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	2015 Vol. 50 No. 3
	Published: 2015-03-15

	1	GAO Cheng-kang， CHEN Shan， CHEN Sheng， QIN Wei
		Carbon footprint analysis of typical chinese iron and steel enterprises
		By definition of ecological footprint，carbon footprint is expressed in forest area. And the MFA-IO model was established to analyze carbon footprint in the whole process of iron and steel enterprise. Carbon footprint of per ton steel，was calculated in five typical iron and steel enterprises. Results show that carbon footprint of iron-making is largest accounting for 70% in iron and steel enterprises. And coke and coal are large consumption in iron-making，coking and sintering process are less than iron-making. Analyzing the type of gas，carbon dioxide is a major contributor of carbon footprint in the whole production process. In the five cases，the contribution of CO2 values was accounted for about 70%. And the average carbon footprint of per ton steel products was 0.325 hm2/t. Among them，the Nanjing Steel carbon footprint of per ton steel products was up to 0.353 hm2/t，while Baosteel Branch’s smallest was only 0.303 hm2/t. The differences are mainly due to geographical differences，the distribution of energy around the enterprise and production equipment and technology. For overall analysis，the total carbon footprint was 19 895 800 hm2，the sum of the five provinces of forest area. This research shows that for only these five cases of iron and steel enterprises，the total GHG exceeded the purification capacity of the forest in the five provinces. Therefore，the study of China’s steel industry to reduce the carbon footprint is very necessary and urgent.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 1362 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 83 )

	9	CHU Man-sheng， ZHAO Wei， LIU Zheng-gen， WANG Hong-tao， TANG Jue
		Principle on using carbon iron composite as blast furnace burden
		The developing directions of blast furnace ironmaking are high yield， low pollution and low energy consumption. In order to achieve this goal， some innovative ironmaking technologies have been proposed or even applied including carbon iron composite used as blast furnace burden. As a new kind of ironmaking raw material， iron coke and carbon composite iron hot briquette were produced by mixing coal and iron ore. The research results indicated that， compared with conventional burden(sinter and pellets)， carbon iron composite has many advantages such as good high temperature strength， great reduction performance and strong adaptability to raw materials and so on. Illuminates the basic principle of blast furnace charging carbon iron composite and introduces the production process and application of iron coke and then focuses on the production process of carbon composite iron hot briquette， its cold metallurgical properties, high-temperature metallurgical properties and the application of carbon composite iron hot briquette to traditional blast furnace ironmaking. Finally，multi-fluid model was used to simulate blast furnace operation with charging carbon composite iron hot briquette. The results show， with charging a certain amount of carbon iron composite into blast furnace， the temperature of thermal reserve zone and the coke rate will be reduced， the yields and heat utilization efficiency will be increased obviously， and the operation performance of blast furnace can be improved effectively.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 9-18 [Abstract] ( 1546 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 47 )

	19	Lü Qing， HUANG Hong-hu， WAN Xin-yu， LIU Xiao-jie， QIE Ya-na， DING Hai-chao
		Liquid generation capabilities of Chengde vanadium-titanium magnetite during sintering
		The base properties of vanadium-titanium magnetite sintered were studied by TSJ-3 Micro sintering machine and then the influences of alkalinity，temperature and calcination atmosphere on the vanadium-titanium magnetite phase formation and the solid phase material were also analyzed by FactSage6.3.The results indicated that the sintering temperature has a great impact on the liquid content. With the increase of sintering temperature，the liquid phase was gradually increased，but material layer with different heights also leads to slightly different liquid content. Monotonicity was found between alkalinity and liquid volume and the alkalinity increased with the increase of liquid phase. With the gradual increase of the oxidizing atmosphere，liquid content is increased，but the growth rate is slow. While with too much oxygen injected，liquid content will be reduced. By comparing the results of software simulation and actual sintering，the results of sintering test were basically consistent with the theoretical calculations.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 19-24 [Abstract] ( 1120 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 62 )

	25	LIN Wei， FENG Yan-hui，， JIN Ke， ZHANG Xin-xin，，WANG Ming-deng， YANG Jun-feng
		Numerical analysis and optimization of multiple-point heat supply and its influence on coking processes
		According to the structure and process characteristics of large-capacity coke oven with multiple-point heat supply，a 3-D mathematical model was established to describe the flow，combustion and heat transfer process in coupled coking and combustion chambers. The numerical solution was obtained. The impacts of multiple-point heat supply on the coking process were analyzed and compared with the conventional coke oven. The comparison showed that the multiple-point heat supply plays a significant role in the coking process. The mass percent of moisture，the bulk density，the initial temperature，the number of flue air points and the circulating ratio of flue gas were analyzed by the orthogonal experiment. It indicates that the staged combustion technology can effectively improve gas temperature uniformity along the vertical direction，and the production as well as the quality of the coke is improved. Meanwhile the volume percent of NO of exhaust is reduced. The results can be applied to large-scale coke oven design，process optimization，and clean production in coke oven industry.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 25-32 [Abstract] ( 1233 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 59 )

