JOURNAL OF IRON AND STEEL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL

钢铁研究学报(英文版)

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	2023 Vol. 30 No. 02
	Published: 2023-02-25



	Original Paper

Review

	193	Bao-sheng Liu, Jia-li Li, Wen-jie Guo, Peng-fei Xu, Shao-hua Zhang, Yue-zhong Zhang
		Progress in corrosion-resistant coatings on surface of low alloy steel
		Low alloy steels are widely used in bridges, construction, chemical and various equipment and metal components due to their low cost and excellent mechanical strength. Information in the literature related to the preparation, advantages and disadvantages, and applications along with research progress of various types of protective coatings suitable for low-alloy steel surfaces is reviewed, while a conclusive and comparative analysis is also afforded to the numerous factors influencing the protective ability of coatings. The characteristics of coatings drawn from the latest published literature are discussed and suggest that the modification of traditional metal coatings and the development of new organic coatings under the consideration of environmental protection, low cost, simplicity and large-scale industrial application are simultaneously proceeding, which holds promise for improving the understanding of corrosion protection in related fields and helps to address some of the limitations identified with more conventional coating techniques.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 193-215 [Abstract] ( 115 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 239 )

Original paper

	216	Jian-sheng Chen, Hai-bin Zuo, Jing-xiu Wang, Qing-guo Xue, Jing-song Wang
		Mathematical model of burden distribution in bell-less top blast furnace
		The burden distribution in the shaft of blast furnace is known to affect the gas distribution, heat transfer, and chemical reactions inside the furnace. However, the internal layer structure of burden in the shaft cannot be directly measured. Hence, a mathematical model for evaluating burden profile and layer structure was established. A sensitivity analysis based on the model was implemented to elucidate the effect of some factors on the burden distribution, including the stockline height and the mass of central coke. The results show that the width of funnel zone widens with the increase in stockline height, and the mass percentage of ore to coke in this zone slightly increases. Besides, the mass of central coke shows a significant influence on the width of coke channel, and 2% of batch mass of coke is recommended to implement central coke charging operation. The model has been indirectly verified by the gas temperature in operating blast furnace and successfully applied to online evaluate burden distribution.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 216-226 [Abstract] ( 91 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 162 )

	227	Bin-bin Lyu, Guang Wang, Lian-da Zhao, Hai-bin Zuo, Qing-guo Xue, Jing-song Wang
		Effect of atmosphere and basicity on softening–melting behavior of primary slag formation in cohesive zone
		The softening–melting characteristics of ferrous burden play a crucial role in the thickness and position of the cohesive zone. The influence of the basicity and experimental atmosphere on the softening–melting behavior of primary slag under slag–coke interaction was investigated using in situ visualization method. The mechanism was analyzed using the FactSage software, X-ray diffraction, and electron probe microanalysis. The softening and melting temperatures of the samples increased with increasing basicity under different atmospheres. The difference between softening and melting temperatures is smaller in a H2 atmosphere than in a CO atmosphere; in H2 atmosphere, the range of softening zone in the cohesive zone was significantly thinner. The formed low-melting-point FeO-bearing phases decrease when H2 was used as the reducing agent. In addition, according to FactSage calculations, the high content of metallic iron reduced in the H2 atmosphere raised the softening temperature of the primary slag. It also narrowed and moved downward the cohesive zone due to an increase in softening and melting temperatures. Meanwhile, the increase in basicity promoted the decrease in liquid ratio and improved the permeability of cohesive zone.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 227-235 [Abstract] ( 73 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 186 )

	236	Yi-bo He, Wen-ke Guo, Yi-hong Li, Guang-ming Liu, Xin Cui
		Numerical simulation of flow characteristics of side-bottom combined blowing in iron bath reactor
		A numerical model of an iron bath smelting reduction furnace with side-bottom combined blowing was established to study the influence of blowing arrangements on the stirring effect of the molten pool, and the accuracy of numerical simulation was verified by water model experiment. By comparing the flow field of molten pool with single nozzle, double nozzles (symmetrical and asymmetrical), and four nozzles (symmetrical and asymmetrical), the proportion of dead zone, average turbulent kinetic energy, and mixing time, the results show that asymmetrical bottom blowing is better than symmetrical bottom blowing, and the effect of double nozzles bottom blowing was better than that of four nozzles bottom blowing. The mixing effect is the worst under the condition of single nozzle. When the bottom blowing is asymmetrical with double nozzles, the mixing time is the shortest. Under the condition of double nozzles asymmetrical bottom blowing, when the insertion angle and depth of side lance are larger and deeper, the velocity streamline of molten slag layer is denser and the value is larger; meanwhile, the reflux of molten iron layer is larger, the proportion of dead zone is smaller, and the whole molten pool is fully stirred. When the insertion depth of the side lance is deeper, the gas holdup in the molten pool is greater and the stirring of the molten pool is more intense, while the insertion angle has little effect on the gas holdup. By comparing the influence of different side blowing conditions on the slag layer, it is found that the slag layer is divided into two layers by double-layer side lance, with the critical surface of the slag layer at about 200–260 mm from the bottom, and the insertion depth of the lower side lance has a greater influence on the layering of the slag.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 236-248 [Abstract] ( 67 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 168 )

