钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2008 Vol. 15 No. 6
Published: 2008-12-15
Review
1
FANG Hongsheng;FENG Chun;ZHENG Yankang;YANG Zhigang;BAI Bingzhe
Creation of AirCooled Mn Series Bainitic Steels
The development and mechanical performances of new type aircooled Mn series bainitic steels including granular bainitic steels, FGBA/BG duplex steels, CFB/M duplex steels, medium carbon bainite/martensite steels, cast bainitic steels invented by the authors are summarized. The novel series of bainitic steels are alloyed with Mn, and several series bainitic duplex microstructures can be easily obtained under the condition of air cooling through unique composition design. The invented idea, the principle of alloying design, the strengthening mechanism, and the evolution of the microstructure of new type aircooled Mn series bainitic steels are presented. Furthermore, the applications in different fields of these Mn series aircooled bainitic steels with different strength level are also introduced. It is suggested that the significance of the development of the aircooled Mn series bainitic steel can be summarized as follows: reducing costs of both raw materials and production; good combination of strength and toughness; selfhardening with high bainitic hardenability by air cooling from hot working without additional quenchingtempering treatment or quenching procedure; large savings in energy resources; and reduced environmental pollution.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 1-0 [
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Metallurgy and Metal Working
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CHEN Jin;WANG Shebin;ZHANG Meng;LIU Jinying;ZHOU Jianxiong
Kinetics of Voluminal Reduction of Chromium Ore Fines Containing Coal by Microwave Heating
The kinetics of voluminal reduction of chromium ore fines containing coal (COFCC) by microwave heating was studied. When the molar ratio of carbon to oxygen was 084 and that of CaO to SiO2 was 039 in COFCC, the temperaturerising rate of COFCC by microwave heating was 625 ℃/min, 6875 ℃/min, 7059 ℃/min, and 7222 ℃/min at 1 000 ℃, 1 100 ℃, 1 200 ℃, and 1 300 ℃, respectively. The results show that the voluminal reduction of COFCC by microwave heating at solidsolid phase is first order reaction, with the apparent activation energy of 51480 kJ/mol. The limiting step of reaction rate for the overall reaction is the mass transfer of CO in the reduced product layer between dielectric particles of chromium ore and coal.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 10-0 [
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16
WANG Chengshan;MU Xiaojing;ZHENG Shaobo;JIANG Guochang;XIAO Xingguo;WANG Wenzhong
A New Mathematical Model for Description of the Liquid Discrete Flow Within a Packed Bed
The molten liquid discrete flow inside a packed bed is a typical transport phenomenon in the blast furnace. As for the reported mathematical models presenting the liquid discrete flow within the packed bed, there are some barriers for their application to an engineering scaleup, or some imperfections in model descriptions. To overcome these deficiencies, the effects of the packed bed on the liquid discrete flow have been divided into resistance action and dispersal action, and appropriate descriptions have been given for the two actions, respectively. Consequently, a new mathematical model has been built to present the liquid discrete flow inside a coke bed in the blast furnace. The mathematical model can predict the distribution of liquid flux and the liquid flowing range inside the packed bed at any time. The prediction of this model accords well with the experimental data. The model will be much better for the simulation of the ironmaking process, compared with the existent model.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 16-0 [
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24
WU Suzhou;ZHANG Jiongming
Mathematical Model for Growth of Inclusion in Deoxidization on the Basis of Unreacted Core Model
Controlling inclusion composition, from the point of view of thermodynamics, only explains the probability and limit of reaction. However, kinetics makes the nucleation and the velocity of growth of inclusions clear, and these kinetic factors are very important to the quality of slab. The basic kinetic theory of unreacted core model was used to build the mathematical model for the growth of inclusions and the concerned software was developed through Visual Basic 60. The time that different radius inclusions attain saturation was calculated to determine the controlling step of reaction between steel and inclusions. The time for the growth of inclusion obtained from the model was in good agreement with the data measured by Japanese Okuyama G, which indicated that the model is reasonable.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 24-0 [
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29
WU Wei;LIU Yue;LIU Liu;XUE Zhengliang
Titanium Content Control for Bearing Steel
On the basis of the thermodynamic analysis and fundamental study in the laboratory, the equilibrium of the TiAlO system was investigated. The results showed that the equilibrium titanium content in the steel increased with the increase in the soluble aluminum content in the steel and the TiO2 content in the slag. Although the slag basicity decreased and Al2O3 content in the slag increased, the titanium content increased. Based on these results, the BOF smelting process of low titanium bearing steel was put forward.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 29-0 [
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33
JIA Chunyu;SHAN Xiuying;LIU Hongmin;NIU Zhaoping
Fuzzy Neural Model for Flatness Pattern Recognition
