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2010年 17卷 4期
刊出日期：2010-04-15
材料
工艺
材料
0
Hüseyin AYDIN
Effect of Intercritical Annealing Parameters on Dual Phase Behavior of Commercial Low-Alloyed Steels
It is known that dual phase (DP) heat treatments and alloying elements have a strong effect on martensitic transformations and mechanical properties. In the present work, the effects of some intercritical annealing parameters (heating rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, and quench media) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled DP steel were studied. The microstructure of specimens quenched after each annealing stage, was analyzed using optical microscopy. The tensile properties, determined for specimens submitted to complete annealing cycles, are influenced by the volume fractions of multi phases (originated from martensite, bainite and retained austenite), which depend on annealing processing parameters. The results obtained showed that the yield strength (YS) and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increase with the increasing intercritical temperature and cooling rate. This can be explained by higher martensite volume ratio with the increased volume fraction of austenite formed at the higher temperatures and cooling rates. The experimental data also showed that, for the annealing cycles carried out, higher UTS values than ~ 800 MPa could be obtained with the S3 steel grade.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 0-73 [
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Ata Kamyabi-Gol
Spheroidizing Kinetics and Optimization of Heat Hreatment Parameters in CK60 Steel Using Taguchi Robust Design
When processing parts made from medium carbon steel, toughness and flexibility are of importance. Therefore, to achieve these properties, the cementite in the steels is spheroidized through heat treatment. Different parameters such as the time and temperature of spheroidizing and the initial microstructure of the steel affect the amount of spheroidized cementite. In the present work, the percent of contribution of two parameters, i.e. initial microstructure and spheroidizing time, on the percent of spheroidization in CK60 steel was investigated using Taguchi robust design. Based on the number of parameters (two) and the number of their levels (four), a L16 orthogonal array, which consists of 16 experiments, was chosen. The initial microstructures consisted of Martensite (M), Coarse Pearlite (C. P.), Fine Pearlite (F. P.), and Bainite (B) and the chosen spheroidization times were 4, 8, 12, 16 hours. Spheroidizing was done at the constant temperature 700 oC. After spheroidizing was completed, the samples were prepared in order to view their microstructure under an optical microscope and to determine the spheroidized percent using MIP? (Metallographic Image Processing) software. It was found that the spheroidizing time had the most influence (58.5%) on spheroidized percent and the initial microstructure only had a 31.1% contribution. Finally, the instantaneous growth rate of the carbide was also deduced.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 45-52 [
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FENG Chun;FANG Hong-sheng
Mn-Series Low-Carbon Air-Cooled Bainitic Steel Containing Niobium of 0.02%
A new hot-rolled low carbon air-cooling bainitic steel containing 0.02%Nb has been developed based on alloying design of the grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite (FGBA)/ granular bainite (BG) duplex steel.The as-rolled microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.02%Nb bainitic steel were investigated by tensile test, X-ray diffraction(XRD),Optical Microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ,and Transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results show that (1) The addition of 0.02% niobium improves the strength obviously without sacrificing toughness of the FGBA/BG steel. Compared with Non-Nb FGBA/ BG steel, 0.02% Nb increases the tensile strength and yield strength about 20% (From 780Mpa to 937Mpa)and 17%(From 557Mpa to 650Mpa) respectively, remaining 18% elongation and 83J Akv. (2) Small addition of Nb(0.02%) not only refines the allotriomorphic ferrite grain but also promotes the nucleation of intragranular ferrite, both of which in turn contribute to the refinement of granular bainite cluster including its ferrite platelets and M-A islands. Compared with Non-Nb steel, the volume fraction of M-A island in 0.02%Nb steel increases from 21% to 31%, and the average size of M-A island decreases from 1.2μm to 0.95um.(3)There is hardly any Nb(C,N) has been observed in 0.02%Nb steel. It is suggested that the strengthening effect of 0.02%Nb can be mainly attributed to the influence of the segregation of Nb to γ/α phase boundaries(solute drag-like effect) on the phase transformation rather than the precipitation strengthening of Nb(C,N).