	249	Xin Liu, Yan-ping Bao, Cheng-jian Hua, Jian-hua Chu, Chao Gu, Min Wang
		Denaturation behavior of inclusions in industrial pure iron by calcium treatment
		Only a few Chinese enterprises can produce high-quality industrial pure iron, and studies on the smelting process of industrial pure iron were limited. The inclusions in a melting process were characterized by means of electron microscopy and an automatic inclusion analysis system, and the evolution mechanism of inclusion was studied using thermodynamic calculation to optimize the calcium alloy addition in liquid window. The results show that during the smelting process, inclusions mainly composed of Al2O3 and spinel are formed before calcium treatment. After calcium treatment, they continuously react with [Ca], [S] and [Ti], grow up, and are removed during refining and tundish pouring. In the end, there are more small-sized inclusions containing CaS, and the contents of Al2O3 and spinel are less. According to thermodynamic calculations, the appropriate calcium treatment liquid window for the molten steel composition is (10–38) 9 10–6. Calcium treatment has changed the main types of inclusions in industrial pure iron from Al2O3 to small-sized inclusions containing CaS and effectively reduces the influence of Al2O3 inclusions on the quality of industrial pure iron.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 249-258 [Abstract] ( 75 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 174 )

	259	Hong-biao Tao, Hui Zhang, He-ping Liu, Ming-lin Wang
		Longitudinal corner crack of chamfered slab and optimization of mould
		Chamfered mould has gradually become a new technology equipment to eliminate transverse corner crack. However, longitudinal corner crack ratio of chamfered slab was very high. Solidification microstructure was detected in the area where the longitudinal corner crack occurred. Effect of narrow face shape and taper distribution of mould copper plate on longitudinal corner crack was studied by industrial tests. Water velocity distribution in the narrow copper plate was studied by numerical simulation. On the premise of preventing cooling water from nuclear boiling, improvement measures of mould cooling process and water seam structure were put forward through heat transfer calculation. The results showed that local taper of the meniscus region of mould should be increased to prevent generation of longitudinal corner crack. Chamfering slope length of narrow copper plate should be controlled within 55 mm, and chamfering angle should be controlled at about 30 ℃. Average water velocity should be more than 7.0 m/s. The flat and chamfering regions of narrow copper plate working face should be designed as double taper and funnel structure, respectively. The water seam in the chamfering region should preferentially choose the combined cooling structure with two holes and one slot. In order to prevent the extension of longitudinal corner crack, chamfered narrow face foot roller should be used.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 259-266 [Abstract] ( 60 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 170 )

	267	Zhao-yang Li, Zhi Qi, Lan-tian Guo, Shu-huan Wang, Guan-yu Zhou, Chi-huan Yao, Ding-guo Zhao, An-rui He
		Improvement in shape control performance of finishing mills in endless rolling production line
		Donghua steel continuous casting–rolling (DSCCR) production line is an endless rolling production line independently integrated and developed by a Chinese enterprise. To solve the problem of out-of-control shape caused by insufficient adjustment ability of work roll bending force of DSCCR finishing mills, the backup roll contours of the finishing mill were optimized considering multi-objectives, and varying contact length backup roll (VCR) contours matching the concave work rolls were designed based on the rapid rolls–strip deformation calculation model, which integrated the elastic deformation of the rolls and the fast plastic deformation of the rolled strip. The simulation results showed that VCR configuration can significantly enhance the control efficiency of the work roll bending force and increase the transverse stiffness of rolling mill compared with the conventional roll configuration. In addition, VCR backup roll can improve the contact state between backup roll and work roll. The industrial production showed that the bending force setup value was more reasonable and the strip crown control accuracy was improved.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 267-276 [Abstract] ( 59 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 164 )

