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2007年 14卷 3期
刊出日期：2007-06-15
Material
Metallurgy and Metal Working
Metallurgy and Metal Working
1
YUAN Zhangfu;YANG Xiao;LU Zhixing;HUANG Jiangning;PAN Yifang;MA Enxiang
Jet Behavior and Metallurgical Performance of Innovated DoubleParameter Oxygen Lance in BOF
A doubleparameter oxygen lance used in a 300 t converter was designed to improve the metallurgical performance. A smallscale measurement of the jet behavior was done using a computer controlled scanning system. The experimental data on the velocity distribution at the jet centerline, the contour map of the jet velocity, the deviation of the jet centerline, and the velocity distribution of the axial section were compiled. According to the results of the smallscale measurement, the doubleparameter lance was also employed for a BOF experiment. The metallurgy indexes show that the metallurgical performance was highly promoted by use of the doubleparameter lance.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 1-0 [
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LIU Xudong;YANG Xiaodong;ZHU Miaoyong;CHEN Yong;YANG Subo
Finite Element Analysis of 3D Electromagnetic Field in Bloom Continuous Casting Mold
Threedimensional finite element model of electromagnetic stirrer was built to predict magnetic field in a bloom continuous casting mold for steel during operation. The effects of current intensity, current frequency, and mold copper plate thickness on the magnetic field distribution in the mold were investigated. The results show that the magnetic induction intensity increases linearly with the increase in current intensity and decreases with the increase in current frequency. Increasing current intensity and frequency is available in increasing the electromagnetic force. The Joule heat decreases gradually from surface to center of bloom, and a maximum Joule heat can be found on corner of bloom. The prediction of magnetic induction intensity is in good agreement with the measured values.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 6-0 [
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13
LIU Jingang;YAN Huicheng;LIU Liu;WANG Xinhua
Water Modeling of Optimizing Tundish Flow Field
In the water modeling experiments, three cases were considered, ie, a bare tundish, a tundish equipped with a turbulence inhibitor, and a rectangular tundish equipped with weirs (dams) and a turbulence inhibitor. Comparing the RTD curves, inclusion separation, and the result of the streamline experiment, it can be found that the tundish equipped with weirs (dams) and a turbulence inhibitor has a great effect on the flow field and the inclusion separation when compared with the sole use or no use of the turbulent inhibitor or weirs (dams). In addition, the enlargement of the distance between the weir and dam will result in a better effect when the tundish equipped with weirs (dam) and a turbulence inhibitor was used.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 13-0 [
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20
LIU Xufeng;ZHANG Jieyu;DU Weidong;ZHAI Qijie;LI Qiang
Numerical Simulation of Coupled Molten Steel Flow and Temperature Fields in Compact Strip Production Casting
Based on the casting manufacture practice of steel slabs by CSP technology, the flow and the temperature fields of the funnel mould and the secondary cooling segment were simulated using the commercial code, CFX4. Compared with other physical investigations, the correlative data of the present simulation results are in good agreement with them. Therefore, a more comprehensive survey for metallurgy characteristic of the flow and the temperature fields in CSP continuous casting process can be achieved.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 20-0 [
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26
ZHI Ying;LIU Xianghua;WANG Guodong
Rereddening on Strip Surface After Water Cooling
After water cooling, there is a big temperature difference between the center and the surface of strip, which leads to the heat transfer from the center to the surface, and the surface temperature can rise in a short time. The finite element method was used to simulate the phenomena of rereddening on the surface of strip and to analyze the temperature field of hot rolled strip during laminar cooling, and the periodical variation curve of the cooling rate was obtained during water cooling and subsequent rereddening. The results show that the critical line of the cooling rate is at 1/3 of the halfthickness from the strip surface. The regression model of the relation of rereddening temperature, time, and distance from the surface was obtained in the rereddening region. Rereddening regularity on the surface of strip under the condition of different thickness and cooling rate was also studied.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 26-0 [
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WANG Minting;ZANG Xinliang;LI Xuetong;DU Fengshan