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 53-58 [
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TANG Zheng-you
Effect of Prestrain on Microstructures and Properties of Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel Sheet with Niobium
Paint baking treatment was carried out in a silicon oil bath at 170℃ for 20 min for Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel sheet with different pre-strains, effect of pre-strain on microstructures and properties was studied before and after baking. The results is shown that with the increasing of pre-strain amount during pre-straining and baking, the volume fraction of retained austenite decreases, the volume fraction of martensite and bainite increases, as well as yield strength enhances; as pre-strain ranges from 0 to 4%, the bake-hardening(BH) value increases; while from 4 to 16%, the BH value decreases; when the pre-strain amount is 4%, the highest BH value is about 70MPa in Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel sheet with niobium, which displays excellent bake-hardening behavior.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 59-65 [
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XU Xue-xia;BAI Bing-zhe
Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment Temperature on Structure and Properties of CFB/M Ultra-High Strength Steel
Modified CCT diagram of carbide free bainite-martensite（CFB/M）high strength steel was established applying small sample control cooling. In addition, the influence of thermomechanical treatment temperature on its structure and properties was discussed. The experimental results show that when deformed at 860oC and below, ferrite transformation occurred due to strain, and with the decrease of ausforming temperature, the quantity of ferrite increased and strength and toughness deteriorate. Therefore, certain information were provided for drawing technical parameter of ausforming process; firstly, the thermomechanical treatment temperature shouldn’t be above 860oC to avoid ferrite formation induced by deformation; secondly, cooling rate shouldn’t be too slow to avoid ferrite precipitating during cooling process after ausforming process.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 66-72 [
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工艺
1
ZHANG Guo-Hua
Model for Evaluating Density of Molten Slag With Optical Basicity
A new model based on optical basicity is proposed to estimate the density of molten slag. Successful applications to the density calculations of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 and Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 slag systems show that this model works well. It is also found that the ionic band percentage of “M-O” band in MOx oxide is the intrinsic origin of the phenomenon that the slag with a high optical basicity has a large sensitivity to temperature.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 1-1 [
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YU Hai-qi;ZHU Miao-yong
Interfacial Fluctuation Behavior of Steel/Slag in Medium-Thin Slab Continuous Casting Mold with Argon Gas Injection
The flow field of molten steel and the interfacial behaviour between molten steel and liquid slag layer in medium-thin slab continuous casting mold with argon gas injection was studied by numerical simulation, in which the effects of nozzle submergence depth and port angle, casting speed, and argon gas flow rate on the flow and the level fluctuation of molten steel were considered. The results show that the molten steel jet from the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) with three ports into the mold and form three re-circulation zones including one upper re-circulation zone and two lower re-circulation zones. Argon gas injection results in a secondary vortex flow in the upper zone near the nozzle. For a given casting speed and argon gas flow rate, increasing the side port angle and submergence depth of nozzle can effectively restrain the steel/slag interfacial fluctuation. Increasing the casting speed would prick up the level fluctuation. For a fixed casting speed, argon gas flow rate has a critical value, the interfacial fluctuation with argon gas injection are stronger than the case without argon gas injection when the argon gas flow rate is less than the critical value, but when the argon gas flow rate exceeds the critical value, the level fluctuation is calmer than that without argon gas injection.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 5-5 [
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Hamzeh.J.Karimi
Heat Transfer and Energy Analysis of a Pusher Type Reheating Furnace Using Oxygen Enhanced Air for Combustion
Oxy-fuel firing is more energy efficient and environmental friendly than conventional air-fuel firing and its application for reheating furnaces has begun since 90s. In this study, a computational methodology is presented to predict the steady heat transfer to the billets and temperature distribution in a continuous Pusher type reheating furnace which combustion air is enhanced by oxygen. The furnace is modeled as 2D radiating medium and Weighted Sum of Gray Gases model is used for absorption coefficient. The billets are moved in constant speed through zones of furnace. Radiative heat flux calculated from the radiative heat exchange within the furnace is modeled using the FVM considering the effects of furnace walls and billets. Energy consumption per ton of steel, production rate and thermal efficiency of furnace, and trend of NOx emission in various levels of oxygen enrichment is investigated by comparison with baseline furnace (21% O2 in air).
