG Xiao-ying
Calculation methods and application of carbon dioxide emission during steel-making process
Quantitative calculation of carbon dioxide emissions during steel-making process is the basis of energy-saving and emission-reduction work in the steel industry. The current work introduced three methods for the calculation of carbon emissions in which these three methods were often applied for the calculation of common greenhouse gases emissions. The production data of Steel Plant A in 2014 were given and analyzed by three calculation methods to compare the differences. The methods of Provincial Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories（PGGGI） and Accounting Methods and Reporting Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Chinese Steel Producers（AMRGGE） are on the base of Input-Output model. Similar results were obtained by the above methods，for the calculation result of PGGGI was 2.116 t/t steel and that of AMRGGE was 2.013 t/t steel. The carbon dioxide emission by the method of AMRGGE was lower because some by-products containing carbon were removed. The whole life cycle of steel product was studied by the Life Cycle Assessment（LCA） method based on the ISO standards. The calculation involved the mining，the washing and the transportation of iron ore，coal and other raw materials，and the related processes developed from the coking，the sintering，the blast furnace，the steelmaking，the rolling to the finished product. The calculated carbon dioxide emission of LCA was 2.309 t/t steel which was higher than the other two methods，because a greater range system boundary which contained iron ore，coal mining and transportation were considered in this method.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 74-82 [
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LIAO Zhong-ju，LI Zhe，HUANG Chao
Antecedent factors of iron and steel enterprises’ green transition and its transition paths
Under the background of fierce market competition，strict environmental requirements，and serious oversupply of steel production capacity，green transition has become an important issue faced by iron and steel enterprises. On the basis of the distinction of green transition，green economy，green development and green growth by the documentation system，this study defines the connotation of green transition. Then，based on the analysis of current status and challenges faced by the green transformation of iron and steel enterprises and some interviews from iron and steel enterprises，from the perspectives of environmental policy，green technology，demand of markets，enterprises own resources and green operations，this study analyzes the drivers and barriers affecting the green transition of steel and iron companies. Finally，in order to conduct green transition successfully，this paper put forward a series of strategies that government should pay attention to policy guidance and support，and iron and steel enterprises should strengthen the use of information technology，implement collaborative innovation and extend the industrial chain.
2016 Vol. 51 (4): 83-88 [
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