Finite Element Simulation of Hot Strip Continuous Rolling Process Coupling Microstructural Evolution
Using the nonlinear rigidviscoplastic finite element method (FEM), a finite element simulation of the hot strip continuous rolling process was done, which completely integrates different phenomena such as the metallurgical behavior of the strip and the thermomechanics in the strip based on the physical metallurgical microstructural evolution law. By combining with the process parameters of certain 2 050 mm hot strip rolling, an actual rolling process of low carbon steel SS400 was simulated using the FEM model. Based on the simulation results, the distributions of the strain field, the temperature field, and the microstructure were presented. Meanwhile, the simulated rolling force, temperature, and microstructure are in good agreement with the measured results.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 30-0 [
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37
YU Hailiang;LIU Xianghua;LI Changsheng;WANG Guodong
Influence of DogBone Apex on Shape During Slab Horizontal Rolling Process
The deformation of slab with dogbone shape during the horizontal rolling process was simulated using FEM, and the influences of apical dislocation of dogbone on the slab spread as well as the minimum crop end loss and the lost width at slab head and tail were analyzed. The results show that with the increase in the apical dislocation of dogbone (LA), the slab spread and the minimum crop end loss at slab head and tail decrease, while the lost width at slab head and tail increases. Meanwhile, the relationships of S/LALA, LH/LALA, WH/LALA, LT/LALA, and WT/LALA were obtained.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 37-0 [
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42
CUI Qingling;LIU Xianghua;WANG Guodong
Splitting Rolling Simulated by Reproducing Kernel Particle Method
During splitting rolling simulation, remeshing is necessary to prevent the effect of severe mesh distortion when the conventional finite element method is used. However, extreme deformation cannot be solved by the finite element method in splitting rolling. The reproducing kernel particle method can solve this problem because the continuum body is discretized by a set of nodes, and a finite element mesh is unnecessary, and there is no explicit limitation of mesh when the metal is split. To ensure stability in the large deformation elastoplastic analysis, the Lagrange material shape function was introduced. The transformation method was utilized to impose the essential boundary conditions. The splitting rolling method was simulated and the simulation results were in accordance with the experimental ones in the literature.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 42-0 [
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Material
47
LI Wei;
Effect of Microstructure on Impact Fatigue Resistance and Impact Wear Resistance of Medium CrSi Cast Iron
A great amount of iron grinding balls in tube mills have been consumed. Under this impact abrasive wear working condition, the failure of wear resistant alloying white irons grinding balls is mainly caused by fatigue spalling. The impact wear resistance of martensitic high chromium cast iron (Cr of 15%) is not high sometimes, but its cost is not low. Thus, medium CrSi wear resistant cast iron is recommended. The influence of the iron on impact fatigue resistance and impact wear resistance is pronounced. Ballonball impact fatigue test and high stress impact wear test of the grinding balls have been carried out. The results show that the impact fatigue resistance (IFR) and impact wear resistance (IWR) of medium CrSi cast iron are superior to those of martensitic high chromium cast iron (Cr of 15%). The main reasons are that (1) the stress in medium CrSi cast iron is released in the ascast state; (2) the matrix is fine pearlite with better toughness and plasticity; (3) the pearlite is more stable compared with a retained austenite under repeated impact load and less phase transformation can take place; (4) high silicon content improves the morphology of eutectic carbide; (5) there is no secondary carbide which results in less crack sources. All these factors are beneficial to improvement of impact fatigue spalling resistance. The eutectic carbide M7C3 is the main constituent to resist wear.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 47-0 [
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51
CAO Jianchun;LIU Qingyou;YONG Qilong;SUN Xinjun
Effect of Niobium on Isothermal Transformation of Austenite to Ferrite in HSLA LowCarbon Steel