	33	DING Xiang，， GUO Xing-min，
		Effect of solid state SiO2 on the formation process of binary calcium ferrite
		The effect of SiO2 on the formation process of calcium ferrite which is the main composition of bonding phase in high basicity sinter is not very clear at present. So， X-ray diffraction(XRD)， ore microscope (OM)， and quantitative Rietveld analysis were used to analyze the effect of SiO2 on the formation process of binary calcium ferrite. Experimental results show that the initial reaction products of Fe2O3 with CaO is Ca2Fe2O5 at 700 ℃， then， Ca2Fe2O5 transforms to CaFe2O4 gradually with increasing temperature and CaFe2O4 appears when the temperature reached 800 ℃. Ca2SiO4 appears at the formation process of binary calcium ferrite when containing SiO2， and the amount of Ca2SiO4 is relatively less before 900 ℃ due to the influence of the dynamic conditions. In addition， a large amount of Ca2Fe2O5 appears due to it fails to transform to CaFe2O4 because of the hindrance of SiO2 with increasing content of SiO2. At last， Ca2Fe2O5 transforms to CaFe2O4 quickly because the formation reaction of CaFe2O4 is enhanced when the dynamic conditions improve with increasing temperature after 900 ℃ and Fe3+ through the CaFe2O4 layer is easier than Ca2+ through the Ca2Fe2O5 layer， however， the formation of CaFe2O4 is inhibited resulting from the production of Ca2SiO4 increased with increasing content of SiO2 and the contact area of CaO and Fe2O3 decreases.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 33-38 [Abstract] ( 1653 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 51 )

	39	ZHOU Mi， YANG Song-tao， JIANG Tao， LI Wan-li， YUE Hong-rui， XUE Xiang-xin
		Effect of enhanced granulation on Cr-bearing vanadium and titanium magnetite sintering
		Cr-bearing vanadium and titanium magnetite(V-Ti-Cr) mixture is of poor granulating efficiency and poor permeability，and has a serious impact on the development of low temperature and high material layer sintering. The effects of many parameters，including burnt lime addition，mixture moisture，wetting time and granulation time，on the sintering of V-Ti-Cr mixture were performed by sinter pot test and the effects of enhanced granulation were investigated on the basis of reference scheme .The results show that [d]，GI0，[E]，[B] increase from 2.26 mm，66.30%，54.11%，48.15% to 2.58 mm，80.43%，90.82%，73.53%，respectively. And sintering rate，yield，productivity，strength increase from 16.54 mm/min，70.39%，1.22 t/(m2·h)，55.36% to 19.70mm/min，77.94%，1.64 t/(m2·h)，59.36%，respectively，under the conditions of 5% burnt lime addition，7.5% moisture，wetting for 10min and granulation for 8 min when the basicity of the mixture is 2.15，with 3.20% carbon. The moisture fluctuations of V-Ti-Cr mixture with a high sensitivity to moisture should be controlled strictly. The amount of calcium ferrite was increased and the mineral composition and structure of V-Ti-Cr sinter were improved，which was achieved by improving the oxygen in the bed with a higher permeability for the enhanced granulation，resulting in higher yield and quality.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 39-43 [Abstract] ( 1224 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 54 )

	44	XIE Wen-xin，， BAO Yan-ping， WANG Min，， ZHANG Xu-dong
		Relationship between high frequency defect detection and inclusions in GCr15 bearing steel
		The formation reasons of defects in high-frequency detection of bearing steel (GCr15) were analyzed systematically， by tracking the source and evolution of inclusions associated with defects in different locations using ASPEX automatic scanning electron microscope. The results showed that， large MgO-Al2O3 inclusions existing in steel matrix resulted in the defects. Most of MgO-Al2O3 inclusions are produced in ladle furnace (LF) and tundish locations; the removal rate of MgO-Al2O3 inclusions reached 93.1 percent during vacuum degassing furnace (VD) process. Erosion of tundish refractory reduced significantly and the qualified rate of defect detection of GCr15 bearing steel of enhanced from 79% to 98% by improving the volume density and compressive strength of refractory， and reducing content of MgO and SiO2 in tundish refractory.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 44-48 [Abstract] ( 1325 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 44 )

