钢铁研究学报(英文版)
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2012年 19卷 5期
刊出日期：2012-05-15
材料
工艺
工艺
1
GUO Li-na,CHEN Jin,ZHANG Meng,LIANG Min
Decarburization Thermodynamics of High-Carbon Ferromanganese Powders During Gas-Solid Fluidization Process
Thermodynamic conditions of reactions between high-carbon ferromanganese powders and gas decarbonizers like O2, CO2 and water vapor were studied by thermodynamic calculation. In O2, CO2 and water vapor atmosphere, high-carbon ferromanganese powders were decarburized in a fluidized bed. When the temperature is respectively higher than 273, 1226 and 1312 K, the gas-solid decarburization reaction will occur between ferromanganese carbide on the surface of the high-carbon ferromanganese powders and different gas decarbonizers. Since metal manganese is easy to be oxidized by O2, CO2 or water vapor, the decarburization reaction will transfer into a solid-solid phase reaction of ferromanganese carbide and ferromanganese oxide, promoting external diffusion of carbon to achieve a further decarburization of high-carbon ferromanganese powders.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 1-8 [
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WU Peng-fei,XU An-jun,TIAN Nai-yuan,HE Dong-feng
Steel Temperature Compensating Model With Multi-Factor Coupling Based on Ladle Thermal State
Combined with the parameters of the production process of a steel factory, numerical simulations for a new ladle from preheating to turnover are conducted using the finite element analysis system software (ANSYS). The measured data proved that the simulated results are reliable. The effects of preheating time, thermal cycling times, and empty package time on steel temperature are calculated, an ideal preheating time is provided, besides, based on the analysis of a single factor and use the nonlinear analysis method, a steel temperature compensating model with diversified coupling factors is proposed, with the largest error of the present coupling model at 1462 ℃, and the errors between actual and target steel temperature in tundish after the model is applied to practical production are basically controlled within ±6 ℃, which can meet the accuracy of the manufacturer and has a practical guiding significance for the production in steelmaking workshops.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 9-16 [
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CHEN Shu-ying,YUE Xu-dong,JIN Guang-can,LI Qing-chun,CHANG Guo-wei
Behavior of Inclusions in Process of Solid Growth During Solidification of Fe-015C-08Mn Steel
The behavior of inclusions in the process of δ-phase growth during the solidification of Fe-015C-08Mn steel was in-situ observed using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (HTCSLM). The results show that inclusions arrive the S/L (solid/liquid) interface by way of direct impact or gradual drift, when the cell spacing is approximately equal to 177 μm during the growth of cellular δ-phase. The inclusions easily stay at the positions of trailing vortex formed by the circumferential motion of molten steel around δ-phase. Some inclusions reaching the S/L interface are captured by the solid-phase. Some of them move along the normal direction of the S/L interface because of pushing of solid-phase, and the others get away from the S/L interface after being pushed for a distance. The faster the growth rates of the solid-phase are, the easier the inclusions are captured by the S/L interface. The slower the growth rates of the solid-phase are, the easier the inclusions move with the S/L interface.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 17-22 [
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LI Chong-wei,CHENG Guo-guang,WANG Xin-hua,ZHU Guo-sen,CUI Ai-min
Mathematical Model of RH Blow Argon Mode Affecting:Decarburization Rate in Ultra-Low Carbon Steel Refining
A mathematical model in present study has been established to investigate the effect of Rheinstahl Heraeus (RH) blow argon mode on the decarburization rate in ultra-low carbon steel refining based on the RH equipment of Shougang Qian′an Iron and Steel Co Ltd (SQISCO). The calculated results show that the increase of argon flowrate promotes the carbon elimination from argon gas bubble surface, molten steel free surface in vacuum as well as splash droplet surface, while reduces that from the interior of liquid steel. It has been found the critical turning point of flowrate ascension is at the 5th minute and the optimum blow argon flowrate in later stage is 2100 L/min in accordance with the 2 stages argon blow mode, which have been confirmed in the commercial production in SQISCO.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 23-29 [
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29
WAN Fei,WANG Yong-qin,QIN Shu-ren
Modeling of Strip Heating Process in Vertical Continuous Annealing Furnace
The mechanism for heat transfer of radiation is usually adopted to heat strip in vertical continuous annealing furnace. The rate of heat transfer among strip and other objects can be hugely affected by the parameters of strip speed, geometry factors and radiating characteristic of surfaces of strip, radiating tubes and walls of furnace. A model including all parameters is proposed for calculating the heat transfer coefficient, predicting the strip temperature and boundary temperature of strip through analyzing these parameters. The boundary temperature is a important datum and different from average arithmetic value of temperature of strip and temperature in furnace. Also, the model can be used to analyze the relation for temperature of strip and heat transfer coefficient, total heat transfer quantity and heating time. The model is built by using the radiating heat transfer rate, the Newton′s law of cooling, and lumped system analysis. The results of calculation are compared to the data from production line. The comparisons indicate that the model can well predict the heating process. The model is already applied for process control in production line. Also, this research will provide a new method for analyzing the radiation heat transfer.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 29-36 [