Using thermomechanical simulation experiment, the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in two HSLA lowcarbon steels containing different amounts of niobium was investigated under the conditions of both deformation and undeformation. The results of optical microstructure observation and quantitative metallography analysis showed that the kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in lower niobium steel with and without deformation suggests a stage mechanism, wherein there exists a linear relationship between the logarithms of holding time and ferrite volume fraction according to Avrami equation, whereas the isothermal transformation of austenite to ferrite in high niobium steel proceeds via a two stage mechanism according to micrographs, wherein, the nucleation rate of ferrite in the initial stage of transformation is low, and in the second stage, the rate of transformation is high and the transformation of residual austenite to ferrite is rapidly complete. Using carbon extraction replica TEM, niobium carbide precipitation for different holding time was investigated and the results suggested that NbC precipitation and the presence of solute niobium would influence the transformation of austenite to ferrite. The mechanism of the effect of niobium on the isothermal transformation was discussed.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 51-0 [
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CHAI Feng;YANG Caifu;SU Hang;ZHANG Yongquan;XU Zhou
Evaluation of Cracking Resistance of CopperBearing Age Hardening Steel Weldment
The weldability of a lowcarbon copperbearing age hardening steel was evaluated using cracking susceptibility calculation, HAZ maximum hardness measurement, and Ygroove cracking evaluation test. The results show that the hardenability characteristics and cold cracking susceptibility of the steel are very low. The results also indicate that a crackfree weldment can be obtained during the welding of this type of steel even at an ambient temperature as low as -5 ℃ as well as in an absolute humidity lower than 4 000 Pa without any preheat treatment. A slight preheat treatment can prevent the joint from cracking when welding is carried out at lower ambient temperature or higher absolute humidity.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 56-0 [
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63
LI Huabing;JIANG Zhouhua;SHEN Minghui;YOU Xiangmi
High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys
A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in FeCrMnMo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 069% in 18Cr18Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickelfree, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 081%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 μm. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150 ℃×1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 63-0 [
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69
YING Lixia;WANG Liqin;JIA Xiaomei;GU Le
Laser Alloyed Coatings of TiB2/Graphite on 9Cr18 Stainless Steel Surface
Modified coatings including carbide of iron, nickel, chromium, silicon, and titanium are obtained on 9Cr18 stainless steel surface by laser alloying. The processing method, the microstructure, the interface, the tribological properties, and the forming mechanisms of the coatings are analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of the alloyed coatings is mainly irregular FeC crystals. Carbides of chromium and iron are around the FeC crystals. Small granular TiC disperses in the alloyed coatings. The microhardness of the alloyed coatings is greatly improved because of the occurrence of carbide with high hardness. At the same time, the wear resistance of the alloyed coatings are higher than that of 9Cr18 stainless steel.
2007 Vol. 14 (3): 69-0 [
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DENG Chi;WANG Yong;ZHANG Yaping;GAO Jiacheng
In Situ Laser Coating of Calcium Phosphate on TC4 Surface for Enhancing Bioactivity
Titanium alloy has been a successful implant material owing to its excellent ratio of strength to weight, toughness, and bioinert oxide surface. Significant progress has been made in improving the bioactivity of titanium alloy by coating its oxide surface with calcium phosphates. In the present study, in situ coating was reported on Ti6Al4V(TC4) surface with calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics synthesized and synchronously cladded by laser beam. This coating was grown by first preplacing directly the raw powders, which contain 80% of CaHPO4·2H2O, 20% of CaCO3, and dram of rare earth (RE), on the TC4 surfaces, and then exposing the surfaces to the laser beam with a power density of 1273-1527 MW·m-2 and a scanning velocity of 105 m/s. The resultant coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis and Differentthermal Scanning (TGDSC), and Energy Dispersive Xray Detection (EDX). The results show that these laser ceramics include hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), Ca2P2O7, and other CaP phases, and the interface between the coating and the TC4 substrate has tighter fixation, in which the chemical bonding is approved. These laser hybrid coatings are useful in enhancing the bioactivity of titanium alloy surfaces.
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