	49	ZHAO Zhang-xian， WANG Dong-cheng，， WANG Peng-fei， LIU Hong-min，
		Research and application of position error compensation model for shape meter
		In order to solve the unavoidable tilt of shape meter in the practice of cold rolling， the position error compensation models of up-coil and down-coil were established. The models were based on the geometry and shape theory， combined with the character of arrangement of rolling equipment and the parameters of the strip. An example of certain cold rolling was analyzed. The effect of the vertical and horizontal error under the min and max coil diameter of the up-coil and down-coil on the strip shape was obtained. The tolerance error of the shape meter was gained as also. The position error compensation model was applied in practice of a certain six-high rollings. The application results show that the flatness standard deviation in steady state was within 5 I， the quality of strip shape was improved obviously.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 49-53 [Abstract] ( 1322 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 59 )

	54	HAO Xin， WANG Xin-hua， WANG Wan-jun
		Evolution mechanism of inclusions in plate steel during secondary refining process
		Characteristics of inclusions in plate steel refined by LF-Calcium treatment-RH process was studied by industrial experiments. Thermodynamic calculation was performed to study the evolution mechanism of inclusions during calcium treatment. It was found that the mass percent of T[O] and number density of inclusions decreased,average size of inclusions increased during secondary refining processes. After calcium treatment，inclusions were in CaO-MgO-Al2O3-CaS quaternary system. After RH refining，inclusions were in CaO-MgO-Al2O3 ternary system. The mass percent of CaO of inclusions decreased and the Al2O3 content of inclusions increased during RH refining. Thermodynamic calculation results showed that CaS could form directly in molten steel as well as through the reaction between molten steel and calcium aluminate inclusions. However，the formation of CaS was not available after RH refining.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 54-58 [Abstract] ( 1391 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 69 )

	59	LI Guang-long， ZHAO Tan， FAN Liu-qun， YUAN Si-yu， LI Wen-bin， LI Li-ming
		Microstructure and properties of clad rolling SM45 steel plate
		Heavy plates over 100 mm are hardly produced by continuous casting slab due to the restriction of reduction ratio.SM45 clad steel plate with thickness 260 mm was manufactured by clad rolling. Test methods， such as ultrasonic inspection， cold bending， tensile， impact and hardness， were utilized to test the combination degree and mechanical properties. The results showed that SM45 plate manufactured by clad rolling combined well and had no obvious defection. Strengths of clad interface and base body were both above 600 MPa. [Z] direction strengths were also above 600 MPa， and contraction of area were above 30%. Impact energy was above 37 J. The basic microstructure of SM45 steel plate was ferrite and pearlite， but the grain size was different in different locations. There was a ferrite belt in clad interface which formed because of the proeutectoid ferrite.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 59-63 [Abstract] ( 1233 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 69 )

	64	DU Hong-kui， DU Rui-jie
		Crack initiation and propagation of small defect in Q345R steel
		The crack propagation and initiation of small crack and the determining of the size effects of small defects in lower cyclic fatigue lives of steel specimens were investigated. The specimens chosen was Q345R steel， normally for fabricating pressure vessels and pipes in china， with laser hole of different sizes on specimens surface， say from [?]40-200 μm in diameter. The size of small defect affects the fatigue life apparently， but the effect weakens with increasing stress range level. It shows that one types of crack initiation character at the surface edge of small hole are possible. One is caused by slip bands in which the shear stress dominates. In certain stress range， there is a critical value of the size of small crack， and beyond which， the fatigue life will drop highly. The percent between crack initiation life and total life [（Nt/Nf）] has nothing to do with the small hole size under the same stress range and be about 10%-25%.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 64-67 [Abstract] ( 1209 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 68 )

	68	Lü Chang-bao
		Analysis on pseudo-eutectoid pearlite in the low carbon steel
		The metallurgical structure of the specimens with higher strength is detected by optical microscope, and there is more than 50% pseudo-eutectoid pearlite in the specimens, resulting in an effect of remarkable pearlite strengthening. Conclusion of comparative analysis of different process is that far more than balance content of pseudo-eutectoid pearlite can be gotten by inhibiting proeutectoid ferrite transformation and making final cooling temperature lower than the [Ar1] of air cooling. The factors influencing the proeutectoid ferrite transformation during laminar cooling are discussed in this study.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 68-72 [Abstract] ( 1268 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 46 )

