钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2020 Vol. 27 No. 6
Published: 2020-06-25
617
He‑ping Li, Sheng‑li Wu, Zhi‑bin Hong, Heng Zhou, Ming‑yin Kou
null
The Shanghai Meishan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. has a large supply of coke oven gas (COG) and has the potential to develop and apply the spraying of COG on the surface of a sinter bed. The effects of the amount of COG, the spraying time, and the spraying distribution with the process on the quantity and quality indexes of sinter were investigated in the laboratory experiments. The results showed that the COG spraying can improve the sinter indexes to a large extent if appropriate parameters were used. It was found that an appropriate amount of COG, a relatively long spraying time, and a decreasing distribution of the COG amount with the spraying process all help to obtain a better performance for sinter quantity and quality indexes. When the COG spraying was applied to the No. 3 sintering machine, the sinter tumbler index increased by 0.45%, the overall finished product rate increased by 0.72%, the solid fuel consumption decreased by 4.06 kg/t, the reducibility increased by 3.89%, and the cost of iron decreased by 5.29 CNY/t, and the CO
2
, SO
2
and NO
x
emissions also decreased, thus proving the feasibility of this technology. Therefore, COG spraying provides a new way to improve sinter and also decrease the energy consumption and pollution.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 617-623 [
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624
Xin Jiang, Huai‑yu Zhang, Hai‑yan Zheng, Qiang‑jian Gao, Feng‑man Shen
Three-segment control theory of MgO/Al
2
O
3
ratio based on viscosity experiments and phase diagram analyses at 1500 °C
In recent years, more and more high Al
2
O
3
iron ores were used in East Asia, especially in China, which increased the Al
2
O
3
content in blast furnace (BF) slag and resulted in poor metallurgical properties of slag. Adding MgO-bearing flux is one of the methods to improve the metallurgical properties of slag with high Al
2
O
3
. However, there is lack of theoretical basis for the proper MgO/Al
2
O
3
ratio. Therefore, the properties of slag in SiO
2
–CaO–MgO–Al
2
O
3
system were investigated based on viscosity experiments and phase diagram analyses at 1500 °C, and the proper MgO/Al
2
O
3
ratio was explored according to the Al
2
O
3
content in slag. The experimental results show that: (1) in the case of Al
2
O
3
content less than 14 mass%, there is no limitation of the MgO/Al
2
O
3
ratio, and the amount of MgO in slag can be determined according to the hearth temperature and desulfurization; (2) in the case of Al
2
O
3
content between 15 and 17 mass%, the proper MgO/Al
2
O
3
ratio should be 0.40–0.50; (3) in the case of Al
2
O
3
content between 18 and 20 mass%, the proper MgO/Al
2
O
3
ratio should be 0.45–0.55. Consequently, the three-segment control theory of MgO/Al
2
O
3
for BF slag was built, and the actual BF performances proved the validity and applicability of this theory. The research contents and results can give theoretical guidelines for stable BF operation in a wide range of Al
2
O
3
content of 12–20 mass%.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 624-630 [
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631
Qing‑song Zhang, Yi Min, Jiu‑jian Xu, Cheng‑jun Liu
null
To reveal the formation and evolution behavior of inclusions during magnesium treatment and resulfurization in Al-killed free-cutting steel, both laboratory experiments and thermodynamic calculations were carried out. The extracted samples were polished and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicated that MgO formed immediately and then transferred to MgO·Al
2
O
3
with the homogenization of [Mg] in steel in the case of low magnesium addition (
w
[Mg]
< 0.0020%). However, MgO would keep stable in the case of high magnesium addition (
w
[Mg]
≥ 0.0020%). In the process of resulfurization, the addition of sulfur forced the transformation of MgO to MgO·Al
2
O
3
accompanied with the formation of MgS if the mass fraction of [S] in steel was in the range 0.15%–0.70%. MgS precipitated as a solid solution containing a quantity of MnS, and the composition of the sulfide solution was calculated to be (Mg
0.85
Mn
0.15
)S when the mass fraction of [Mn] was 1.2%. The formation mechanisms of inclusions after magnesium and sulfur additions were discussed comprehensively, and proper models for the evolution of inclusions were set up.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 631-642 [
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643
Shan-shan Liu, Liang Bai, Bo Wang, Yu Yao, Jun-kai Huang, Zheng Chen, Jie-yu Zhang
Numerical simulations of solidification and hot tearing for continuous casting of duplex stainless steel
Hot tearing is one of the major defects in continuous casting of steels, which severely limits the productivity of steelmaking processes. To further understand the defect, the problem of hot tearing in duplex stainless steel produced by a vertical continuous caster was investigated. A three-dimensional heat transfer and elastic–plastic model was developed based on the realistic roller layout in continuous slab casting, using ProCAST software. According to the hot tearing indicator criterion, the influence of operating parameters on the hot tearing susceptibility was evaluated. The results show that the surface temperature distribution is not sensitive to the superheat. The center of wide surface shell at the mold exit is the thinnest, and the thickness is about 10.52 mm at the superheat temperature of 40 °C. The hot tearing mainly concentrates on the slab solidification front and near the narrow face. However, corner cracks are prone to appear near the corner. With the increase in casting speed and the decrease in the cooling intensity in the secondary cooling zone, the solidification end point is rushed, which leads to the position of hot tearing lowering accordingly.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 643-655 [
