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2011年 18卷 10期
刊出日期：2011-10-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
WANG Yi-ci,,ZHANG Jian-liang,ZHANG Fang,,LUO Guo-ping,
Formation Characteristics of Calcium Ferrite in Low Silicon Sinter
Influence of sintering temperature, basicity and MgO content on the formation characteristics of calcium ferrite in low silicon sinter of Baotou Iron and Steel Company was studied by means of mini-sintering test and mineralographic microscope analysis. In addition, the suitable sintering parameters such as temperature and basicity were explored. The results found that optimum temperature for the formation of calcium ferrite is 1280 ℃, the basicity of 25-28 is helpful to the development of acicular or columnar calcium ferrite, and MgO content in the low silicon sintering raw materials should be lower than 28% because MgO can intensively inhibit the formation of calcium ferrite. And calcium ferrite in the sinter belongs to calcium ferrite with low calcium, which is different from that in ordinary sinter at home and abroad. So, it provided theoretical basis for promoting formation of calcium ferrite in low silicon sinter and improving properties of sinter.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 1-7 [
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WU Sheng-li,FU Chang-liang,LIU Cheng-song,XU Jian,KOU Ming-yin
Coke Collapse Model and Collapse Profile Variation Law for Bell-Less Top BF
The mathematical model of minimum safety factor that investigated the collapse trends of coke layer under different charging parameters was established firstly on the basis of the slope stabilization theory in soil mechanics, and then the model of burden profile after coke collapse was improved by adopting the predetermination of quadratic curve and energy correction methods. The research will provide theoretical evidences for describing the coke profile more accurately and technical direction for choosing suitable charging parameters of blast furnace. The results show that: it is helpful to improve the stability of coke layer with increasing chute inclining angle and length of the coke flat; when the main falling point of ore moves toward furnace wall or the coke flat is wider, the curve radian of burden profile after coke collapse becomes smaller; the ore to coke ratio distribution agrees with the gas top temperature measurement well under considering coke collapse comparing with the result of ignoring coke collapse.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 8-12 [
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13
SHI Lin,LI Zhi-ling,YU Tao,LI Jiang-peng
Model of Hot Metal Silicon Content in Blast Furnace Based on Principal Component Analysis Application and Partial Least Square
In blast furnace (BF) iron-making process, the hot metal silicon content was usually used to measure the quality of hot metal and to reflect the thermal state of BF. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-square (PLS) regression methods were used to predict the hot metal silicon content. Under the conditions of BF relatively stable situation, PCA and PLS regression models of hot metal silicon content utilizing data from Baotou Steel No6 BF were established, which provided the accuracy of 884% and 892%. PLS model used less variables and time than principal component analysis model, and it was simple to calculate. It is shown that the model gives good results and is helpful for practical production.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 13-16 [
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LIU Li-mei,WANG An-na,SHA Mo,ZHAO Feng-yun
Multi-Class Classification Methods of Cost-Conscious LS-SVM for Fault Diagnosis of Blast Furnace
Aiming at the limitations of rapid fault diagnosis of blast furnace, a novel strategy based on cost-conscious least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) is proposed to solve this problem. Firstly, modified discrete particle swarm optimization is applied to optimize the feature selection and the LS-SVM parameters. Secondly, cost-conscious formula is presented for fitness function and it contains in detail training time, recognition accuracy and the feature selection. The CLS-SVM algorithm is presented to increase the performance of the LS-SVM classifier. The new method can select the best fault features in much shorter time and have fewer support vectors and better generalization performance in the application of fault diagnosis of the blast furnace. Thirdly, a gradual change binary tree is established for blast furnace faults diagnosis. It is a multi-class classification method based on center-of-gravity formula distance of cluster. A gradual change classification percentage is used to select sample randomly. The proposed new method raises the speed of diagnosis, optimizes the classification accuracy and has good generalization ability for fault diagnosis of the application of blast furnace.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 17-23 [
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ZHAO Jun-xue,CHEN Yan-mei,LI Xiao-ming,CUI Ya-ru,LU Xiao-tao
Mechanism of Slag Composition Change During Electroslag Remelting Process