	277	Jie Sun, Fan Hou, Yun-jian Hu, Long-jun Wang, Hao-yue Jin, Wen Peng, Xiao-jian Li, Dian-hua Zhang
		Application of distributed model predictive control based on neighborhood optimization in gauge–looper integrated system of tandem hot rolling
		To solve the coupling relationship between the strip automatic gauge control and the looper control in traditional control strategy of tandem hot rolling, a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) strategy for the tandem hot rolling was explored, and a series of simulation experiments were carried out. Firstly, based on the state space analysis method, the multivariable dynamic transition process of hot strip rolling was studied, and the state space model of a gauge–looper integrated system in tandem hot rolling was established. Secondly, DMPC strategy based on neighborhood optimization was proposed, which fully considered the coupling relationship in this integrated system. Finally, a series of experiments simulating disturbances and emergency situations were completed with actual rolling data. The experimental results showed that the proposed DMPC control strategy had better performance compared with the traditional proportional– integral control and centralized model predictive control, which is applicable for the gauge–looper integrated system.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 277-292 [Abstract] ( 69 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 173 )

	293	Yun-bao Zhao, Yong Song, Fei-fei Li, Xian-le Yan
		Prediction of mechanical properties of cold rolled strip based on improved extreme random tree
		Taking the 2130 cold rolling production line of a steel mill as the research object, feature dimensionality reduction and decoupling processing were realized by fusing random forest and factor analysis, which reduced the generation of weak decision trees while ensured its diversity. The base learner used a weighted voting mechanism to replace the traditional average method, which improved the prediction accuracy. Finally, the analysis method of the correlation between steel grades was proposed to solve the problem of unstable prediction accuracy of multiple steel grades. The experimental results show that the improved prediction model of mechanical properties has high accuracy: the prediction accuracy of yield strength and tensile strength within the error of ± 20 MPa reaches 93.20% and 97.62%, respectively, and that of the elongation rate under the error of ± 5% has reached 96.60%.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 293-304 [Abstract] ( 92 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 164 )

	305	Hui Li, Chao-long Xue, Yu Yang, Jing-long Liang
		Preparation of Fe3Si and FeSi intermetallic compounds from copper slag by electrochemical method
		Fe3Si and FeSi intermetallic compounds were prepared by CaCl2–NaCl melt electrolysis at 800 oC from the non-magnetic copper slag compound. The phase transition of the cathode particles with different electrolysis voltages and durations was investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that Fe3Si and FeSi intermetallic compounds can be obtained by one-step electrolysis for 10 h at 3.2 V and two-step electrolysis of 2.5 V for 4 h and 3.2 V for 6 h. However, the current efficiency increased from 31.70% of one-step electrolysis to 39.87% of two-step electrolysis. The formation of Fe3Si and FeSi intermetallic compounds is a gradual evolution process with the increase in Si content, following the formation law of Fe FeSi Fe3Si FeSi FeSi. The metallic impurities of the final product were 1.29 wt.% Mg and 3.85 wt.% Al, respectively.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 305-316 [Abstract] ( 63 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 171 )

	317	Man Liu, Jun-yu Tian, Feng Cai, Cheng-gang Pan, Guang Xu
		Chro-austempering treatment of a medium-carbon high-strength bainitic steel
		The integrated processing of chromizing and austempering (termed chro-austempering) treatments was proposed. The microstructure and properties of a medium-carbon high-strength bainitic steel treated by chro-austempering treatments were investigated by metallography, scanning vibrating electrode technique, electrochemical workstation, and microhardness test. The results show that the high-strength bainitic steel with carbide-free bainite as matrix and the chromized layers on surfaces was successfully fabricated by chro-austempering treatment. The hardness of surface layers was about 3.5 times that of the bainite matrix. Meanwhile, the corrosion started from exposed bainitic matrix and proceeded along the depth direction, testifying that the surface corrosion resistance was significantly improved by chro-austempering treatment due to the formation of Cr7C3 and (Cr, Fe)7C3 on the surface.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 317-327 [Abstract] ( 89 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 180 )