For the problems occurring in a least square method model, a fuzzy model, and a neural network model for flatness pattern recognition, a fuzzy neural network model for flatness pattern recognition with only threeinput and threeoutput signals was proposed with Legendre orthodoxy polynomial as basic pattern, based on fuzzy logic expert experiential knowledge and geneticBP hybrid optimization algorithm. The model not only had definite physical meanings in its inner nodes, but also had strong selfadaptability, antiinterference ability, high recognition precision, and high velocity, thereby meeting the demand of highprecision flatness control for cold strip mill and providing a convenient, practical, and novel method for flatness pattern recognition.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 33-0 [
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39
ZHANG Fangping;SUN Binyu;WANG Jianmei
Energy Method in Stretch Reducing Process of Steel Tube
According to the theories for stretch reducing process and steel tube plastic deformation, the energy method was used to mesh the rolled deformation zone of the steel tube into the upper limit elements, and an admissible velocity field was constructed to deduce a series of formulas of the inner virtual power consumption of deformed bodies. The rolling force during the stretch reducing process could be obtained by optimizing the upper limit power, which could provide guidelines for a proper choice of the stretch reducing process and devices for steel tube companies, as well as new products and devices.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 39-0 [
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44
LI Zhengdong;ZHANG Guoqing;LI Zhou;ZHANG Yong;XU Wenyong
Simulation of Gas Flow Field in Laval Nozzle and Straight Nozzle for Powder Metallurgy and Spray Forming
Gas flow field in nozzles and out of nozzles was calculated for Laval orifice and straight orifice nozzles. The results showed that the flow generated by the Laval nozzle had a higher exit velocity in the vicinity of the nozzle, in comparison with that of the straight nozzle, that is to say, a Laval nozzle was more efficient than a straight one in disintegrating the melt stream and was apt to produce finer powders. The flow generated by the Laval nozzle was less convergent and the velocity gradient along the radial direction was more moderate than that of a straight nozzle, which could contribute to a broad distribution of melt particles. According to their flow characteristics, the Laval nozzle was reckoned as a better choice of producing larger sprayformed billets.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 44-0 [
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Material
48
WANG Shulan;Geir Martin Haarberg;Eirin Kvalheim
Electrochemical Behavior of Dissolved Fe2O3 in Molten CaCl2KF
he electrochemical behavior of dissolved Fe2O3 in 825CaCl2175KF (mole percent, %) was studied using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and galvanostatic electrolysis at 827 ℃, and the deposits were characterized by XRD and SEM. Pure iron was deposited on a rotating cylinder (210 r/min) with a cell voltage less than -10 V. Deposition rate was controlled by diffusion on a molybdenum electrode. The diffusion coefficient of iron species Fe(Ⅲ) in the melt at 827 ℃ was found to be 97×10-5 cm2/s.
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52
LI Changsheng;LIU Xianghua;WANG Guodong
New Method for Evaluating Thermal Wear of Rolls in Rolling Process
A new method was developed by a thermal wear machine to evaluate the thermal wear of rolls in steel rolling process. The steel strip and rolls were simulated by upper and lower heating disks. The upper heating disk could be kept at a temperature of over 900 ℃ by induction heating. The pressure between the disks as high as 3232 MPa could be achieved and the slipping rate could be 127%. The thermal wear of high speed steel (HSS) roll material, the wear rate of the HSS roll, and the SEM morphology of a worn HSS roll surface were investigated. This method was useful and could be employed to simulate friction and wear between strip and roll during the strip rolling process.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 52-0 [
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56
XIE Haojie;WU Xiaochun;MIN Yongan
Influence of Chemical Composition on Phase Transformation Temperature and Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Hot Work Die Steel
On the basis of the uniform design method, six kinds of martensitic hot work die steels were designed. The phase transformation temperatures including Ac1, Ac3, and Ms were measured by DIL805A quenching dilatometer. The influences of the main elements on phase transformation temperatures were analyzed by quadratic stepwise regression analysis, and three corresponding equations were obtained. These equations, in which the interactions of the elements were considered, showed more effectiveness than the traditional ones. In addition, the thermal expansion coefficients of these steels in annealed state and quenched state were also obtained during the tests. The influences of chemical composition and temperature on the thermal expansion coefficient were analyzed; the equations obtained were verified by using several kinds of steels. The predicted values were in accordance with the results of the experiments.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 56-0 [
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62
CUI Juan;LIU Yazheng;PAN Hui;GAO Lifeng
Reheating Austenitizing Temperature of Spring Steel 60Si2MnA for Railway