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LI Wei-gang,,GUO Zhao-hui,YI Jian,LIU Xiang-hua
Optimization of Roll Shifting Strategy of Alternately Rolling in Hot Strip Mill
An optimization solution to roll shifting strategy for alternately rolling campaign is presented. All the strips in a rolling campaign are divided into narrow strips and wide ones, and shifting position of narrow strips is obtained by the recursive method, and then shifting position of wide strips is optimized by NSGA-II which is a multi-objective genetic algorithm. For wide strips, a multi-objective optimization model of roll shifting strategy is proposed, which takes 3 wear contour factors including edge smoothness, body smoothness and edge drop as optimization objectives. The Pareto optimal front of roll shifting strategy can be gained quickly by NSGA-II, which suggests a series of alternative solutions to roll shifting strategy. Analysis shows that the conflict exists among the 3 objectives. The final optimal solution is selected from the Pareto optimal solutions by the weighted-sum decision-making method. Industrial production proves the validity of the solution, and it can improve strip profile of alternately rolling, reduce strip edge wave, and extend the rolling miles of rolling campaigns.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 37-42 [
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43
R Escribano,R Lostado,F J Martínez-de-Pisón,A Pernía,E Vergara
Modelling a Skin-Pass Rolling Process by Means of Data Mining Techniques and Finite Element Method
An experience is presented using the finite element method (FEM) and data mining (DM) techniques to develop models that can be used to optimize the skin-pass rolling process based on its operating conditions. A FE model based on a real skin-pass process is built and validated. Based on this model, a group of FE models is simulated with different adjustment parameters and with different materials for the sheet; both variables are chosen from pre-set ranges. From all FE model simulations, a database is generated; this database is made up of the above mentioned adjustment parameters, sheet properties and the variables of the process arising from the simulation of the model. Various types of data mining algorithms are used to develop predictive models for each of the variables of the process. The best predictive models can be used to predict experimentally hard-to-measure variables (internal stresses, internal strains, etc) which are useful in the optimal design of the process or to be applied in real time control systems of a skin-pass process in-plant.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 43-49 [
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材料
50
WEI Min-xian,WANG Shu-qi,WANG Lan,CUI Xiang-hong,CHEN Kang-min
Selection of Heat Treatment Process and Wear Mechanism of High Wear Resistant Cast Hot-Forging Die Steel
Dry sliding wear tests of a Cr-Mo-V cast hot-forging die steel was carried out within a load range of 50-300 N at 400 ℃ by a pin-on-disc high-temperature wear machine. The effect of heat treatment process on wear resistance was systematically studied in order to select heat treatment processes of the steel with high wear resistance. The morphology, structure and composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); wear mechanism was also discussed. Tribo-oxide layer was found to form on worn surfaces to reduce wear under low loads, but appear inside the matrix to increase wear under high loads. The tribo-oxides were mainly consisted of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3, FeO only appeared under a high load. Oxidative mild wear, transition of mild-severe wear in oxidative wear and extrusive wear took turns to operate with increasing the load. The wear resistance strongly depended on the selection of heat treatment processes or microstructures. It was found that bainite presented a better wear resistance than martensite plus bainite duplex structure, martensite structure was of the poorest wear resistance. The wear resistance increased with increasing austenizing temperature in the range of 920 to 1120 ℃, then decreased at up to 1220 ℃. As for tempering temperature and microstructure, the wear resistance increased in following order: 700 ℃ (tempered sorbite), 200 ℃ (tempered martensite), 440 to 650 ℃ (tempered troostite). An appropriate combination of hardness, toughness, microstructural thermal stability was required for a good wear resistance in high-temperature wear. The optimized heat treatment process was suggested for the cast hot-forging steel to be austenized at 1020 to 1120 ℃, quenched in oil, then tempered at 440 to 650 ℃ for 2 h.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 50-57 [
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58
ZHANG Kun,WU Hui-bin,TANG Di
High Temperature Deformation Behavior of Fe-9Ni-C Alloy
The high temperature deformation behavior of the 9Ni steel has been studied by the Gleeble-3500 tester. The relationship between deformation resistance and deformation degree, deformation temperature and deformation rate was revealed. The results show that when the deformation degree is less than 02, the deformation resistance increases by about 70 to 200 MPa, while the deformation degree varied between 02 and 04, the deformation resistance increases by about 30-40 MPa, when the deformation degree is larger than 04, the deformation resistance increases slowly, some become stable gradually. The influence of deformation temperature on deformation resistance is larger, and deformation resistance at higher temperature is about 160 MPa smaller than at lower temperature. Higher deformation rate leads to larger deformation resistance. The deformation resistance increases about 70 to 110 MPa with the increase of the deformation rate. A new and highly accurate mathematical model of the steel was established to describe the deformation behavior during rolling.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 58-62 [