	73	LIU Kun， LIU Liu， HE Ping， CUI Jing-yu， LI Fei， BAO Chun-lin
		Investigation on control technology of narrow hardenability band for gear steel
		In order to improve the control precision of narrow hardenability band for gear steel， the target values and their precision range of component control were determined， and the computer control model of alloy addition and the rule base of composition adjustment were established， and hardenability prediction models were developed on the basis of incremental neural network. These control technologies of narrow hardenability band for gear steel were applied for the gear steel of 20CrMnTiH， the results show the reasonable hardenability band was obtained， the ratios of hardenability band ≤4HRC of J9 and J15 reached 93.3% and 89.2%， respectively， ratios of hardenability band ≤6HRC reached 99.3% and 98.4%， respectively.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 73-77 [Abstract] ( 1256 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 61 )

	78	YE Jie-yun， ZHAO Zheng-zhi， ZHANG Ying-hui， QI Liang
		Effects of Si and Cr on microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra high strength dual-phase steel
		The effects of Cr and Si on the transformation of C-Cr-Mn-Nb and C-Si-Mn-Nb ultra-high strength dual phase steels were analyzed by using thermal dilatometer. The microstructure properties and the fracture surfaces of the steels were tested by tensile tests， optical microscopy， scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope. The results show that the addition of Si can increase the temperature of [Ac1]and[Ac3]， enlarge the two phase region， promote the ferrite transformation， increase the aging stability of martensite and improve its morphology and distribution; the addition of Cr leads to the uneven distribution of C in austenite， the appearance of lamellar and parallel twin microstructure， as well as the appearance of residual austenite and the M/A in the fast cooling stage and the decomposition of some martensite in overaging stage. Although tensile strength and elongation of the two steels both exceed 1 000 MPa and 15% respectively， the comprehensive mechanical properties of DP steel containing Si are superior to that containing Cr.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 78-83 [Abstract] ( 1319 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 50 )

	84	MENG Hua， WANG Jian-jun， WANG Hua， LI Hong-juan
		Reflection on the imbalance of gas system in steel complex
		Based on the imbalance of gas systems for steel complex， the study indicated the reason is mainly static imbalance caused by irrational unit design in power plant. The model is implemented by probability statistics and numerical analysis method， aiming at the reflection on the imbalance of gas system in steel complex based on the statistical characteristics of residual gas. The power plant of 2.8-million-ton crude steel complex was taken as an example to designe the scheme of power generation based on the max of residual gas. The results indicated the reasonable design scheme is 90%Cmax combined the financial evaluation; the scheme can distribute the residual gas reasonably， safely and efficiently， for improving energy utilization efficiency and decreasing the production cost. Although considering environmental costs as part of the total cost increases the total business operating costs， it is very important for the environment protection and sustainable development of society.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 84-90 [Abstract] ( 1109 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 49 )

	91	GUO Nian-qin， GUO Sheng， WEN Tie-qi
		Analysis of kinematics and dynamics on roll adjusting device of H-beam universal mill
		The roll adjusting device of H-beam universal mill was studied based on the kinematics of ideal constraints vice and the dynamics of collision constraint. Compared the analysis among the simulation results, under the ideal constraints conditions, the horizontal roller’s adjustment speed was static and constant at 0.691 4 mm/s; but under the condition of collision model, the horizontal roller，s adjustment speed was dynamic, and at 0.688 7 mm/s up and down relatively substantial cyclical fluctuations. The fluctuation relative to the theoretical value was 36.64% and that more in line with the actual rolling conditions. Therefore, it caused more obvious vibration and adjustment error in actual rolling process, affecting the H-beam’s dimensional accuracy and surface roughness. The most important source of the angular velocity fluctuations was the use of modified coefficients for worm. The conclusions have some reference value to design the universal mill.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 91-95 [Abstract] ( 1017 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 46 )

	96	LIU Zhi-liang， JIA Feng， YANG Shi-bo
		Analysis of straightening curvature for φ100～φ150mm bars two-roller straightener
		The straightening curvature as the main straightening parameter in the design of the roller shape of two-roller straightener， decides the quality of straightening. So as to improve straightening precision， the mechanism of two-roller straightener was analysed deeply based on the elastic-plastic theory， which was developed considering the strengthening of material for the bar. After choosing the curvature based on theory of straightening， the shape of straightening roller suiting for φ100～φ150mm bars was designed by increasing the transition section. Then the finite element model of two-roller straightener was established based on the finite element software—Marc， straightening quality was analysed about the working process of two-roller straightener after the simulation， providing theoretical basis for the actual production.
		2015 Vol. 50 (3): 96-101 [Abstract] ( 1168 ) [HTML 0KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 79 )

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