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)
656
Wan‑lin Wang, Guo‑min Ying, Jie Zeng, Hai‑hui Zhang
Effect of electropulsing treatment on solidification behavior of spring steels in a continuous casting mold simulator
An electropulsing-assisted mold simulator technique was developed to investigate the effects of a pulsed electric voltage on the quality of spring steels during continuous casting by analyzing the mold flux film, shell surface profile, shell microstructure and inclusion distributions. The results revealed significantly increased crystallization fraction of the mold flux film from 61.2% to 75.3% and finer crystalline phase morphology in the case of electropulsing treatment. The surface of the initially solidified shell could be effectively healed, resulting in smoother shell surface profiles with higher pulsed voltage from 0 to 30 V. Furthermore, an increase in the pulsed voltage from 0 to 30 V resulted in finer dendritic structures during solidification with decreasing secondary dendrite arm spacing from the values of 17.6–32.2 to 9.7–15.0 μm in the direction of shell side toward melt side. In addition, an area scan analysis of inclusions in the as-cast spring steel samples showed that the number of MnS inclusions in the size range of 2.0–4.0 μm gradually decreased from 836 to 114 and the number of Al
2
O
3
inclusions in the same size range decreased from 144 to 39, as the voltage increased from 0 to 30 V.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 656-664 [
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63
) [
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665
Jian‑min Li, Mao‑fa Jiang, Jun‑xiang Ning, Jun Zhai
Effect of casting speed on dendrite arm spacing of Mn13 steel continuous casting slab
The dendrite arm spacing in the continuous casting slab of Mn13 steel under different casting speeds was measured using the metallographic microscope. Meanwhile, a heat transfer model was established by the Pro-cast software. The relationship between the dendrite arm spacing and casting speed in continuous casting slab of Mn13 steel was studied and described by a function expression. The results provide an important theoretical basis for the development and optimization of continuous casting production process of high-manganese steel and help to improve the quality of continuous casting slab of high-manganese steel. Under the experimental conditions, the suitable casting speed is about 0.9 m/min. The secondary dendrite spacing maintains a relatively stable low-amplitude increase trend, and it is beneficial to obtain a higher proportion of equiaxed crystals.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 665-672 [
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91
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673
Jing‑jing Wang, Wei‑sen Zheng, Xiao‑gang Lu, Yan‑lin He, Qing‑rong Yao, Jiang Wang
Experimental study of phase equilibria on Co–Fe-rich side of Co–Al–Fe system
Despite various studies on Co–Al–Fe ternary system, its phase equilibria are still in doubt. Phase equilibria, magnetic transition and bcc_A2/bcc_B2 order–disorder transformation at the Co–Fe-rich side of the Co–Al–Fe alloys were carefully investigated by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry. The equilibrium phases and their compositions were determined by 18 alloy samples annealed at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200 °C for 528, 336, 168 and 96 h, respectively, followed by quenching. However, by adopting the above traditional method, bcc_A2 and fcc_A1 phases are difficult to be distinguished through XRD analysis at room temperature due to the martensitic transformation of fcc_A1 phase during quenching. For this reason, high-temperature in situ XRD technique was utilized to correctly establish the phase relationships among bcc_A2, bcc_B2 and fcc_A1 phases. The phase transformation between bcc_A2 and B2 phases was determined to be second order instead of first order at temperatures higher than 900 °C. The equilibrium phases and compositions were further confirmed by fabricating 16 diffusion couples together with EPMA. Meanwhile, using three-dimensional differential scanning calorimetry method, bcc_A2/B2 and ferro-/paramagnetic transitions were determined with high accuracy.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 673-680 [
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681
Shu‑jun Jia, Ba Li, Qing‑you Liu, Yi Ren, Shuai Zhang, Hong Gao
Effects of continuous cooling rate on morphology of granular bainite in pipeline steels
null
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 681-690 [
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691
Paul C. Okonkwo, Said Grami, Srinivasan Murugan, Shariq Khan
Effect of erosion on corrosion of API X120 steel in relation to erodent particle size