The mass loss rate of CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag system originated from ANF-6 was studied with CaF2, CaO, Al2O3, SiO2 or MgO content as variables. The method of quadratic regression orthogonal design was used for the design and analysis of the experiment. The experimental results indicated that mass loss rate of slag can be increased by 6% with CaF2 changing from 50% to 65%. Mass loss increases with SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO adding and decreases with CaO content increasing. Because of the reaction between oxide and fluoride in the slag pool, apparent mass loss of CaF2-Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-MgO slag system appears at melting point. This will cause obvious composition change of electroslag. In addition, the segregation occurs in the slag skin forming process. This is another reason causing the composition change of electroslag.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 24-28 [
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29
WANG Qiang,WU Ye-ming,QIU Sheng-tao,ZHAO Pei
Simulation of Thermal Insulation of Top-Surface Slag Layers in Continuous Casting Mold
A computational model of thermal behavior of the top-surface slag layers in continuous casting mold was applied to interpret the thermal insulation of mold powder. The temperature drop of liquid steel caused by heat removal at the interface of molten steel and slag in mold was proposed to evaluate the thermal insulation of mold slag. The calculation results show that slag consumption is one of important factor influencing the temperature drop, while the casting speed has no obvious effect on it. With the increase of slag consumption, the temperature drop is increased.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 29-33 [
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A H Meysami,R Ghasemzadeh,S H Seyedein,M R Aboutalebi
Effect of External Forced Flow and Boiling Film on Heat Transfer of AISI 4140 Steel Horizontal Rod During Direct Quenching
The effects of rod falling and moving, external flow field, boiling film and radiation were investigated on fluid flow and heat transfer of AISI 4140 steel horizontal rod during direct quenching by mathematical modeling. The flow field and heat transfer in quenching tank were simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method considering falling and moving of rods during process. Therefore, modeling of flow field was done by a fixed-mesh method for general moving objects equations, and then, energy equation was solved with a numerical approach so that effect of boiling film heat flux was considered as a source term in energy equation for solid-liquid boundary. Simulated results were verified by comparing with published and experimental data and there was a good agreement between them. Also, the effects of external forced flow and film boiling were investigated on heat flux output, temperature distribution and heat transfer coefficient of rod. Also simulated results determined optimum quenching time for this process.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 34-41 [
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材料
42
ZHENG Xiao-fei,KANG Yong-lin,MENG De-liang,AN Shou-yong,XIA Dian-xiu
Effect of Cooling Start Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 High Deformability Pipeline Steel
The effect of cooling (laminar cooling) start temperature on the phase constitution was analyzed by quantitative metallography. The martensite/austenite (M/A) island distribution was fixed by colour metallography. The strength and uniform elongation of the steels were tested with quasi-static tensile testing machine. The in-coordinate deformation of the soft and hard phases was analyzed using FEM. The results indicate that when the cooling start temperature is 690 ℃, the mechanical properties are the best, meeting the requirements of X80 high deformability pipeline steel.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 42-46 [
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47
WEI Min-xian,WANG Shu-qi,WANG Lan,CHEN Kang-min
Effect of Microstructures on Elevated-Temperature Wear Resistance of a Hot Working Die Steel
Elevated-temperature wear tests under atmospheric conditions at 400 ℃ were performed for a hot working die steel H21 on a pin-on-disk wear tester. The phase and morphology of worn surfaces were examined using XRD and SEM, and the relation of wear resistance to tempered microstructures was studied for H21 steel. XRD patterns exhibit that oxidative wear is a predominated wear mechanism with Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 on worn surfaces. It is found that with increasing normal load, obvious plastic deformation of substrate appears on worn surfaces. Microstructures start to affect apparently wear resistance of the steel with an increase of load. Under loads of 50-100 N, wear losses of steel retain low values and relatively approach for steels with various microstructures. As loads are increased to 150-200 N, wear losses of steel start to increase obviously and present apparent difference for steel with various microstructures. Wear resistance is found to increase in the sequence as follows: tempered sorbite, tempered martensite, tempered troostite without secondary hardening and tempered troostite with secondary hardening or upcoming one. Higher strength and microstructural stability are required for steels with excellent wear resistance.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 47-53 [