	328	Xiao-hong Chu, Peng-fei Gao, Wei-jian Chen, Feng Li, Tao Kang, Yan Zhao, Xian-dong Yin, Zheng-zhi Zhao
		Effect of Cr and isothermal holding temperature on microstructure and properties of complex phase steel with high formability (CH steel)
		The effects of Cr contents (0.3 and 1.0 wt.%) and isothermal holding temperatures (400, 440, and 480 oC) on the microstructure evolution and properties of complex phase steel with high formability (CH steel) were investigated using dilatometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the microstructures of CH steel with 0.3 wt.% Cr are ferrite, granular bainite, martensite, and retained austenite, while no ferrite is observed in the microstructure of CH steel with 1.0 wt.% Cr in the same process. Cr promotes the precipitation of (Nb, Ti)C in the high-temperature austenite region through theoretical calculations and TEM observations. Cr retards the bainite transformation and refines the grain size of CH steel. Furthermore, as isothermal holding temperature increases from 400 to 480 oC, the bainite and retained austenite fractions of two CH steels decrease, while the martensite fraction increases in the steels after final quenching. Consequently, the strength has an increasing tendency and the total elongation has a decreasing tendency with increasing isothermal temperature.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 328-337 [Abstract] ( 69 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 151 )

	338	Xin Zhu, Cheng-bin Shi, Shi-jun Wang, Peng Lan, Jing Li
		Effect of cerium on microstructure, eutectic carbides and Laves phase in electroslag remelted 15Cr–22Ni–1Nb austenitic heat-resistant steel
		The dendrites, eutectic carbides, Laves phase and microsegregation of alloying element in electroslag remelted 15Cr– 22Ni–1Nb austenitic heat-resistant steel with varying cerium contents were studied. The liquidus and solidus temperatures of the steel were determined to reveal the effect of cerium on solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel. The secondary dendrite arm spacing decreases from 57.10 to 40.18 lm with increasing the cerium content from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%. The eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots exhibit blocky and honeycomb morphology, respectively. The area fractions and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots decrease with the increase in cerium content. The atomic percentage of Laves phase-forming element (Ni, Nb, Cr, Mo and Si) decreases with the increase in cerium content of the steel. The microsegregation of Mo, Ni, Si, Cr and Nb decreases with increasing the cerium content, which is favorable to reducing both the amount and sizes of eutectic NbC and Laves phase in as-cast ingots. The solidification temperature interval and local solidification time of the steel decrease as the cerium content is increased from 0 to 0.0630 wt.%, which inhibits the growth of dendrites, eutectic NbC and Laves phase.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 338-349 [Abstract] ( 81 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 175 )

	350	Jin-long Wang, Sheng-qiang Song, Zheng-liang Xue, Dai Tang, Gang Tong, Dong-ming Liu
		Nitride-inclusion characterization in lightweight steel and reprecipitation behavior of AlN during heat treatment: effect of Al content
		The composition, morphology, size, and number of inclusions in Fe–22Mn–xAl–0.7C (x = 0.5%, 5.2%, and 10.5%) lightweight steels after smelting and heat treatment experiments are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy from both 2D and 3D perspectives. The inclusions are classified into eight categories according to chemistry and morphology. For the steel sample with a low Al content (0.5%), the inclusions are MnS, AlN– MnS, and Al2O3–MnS, among which Al2O3–MnS is the primary type. With the increase in Al content in the steel sample (to 5.2%), the populations of AlN and AlN–MnS inclusions of 1–3 lm in diameter increase. A further increase in Al content (to 10.5%) leads to a significant decrease in the amount of AlN inclusions of 1–3 lm in diameter, and an increase in the amount of AlN–MnS inclusions. The precipitation behavior during the phase transformation is also studied by FactSage 8.0 thermodynamic software, and a precipitation mechanism is proposed based on the calculation results. During the heat treatment, AlN inclusions re-precipitate out, due to the interactions between Al and dissolved N in the steel matrix. However, AlN inclusions cannot grow large because of unfavorable kinetic conditions. The re-precipitation phenomenon of AlN is predominant under low Al and high N conditions but not at high Al cases.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 350-362 [Abstract] ( 63 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 177 )