The nature of the solid erodent particles present in corrosive petroleum fluid can cause transporting pipeline to experience severe erosion and corrosion damages. The effect of erosion on corrosion behavior of API X120 steel was investigated using aluminum oxide and silicon carbide particles with different sizes as erodent and 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution saturated with carbon dioxide as a corrosive medium. The effect of the erodent particle size on the corrosion behavior of the steel material at different particle speeds and impact angles was investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and surface analysis techniques. The erosion results confirmed that the material damage increased with increasing particle speed. It was observed that in carbon dioxide-saturated saline solution, deposition of protective iron carbonate film occurred on the steel surface. It was found that the corrosion film can provide better protection at lower particle speed than at higher speed. The ratio of total erosion–corrosion (
S
)/effect of erosion on corrosion (
T
) analysis confirmed that at higher
S
/
T
ratio, the particle speed and material removal rate are low and vice versa at lower
S
/
T
ratio. Lower
S
/
T
values for the combined erosion and corrosion tests performed with erodent silicon carbide particle compared to erodent aluminum oxide particle showed that erosion enhancement of corrosion is more evident in the test performed using aluminum oxide particle than using silicon carbide particle. The result also suggests that when subjected to larger size erodent particle, the damage to pipeline due to effect of erosion on corrosion process can be more significant compared to smaller size erodent particle.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 691-701 [
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702
Hanqing Liu
Effects of metallic microstructures on fatigue fracture of Q345 steel
Effects of high-frequency cyclic loading on the banded ferrite–pearlite steel were analyzed through crack initiation and propagation. Interfaces of ferrite and pearlite colony with a small angle deviation from the loading axis were verified to be the most potential sites to fabricate the microcracks caused by the high strain gradient. The initial crack extension inside ferrite grain was driven by shear stress in model II along the direction with a 45° angle to the loading axis. Banded pearlite colony and the high-angle grain boundaries were considered as the dominant factors that promote the fatigue resistance of the material through arousing crack deflection in short crack propagation range and crack branching in long crack propagation range to reduce the crack propagation driving force in the crack tip.
P
–
S
–
N
curves were used to quantify the dispersion of fatigue lifetimes and evaluate the effect of elevated volume content of pearlite colony on the fatigue performance of the material.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 702-709 [
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710
Chun‑xu Wang, Yuan‑hang Gao, Yong Li, Shun Han, Shao‑zun Liu, Peng‑jie Zhang
Effects of solid-solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel 2000 MPa grade ultra-high-strength steel
A novel 2000 MPa grade ultra-high-strength steel AIR0509 with high fracture toughness and low cost has recently been developed. The effects of solid-solution temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this steel were investigated. The increase in solid-solution temperature first increased and then decreased the values of ultimate strength (UTS) and Charpy U-notch (CUN) energy. The increase in the UTS and CUN values was caused by the dissolution of the primary carbides M
6
C and MC, while the decrease in both strength and toughness was due to the increase in the prior austenite grain size. Samples that were solid-solution treated at 1000 °C exhibited an optimal combination of strength and toughness with a UTS of 2020 MPa, yield strength of 1780 MPa, and CUN energy of 68 J, as well as a correlative fracture toughness
K
IC
value of about 105 MPa m
1/2
.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 710-718 [
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719
Zhen Zhang, Zheng‑fei Hu, Liang He, Xiao‑bo Zhang, Xin‑xian Fang, Bao‑sen Zhang, Zhi‑xin Ba
Effects of chloride on electrochemical and stress corrosion cracking behavior of 9Cr ferritic–martensitic steel
The electrochemical and stress corrosion cracking behavior of 9Cr ferritic–martensitic steel is investigated in the chloride environment by using the traditional electrochemical method, the scanning vibrating electrode technique and the slow strain rate test (SSRT). Results of the static corrosion tests and corrosion morphology show that the prior austenite grain boundaries and martensite lath boundaries are the preferred sites for pit nucleation and growth in chloride environment. Results of SSRT coupled with in situ electrochemical test show that the transition from pitting corrosion to uniform corrosion, as well as the nucleation of stress corrosion crack, is the synergistic effects of the chloride and applied load. Stress corrosion cracking of the steel in the chloride environment can be divided into three different regions as follows: fast and uniform corrosion activity, microcrack nucleation and propagation, and active crack growth regions.
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 719-731 [
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732
Xiao-hui Wang
null
null
2020 Vol. 27 (6): 732-741 [
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100
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