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 12-17 [
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TIAN Li-li; Paolo Patrizi Jie;ZHANG Jie
Theoretical Explanation of Uneven Transverse Temperature Distribution in Wide Thin Strip Rolling Process
In this paper we propose a new theoretical thermo-mechanical explanation of the uneven transverse temperature distribution, along the width, for thin and wide hot rolled produced strip. In particular, we base our reasoning starting from the irregular pressure/friction distribution, that lead to an uneven heat generation. A 2-D mathematical model to calculate the transverse temperature distribution is presented, both to give a physical explanation to our problem, and to be used as an essential basis to build a correspondent FEM simulation model, in which heat loss and generation are both considered. Deformation and friction heat are both described in details, having a paramount importance in our reasoning. The heat generation problem is split into two parts, for a clearer and more logical analysis: one for the strip centre, and one for the sides, in correspondence of the temperature peak points at 100mm from the strip edge. Finally it is shown how our new theoretical model can lead to the exact interpretation of the measured uneven temperature distribution.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 18-23 [
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SUN Jian-liang;PENG Yan;LIU Hong-min
Vibration of Moving Strip With Distributed Stress in Rolling Process
Take the moving strip between two stands of some cold tandem rolling mill in rolling process as subject investigated, according to the Poisson-Kirchhoff sheet theory, the vibration model of the moving strip in the rolling process was established. Model of distributed stress was built based on rolling theory. And then, vibration model of moving strip with distributed stress was established. The partial differential equation was discreted by Galerkin truncation. The natural frequency and stability of the moving strip were investigated and simulation in time domain was made by numerical method. Take the moving strip between the second stand and third stand of some 1660 tandem mill as subject investigated, distributions of stress, natural frequencies and stability of moving strip were determined under six different rolling conditions which are “uniform distribution of stress”, “flat roll flat”(crown of entrance strip and crown of exit strip are all 0 at the second mill), “flat roll convex”(crown of entrance strip is 0 and crown of exit strip is 20μ), “flat roll concave”(crown of entrance strip is 0 and crown of exit strip is -20μ), “convex roll flat”(crown of entrance strip is 20μ and crown of exit strip is 0) and “concave roll flat”(crown of entrance strip is -20μ and crown of exit strip is 0). At last, three-dimension dynamic simulation was made, the moving law of the strip was determined. This model can be used to study the stability of moving strip, depress the shape wave of strip and develop new rolling technology from the aspect of dynamics theory.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 24-24 [
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ZHU Fu-wen;HU Xian-lei;ZHAO Zhong
Analysis of Process Control Model of Plate MAS Rolling
Viewpoint that using the identification quantity to identify the long ear disfigurement was brought up, and by calculation, it can be deduced that identification quantity should be set as the quantity of long ear disfigurement of the position which is about 0.2 times of plate width to the plate border. Conception of plate head tiny cell was brought up, and the long ear disfigurement was uncoupled into the product of elongation percentage and length of tiny cell. On the base of prediction of long ear disfigurement, process control model of MAS rolling was built up, and application indicates that it can fit the on-line producing and eliminate the long ear disfigurement commendably
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 31-31 [
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zhaodewen Fang Qi LIU Xianghua Wang Guodong
Derivation of Plastic Work Rate for Equal Area Yield Criterion and Its Application in Rolling
Abstract: On the π-plane in Haigh Westergaard stress space the projection area of dodecagon intersected with Mises circle equals that of Mises, the dodecagon is called the equal area linear yield locus, and its equation is called equal area linear yield criterion or EA criterion for short. The criterion and its plastic work rate done per unit volume were first derived. Then, a generalized worked example of plate rolling was analyzed by the criterion and its corresponding plastic work rate. Finally, the precision of the solution was compared with measured roll separation force in plate finish rolling .It turns that the calculated results by EA criterion are little higher than those of measured and in good agreement with those by Avitzur’s.
2010 Vol. 17 (4): 34-38 [
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SHAN Xiu-ying;LIU Hong-min;JIA Chun-yu
Roll Subsectional Cooling Adaptive Fuzzy Control Based on Fuzzy Model Inversion
Flatness is an important equality indicator of strip rolling and roll sub-sectional cooling is an important method for flatness control, especially for high order flatness component control. It is very hard to build the mathematic model of roll sub-sectional cooling because of its characteristics of nonlinearity, hysteresis quality and strong coupling etc. In order to improve the control effect of roll sub-sectional cooling control model, the roll sub-sectional cooling adaptive fuzzy control model based on fuzzy model inversion is built according to the separation principle of fuzzy form on the basis of the conventional fuzzy control model, where the parameters of the fuzzy controller can be dynamically regulated according to the change of rolling conditions. Simulation experiment results of the model indicate that the proposed roll sub-sectional cooling adaptive fuzzy control model based on fuzzy model inversion has high control precision and rapid response speed with strong self-learning and anti-interference capacity and a new method is provided for high-precision flatness control.
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