	363	Ji Li, Xi-kou He, Gang Yang, Bin Xu, Zheng-xin Tang
		Effect of silicon on ductility of T91 steel in liquid lead–bismuth eutectic environment
		The tensile tests of T91 and T91Si steels at 200–450 oC in air and at 350 oC in oxygen-depleted liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) environment with strain rate of 1 9 10–5–5 9 10–3 were performed. Results show that the activation energy of T91 steel is 103.45–246.76 kJ/mol and that of T91Si steel is 146.98–172.11 kJ/mol when Portevin–Le Chatelie (PLC) phenomenon occurs. The elongation reduction of T91 steel at 350 oC is not specific to LBE environment, whereas the presence of LBE promotes crack initiation and propagation and affects the elongation of the material in the necking stage. With Si addition, the elongation, especially the uniform elongation at 350 oC in LBE environment, improves, and the tendency toward crack propagation in T91 steel after slow tensile necking is reduced. The PLC phenomenon can be seen in both T91 and T91Si steels at high temperatures owing to the dynamic strain aging (DSA). The temperature ranges are different when DSA occurs, with 300–350 oC and 250–350 oC for T91 and T91Si steels, respectively.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 363-374 [Abstract] ( 72 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 163 )

	375	Xiao-li Zhao, Cheng-xiang Zhang, Yong-jian Zhang, Wei-jun Hui, Xiu-ming Zhao
		Hydrogen-induced delayed fracture of Cu-containing high-strength bolt steel
		The hydrogen-induced delayed fracture (HIDF) behavior of a 1300-MPa-grade high-strength bolt steel 42CrMoV containing 0.42 wt.% Cu was investigated by constant load tensile test in a pH 3.5 Walpole solution. It is shown that the addition of Cu is beneficial to enhance the HIDF resistance by * 13%. The observation of the fracture surface revealed that the area fraction of brittle crack initiation zone decreased remarkably for the Cu-added steel. Both the corrosion pit depth and the corrosion rate of the Cu-added steel in the Walpole solution are notably decreased, which is primarily because of the formation of a Cu-rich protective compact rust layer and slightly higher corrosion potential. As a result, the absorbed hydrogen content in that solution was also decreased by * 21%. It is concluded that the improvement in the HIDF resistance of the tested steel is primarily due to the increase in corrosion resistance and resultant decrease in the absorbed diffusible hydrogen content in the acidic condition.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 375-383 [Abstract] ( 66 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 169 )

	384	Chen Dong, Zheng-zong Chen, Zheng-dong Liu, Han-sheng Bao, Zhen Liu, Zheng-jun Wang
		Effect of removing Al and Ti elements on peak flow stress of nickelbased heat-resistant alloy 617
		The hot deformation behavior and the microstructure characteristics of alloy 617 and alloy C-HRA-2 were compared and analyzed. The removal of Al and Ti elements has a significant change in the hot deformation of the alloy, and there are two opposite effects on the flow stress before and after recrystallization. The results show that the removal of Al and Ti elements increases the flow stress of the alloy under high temperature or low strain rate deformation conditions. This is mainly due to the increase in the stacking fault energy of the alloy so that the alloy contains a higher twin boundary fraction after dynamic recrystallization (DRX). However, before DRX occurs, that is, at low temperature and high strain rate, the flow stress of this alloy is relatively reduced. This is due to the reduction in Peierls–Nabarro stress, making the alloy more prone to dislocation slip.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 384-391 [Abstract] ( 70 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 150 )

	392	Tao Xu, Zi-chen Zhang, Jian Ding, Nan-nan Liu, Zeng Wang, Xing-chuan Xia, Ying Tang, Xue-guang Chen, Kai-hong Song, Ri Li, Yong-chang Liu
		Dynamic and quasi-static compressive performance of integralforming aluminum foam sandwich
		Strain rate sensitivity and deformation mechanism of integral-forming aluminum foam sandwich (IFAFS) under quasistatic and dynamic compression were investigated. Split Hopkinson pressure bar experiments with high-speed video cameras were conducted to analyze strain rate dependency and actual deformation mechanism of IFAFS. X-ray microtomography technique (Micro-CT) based on 3D finite element (FE) was used to study stress and plastic strain contours of IFAFS sample and to predict stress distribution and deformation history under both dynamic and quasi-static loadings. Micro-inertia effect of typical cell structures was quantitatively analyzed by FE simulation. The results showed that IFAFS is sensitive to strain rate where the deformation mode under dynamic loading is different from that observed under quasistatic loading. With strain rate increasing, good metallurgical bonding of face sheet and foam core layer contributed to improving the elastic modulus and peak stress of IFAFS. Furthermore, finite element model confirmed that micro-inertia effect of IFAFS can be ignored during dynamic loading.
		2023 Vol. 30 (02): 392-403 [Abstract] ( 56 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 162 )

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