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54
WANG Jing-zhong,,LIU Zheng-dong,CHENG Shi-chang,BAO Han-sheng
Hot Deformation Behaviors of S31042 Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steel
The hot deformation behavior of S31042 austenitic heat-resistant steel was investigated over the temperature range of 900-1200 ℃ and strain rate range of 001-10 s-1 using hot compression tests and the corresponding flow curves were obtained. The hot deformation activation energy of the test steel is 625 kJ/mol. The hot deformation equation and the relationship between the peak stresses, deformation temperature and strain rate were set up. The Zener-Hollomon parameter under various conditions was determined. The relation between the Zener-Hollomon parameter and the microstructure evolution of test steel was discussed. With the decrease of Zener-Hollomon parameter, the microstructure of test steel transforms from deformation instability to dynamic recovery, partial dynamic recrystallization, full dynamic recrystallization with equiaxial structure, and finally to full dynamic recrystallization with mixed crystal structure. The deformation condition can be adjusted easily by utilizing the Zener-Hollomon parameter to obtain equiaxial microstructure.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 54-58 [
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59
Li QU Jing-long,BI Zhong-nan,DU Jin-hui,WANG Min-qing,WANG Qing-zeng,ZHANG Ji
Hot Deformation Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloy GH4720
The hot deformation characteristics of GH4720Li alloy were studied at the temperature of 1100-1170 ℃ and strain rate of 001-1 s-1 using Gleeble hot compression tests. True stress-true strain curves and deformation microstructures were investigated. Constitutive equation was established using the hyperbolic law. Processing map for hot working was also developed on the basis of the variations of efficiency of power dissipation with temperature and strain rate. The results show that dynamic recrystallization is the dominant softening mechanism during hot deformation. Fully recrystallized grain is obtained at strain of 07 above 1130 ℃, and coarsening occurs above 1150 ℃. The mean deformation activation energy is determined to be 512 kJ/mol. According to the low activation energy value, high dissipation efficiency parameter and fine recrystallized microstructure, 1130 ℃ is chosen as the hot working temperature for GH4720Li alloy.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 59-65 [
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SHI Zhen-xue,LI Jia-rong,LIU Shi-zhong,ZHAO Jin-qian
Effects of Dendritic Orientation on Stress Rupture Properties of DD6 Single Crystal Superalloy
DD6 single crystal superalloy slabs were prepared with seed method in the directionally solidified furnace with high temperature gradient. The transverse stress rupture properties and fracture behaviour of the alloy at 760 ℃/758 MPa, 850 ℃/550 MPa and 980 ℃/250 MPa were investigated and compared with those of longitudinal specimens. The transverse stress rupture lives are corresponding with the longitudinal stress rupture lives at 760 ℃/758 MPa and 850 ℃/550 MPa. The transverse stress rupture lives are slightly less than the longitudinal stress rupture lives at 980 ℃/250 MPa. The fracture mechanism of the transverse stress rupture of the alloy at 760 ℃/758 MPa shows quasi-cleavage mode and the fracture mechanism at 980 ℃/250 MPa shows dimple mode, while the fracture mechanism at 850 ℃/550 MPa shows quasi-cleavage and dimple mixture mode. At higher temperature and lower stress, the microcracks are easier to initiate and interconnect in the transverse specimen than those in longitudinal specimen because there are interdendritic regions perpendicular to the axis of stress.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 66-71 [
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72
K Srinivasan,V Balasubramanian
Effect of Heat Input on Fume Generation and Joint Properties of Gas Metal Arc Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
The effect of heat input on fume and their compositions during gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of AISI 316 stainless steel plates are investigated. Fume generation rate (FGR) and fume percentage were determined by ANSI/AWS F12 methods. Particle characterization was performed with SEM-XEDS and XRF analysis to reveal the particle morphology and chemical composition of the fume particles. The SEM analysis reveals the morphology of particles having three distinct shapes namely spherical, irregular, and agglomerated. Spherical particles were the most abundant type of individual particle. All the fume particle size falls in the range of less than 100 nm. Mechanical properties (strength, hardness and toughness) and microstructural analysis of the weld deposits were evaluated. It is found that heat input of 115 kJ/mm is beneficial to weld stainless steel by GMAW process due to lower level of welding fume emissions and superior mechanical properties of the joints.
2011 Vol. 18 (10): 72-79 [
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