The microsturctural transformation of austenite grain, pearlite interlamellar spacing, and lamellar cementite thickness of spring steel 60Si2MnA for railway were studied in the hotrolled and reheated states. Furthermore, the effect of microstructural characterization on its final mechanical properties was discussed. The results showed that as far as 60Si2MnA, the pearlite interlamellar spacing determined the hardness, whereas, the austenite grain determined the toughness. Compared with microstructure and mechanical properties in the hotrolled state, after reheating treatment at 950 ℃, its average grain sizes are apparently fine and the pearlite interlamellar spacing and lamellar cementite thickness coarsen to some extent, but both hardness and impact toughness increase to HRC 48 and 85 J, respectively. In the course of making spring, the optimum reheating austenitizing temperature for the 60Si2MnA steel is 950 ℃.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 62-0 [
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68
ZHU Lijuan;WU Di;ZHAO Xianming
Modeling of Austenite Decomposition in Low SiMn TRIP Steel During Cooling
Transformation behavior in low carbon SiMn TRIP steel was investigated by means of microstructural observation and computer modelling. A transformation model in which transformation is controlled by carbon diffusion was suggested, which well described the volume fractional change of ferrite, pearlite, and bainite during continuous cooling. The influence of Si content and austenite grain size was thoroughly investigated. The calculated results indicated that Si retards pearlite transformation, accelerates polygonal ferrite transformation, refines the austenite grain, and increases the ferrite transformation rate.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 68-0 [
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SHI Feng;WANG Lijun;CUI Wenfang;LIU Chunming
Precipitation Kinetics of Cr2N in High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel
The precipitation behavior of Cr2N during isothermal aging in the temperature range from 700 ℃ to 950 ℃ in Fe18Cr12Mn048N (in mass percent) high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel, including morphology and content of precipitate, was investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The isothermal precipitation kinetics curve of Cr2N and the corresponding precipitation activation energy were obtained. The results show that Cr2N phase precipitates in a cellular way and its morphology is transformed from initial granular precipitates to lamellar ones in the cell with increasing aging time. The nose temperature of Cr2N precipitation is about 800 ℃, with a corresponding incubation period of 30 min, and the ceiling temperature of Cr2N precipitation is 950 ℃. The diffusion activation energy of Cr2N precipitation is 296 kJ/mol.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 72-0 [
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78
HUANG Fuxiang;WANG Xinhua;ZHANG Jiongming;JI Chenxi;FANG Yuan;YU Yan
In Situ Observation of Solidification Process of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel
The solidification process of AISI 304 stainless steel during cooling at a rate of 005 K/s has been observed in situ using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). The results show that the δ phase appeared first in liquid steel, as the temperature decreased, the γ phase precipitated prior at δgrain boundary at 1 4522 ℃, the liquid steel disappeared at 1 4313 ℃, and then the γ phase precipitated on the δ ferrite. Based on the ScheilGulliver solidification model, the solidification processes of AISI 304 stainless steel are simulated using the Scheil model in ThermoCalc, and the simulation results agree well with the results observed in the experiment.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 78-0 [
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83
LIN Gang;ZHANG Zhixia;SONG Hongwei;TONG Jun;ZHOU Candong
Investigation of the Hot Plasticity of Duplex Stainless Steel
Hot plasticity of a nitrogen alloyed 25Cr7Ni4Mo duplex stainless steel was investigated. The results indicate that the main factors affecting the hot plasticity of duplex stainless steel are listed as follows: coalescent force of phase interface, microstructure, and the phase ratio and difference between the mechanical properties of ferrite and austenite. The heat treatment and sulphur contents have a notable effect on the hot plasticity. The reasonable heat treatments and the increased interfacial coalescent force will effectively enhance the hot plasticity of duplex stainless steel.
2008 Vol. 15 (6): 83-0 [
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G Magudeeswaran;V Balasubramanian;G Madhusudhan Reddy;T S Balasubramanian
Effect of Welding Processes and Consumables on Tensile and Impact Properties of High Strength Quenched and Tempered Steel Joints
Quenched and tempered steels are prone to hydrogen induced cracking in the heat affected zone after welding. The use of austenitic stainless steel consumables to weld the above steel was the only available remedy because of higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase. In this investigation, an attempt was made to determine a suitable consumable to replace expensive austenitic consumables. Two different consumables, namely, austenitic stainless steel and low hydrogen ferritic steel, were used to fabricate the joints by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and flux cored arc welding (FCAW) processes. The joints fabricated by using low hydrogen ferritic steel consumables showed superior transverse tensile properties, whereas joints fabricated by using austenitic stainless steel consumables exhibited better impact toughness, irrespective of the welding process used. The SMAW joints exhibited superior mechanical and impact properties, irrespective of the consumables used, than their FCAW counterparts.
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