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HU Zheng-fei,WANG Chun-xu
Effect of Tube Spinning With Subsequent Heat-Treatment on Performance and Microstructure Evolution of T250 Maraging Steel
The effects of spinning deformation and subsequent heat treatments on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 18Ni Co-free Maraging steel (T250) tube were evaluated comparatively with the perform. An obvious radial shrinkage is detected in spun tubes after heat treatment and the magnitude of the shrinkage induced by solution treatment is almost the same as that by aging. Plastic deformation during spinning elongated the grains severely in the direction of metal flow. The solution treatment resulted in a drastically refined grain and recrystallised microstructure, removing the effect of plastic deformation, relieving the tangential residual stress and strain and improving hardness. Subsequent aging obtained a tempered microstructure, enhancing hardness values strikingly for precipitation strengthening. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis indicated that the reversed austenite formed in a plate-like along the grain boundaries and the volume fraction of austenite in spun tube was more than double that in the preform. These results imply that the residual stress and stain induced by spinning process and reversed austenite forming during aging might have the similar contribution to the radical shrinkage.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 63-68 [
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YANG Ying,YAN Qing-zhi,YANG Ya-feng,ZHANG Le-fu,GE Chang-chun
Corrosion Behavior of Ferritic/Martensitic Steels CNS-I and Modified CNS-II in Supercritical Water
The corrosion behaviors of CNS-I and modified CNS-II were evaluated by exposing to superciritical water (SCW) at 550 ℃ and 25 MPa with a dissolved oxygen concentration of 200×10-9 for up to 1000 h. Detailed corrosion results of these two alloys were provided, including the growth rate of the oxide scales, microstructure of the oxide scales, distribution of phases and alloying elements. The mass gains of CNS-I and modified CNS-II were 60973 mg/dm2 and 45942 mg/dm2, respectively, after exposing to SCW for 1000 h. A duplex oxide scale with an outer porous magnetite layer and an inner relatively dense magnetite/spinel-mixed layer was identified on CNS-I and modified CNS-II after the test. The oxide scales were rather porous at the beginning of the test but the porosity decreased with increase of the exposure duration. It was found that Fe was enriched in the outer oxide layer, Cr was enriched in the inner oxide layer and O existed at a very high concnetration in the whole oxide scale. Other alloying elements such as Mo, W, Mn were depleted from the outer oxide layer and showed slightly enrichment in the inner oxide layer. The distributution of Ni was different from other elements, it was enriched in the interface bewteen the base metal and the oxide scale and depleted in the outer and inner oxide layers.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 69-73 [
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LI Dong-sheng,DAI Qi-xun,CHENG Xiao-nong,WANG Rong-rong,HUANG Yan
High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steel Cr18Ni11Cu3Al3MnNb
The kinetic curve of the high-temperature oxidation of austenitic stainless steel Cr18Ni11Cu3Al3MnNb at different temperatures was measured by weighting method. It is showed that the oxidation curves at 700 and 800 ℃ followed the parabolic law, and the steel presented an excellent anti-oxidation. The surface morphology and structure of the oxide film were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. A dense oxide film was attained at 700 and 800 ℃, mainly composed of the hexagonal Al2O3, Fe2O3, and a small amount oxide of Cr at 700 ℃. At 900 ℃ the oxide film started to delaminate, and was composed of (Cr,Fe)2O3 and the spinel CuCrMnO4 and Fe(Cr,Al)2O4.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 74-78 [
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FANG Chen-fu,MENG Xiao-hui,HU Qing-xian,WANG Feng-jiang,REN He,WANG Hai-song,GUO Yu,MAO Ming
TANDEM and GMAW Twin Wire Welding ofQ690 Steel Used in Hydraulic Support
Compared with using semi-automatic gas shielded arc welding, using automatic TANDEM twin wire welding and twin wire gas metal arc welding (GMAW) to weld Q690 steel, a low-alloy high-strength structural steel used in the hydraulic support in the fully-mechanized mining face, the welding speed, deposition rate, production environment and welding quality can be obviously improved. Compared with GMAW twin wire welding, a refined microstructure in the weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ), narrow HAZ and improved joint strength were achieved with TANDEM on Q690. Also, due to the push-pull pulsed way in TANDEM welding, the droplet transfer, distribution on heat flow and interaction between two arcs were completely different from those in GMAW twin wire system. The heat input of TANDEM is only about 766% of GMAW, and correspondingly, the welding speed and welding seam can be obviously improved. The complete oscillation caused by TANDEM pulsed current occurred in the welding pool, which refined the grains in the microstructure. The results show that TANDEM twin wire welding is very suitable in the welding of Q690 used in the hydraulic support.
2012 Vol. 19 (5): 79-85 [
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